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I to LABOUR SERIOUSLY: CATHOLIC SISTERS i TO LABOUR SERIOUSLY: CATHOLIC SISTERS AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY SYDNEY LESLEY PATRICIA HUGHES BA (Hons), CertHEd (NSW); BSocStud, MSW (With Merit)(Syd) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social Work, University of New South Wales ii ‘The end of this Congregation is not only to attend, aided by the divine grace, to the salvation and perfection of their own souls, but also with the same to labour seriously in works of spiritual and corporal mercy for the salvation and consolation of their neighbours.’ Rules and Constitutions of the Congregation of the Sisters of Charity, canonically erected in Dublin, Approved by the Holy See. A.D.1833. (English version) 1912, p.19. Rome. iii Abstract This thesis examines the social welfare work of four Catholic Sisterhoods in Sydney in the late nineteenth century. The work of Catholic women religious is largely missing from Australian women’s history and the history of social welfare and social work in Australia. The present investigation seeks to add to knowledge of women’s agency in Australian society and to extend the knowledge of Australian social work history. The aim of the thesis is to understand what the Sisters were attempting to do in their work with the poor of Sydney and how they went about it. The emphasis is on understanding the Sisters’ work from their own perspective, particularly the values which underpinned their work and the resources and constraints which affected it. A qualitative, inductive approach is used in which the data are drawn mainly from the Sisterhoods’ narratives and other historical documents. The thesis does not aim to test particular theoretical propositions, but rather to contribute to a number of ‘unfolding stories’ about the history of Australian social work, about women’s work in the public realm, and about the development of the caring professions iv The thesis argues that the social welfare work of four Sydney Sisterhoods had a number of characteristics which made it unusual for the time, and which constituted it as ‘proto-professional’. These included the codification of the prescribed stance towards the poor, of methods of work, and a high level of expertise in administration and management. The Sisters’ approach pre-figured later social work in a number of respects including an inclusive and accepting stance, respect for the dignity of the individual, and a concern to develop individuals’ capacities and self-esteem. The professionalism of the Sisters’ work is shown to be related to features which were integral to Catholic women’s religious institutes and to their role and status in the Catholic Church of the day. The Sisters’ social welfare work did not ‘evolve’ into secular, professional social work however. It is contended that reasons for this were related to developments in Australian society, the situation of the local Catholic Church and restrictions on membership of the Sisterhoods. The thesis has significance for bodies of knowledge on ‘woman’s sphere’ charity in the late nineteenth century, the history of social work in Australia, and theory on the professionalisation of caring occupations. v Acknowledgements Many people have assisted me over the duration of this project. Thanks are due to my supervisors in the School of Social Work at the University of New South Wales - Dr Rosemary Berreen, Associate Professor Damian Grace, Professor Richard Hugman and Dr Richard Roberts - for their generosity, guidance and critical advice. I am also grateful to the four groups of women religious whose ‘foremothers’ are the subject of this study: the Sisters of Charity, the Sisters of the Good Samaritan, the Sisters of Mercy, North Sydney and the Sisters of St Joseph. Much gratitude is owed to their archivists – Sr Genevieve Campbell and Mrs Guilaine Buckley at the Sisters of Charity Archives; the late Sr Ursula Trower, Sr Marie Gerard McGlynn, Sr Maree Stanley and Sr Lia Van Haren at the Good Samaritan Archives; Sr Margaret Barry of the North Sydney Sisters of Mercy Archives; Sr Kathleen Burford at the Mary MacKillop Archives and Srs Benedetta and Philomena at the Sisters of St Joseph Archives, North Sydney. Their interest and help, given on numerous occasions, was indispensable. I must also acknowledge the assistance of the staff and volunteers at the Sydney Catholic Archdiocesan Archives. vi I have benefited from the ongoing interest and encouragement of many people, including staff of the former Institute of Religious Studies at Strathfield and at the Australian Catholic University’s Project in Women’s History, Theology and Spirituality - particularly Sr Carmel Leavey op, Sr Rosa MacGinley pbvm, and Sr Sophie McGrath rsm. In the early days of the project Sr Rosalie O’Neill rsj and Sr Elizabeth Hellwig op, archivist of the Dominican Sisters at Strathfield also assisted me generously. Sr Moira O’Sullivan rsc, Sr Marilyn Kelleher sgs, Sr Phillippa Jones op and Sr Mary Ryan rsm have also been friends of this project, as have members of the Australian Catholic Historical Society, particularly Elizabeth Johnston and John Luttrell. The support of all the above people, together with their various contributions to scholarship on the history of women religious, is greatly appreciated. I must also thank my social work friends and colleagues at UNSW and elsewhere whose support helped me to persevere. Lastly, I could not have completed the project without my husband Peter Boorman, who was always there, and my sons Daniel and Tom. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my dear friend and colleague, Dr Marie Wilkinson, my great grandmother Kate Dooley and my grandmothers Madge Hooton and Kitty McGrath. vii Abbreviations £ pound/s A Archives AB Account Book ACD Australasian Catholic Directory Ad. R. Admissions Register An. Annals AR Annual Report B Biographies C Constitution/s CB Cashbook CD Sydney Catholic Directory CMR Customs and Minor Regulations CP Catholic Press DT The Sydney Daily Telegraph FESM ‘Foundation and Establishment of the Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy, Monte Sant’ Angelo Norrth Sydney FIMCM Familiar Instructions of Rev. Mother Catherine McAuley FJ The Sydney Freeman's Journal Fr Reverend Father (a priest) GS Sisters of the Good Samaritan of the Order of St Benedict HR Holy Rule IPC Inspector of Public Charities LC J Journal of the Legislative Council of NSW M. Mary M. M. Mother Mary viii MMDH Memoirs of Mother Dorothea Hanly, sgs MMH Mater Misericordiae Servants’ Home and Training School MMSH&TS Mater Misericordiae Servants’ Home and Training School MR Register of members MSA Monte Sant’Angelo PSC Pitt Street Convent POS Protestant Orphan School R Rule/s RC Rules and Constitutions RCCPCI Royal Commission into the Condition of the Poorer Classes in Ireland RCOS Roman Catholic Orphan School RCPC Royal Commission into Public Charities, N.S.W. 1873-4 RCPC E Minutes of Evidence of the RCPC 1873/4 Ref. Refuge SAA Sydney Archdiocesan Archives SC Sisters of Charity SCRB State Children’s Relief Board SCRD State Children’s Relief Department SGS Sisters of the Good Samaritan of the Order of St Benedict SM Sisters of Mercy SMG A Guide for the Religious called Sisters of Mercy SPC St Patrick’s Convent Sr Sister SSJ Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart SVH St Vincent’s Hospital V&PLA Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales ix Measurements and Conversions One pound (£1) 20 shillings (20/-) One guinea One pound, one shilling (£ 1/1/-) One shilling 12 pence (12d) One pound (£1) two dollars at the time of conversion to decimal currency (1966) 1 foot 30.5 centimetres 1 yard 0.914 metres 1 mile 1.61 kilometres 1 lb. 454 grams 1 gallon 4.55 litres x LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Dates of the Sydney foundations of the four Sisterhoods 2 Table 2: Episcopal Office-Holders, Archdiocese of Sydney 129 Table 3: Institutional charities of the four Sisterhoods in the Archdiocese of Sydney in 1873 329 Table 4: Institutional charities of the four Sisterhoods in the Archdiocese of Sydney in 1900 330 xi CONTENTS Pages Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations vii Measurements and Conversions ix List of Tables x Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction 1 ‘Social Welfare’, ‘charity’ and ‘philanthropy’ 6 ‘Nuns’ and ‘Sisters’ 8 Methodology 9 Contribution of this thesis 10 Chapter 2: Charity, Social Work and Religion in the Nineteenth Century Introduction 14 Omission of the Sisters’ work from welfare history 15 Australian women’s history 20 Social work history 22 Characteristics of charity in nineteenth century New South Wales 27 The legacy of nineteenth century British Poor Law principles 35 xii Government and ‘voluntary’ charity in New South Wales 37 Poverty and charity in Ireland 43 Religion and charity 55 Religious differences and the development of welfare states 61 Conclusion 62 Chapter 3: ‘Separate Spheres’: Women, Religion and Professional Work Introduction 66 ‘Woman’s sphere’ charity 69 Women, professions and the expansion of the ‘woman’s sphere’ 73 Masculine power and authority 78 Women’s charity in nineteenth century Sydney 79 Literature on Catholic women religious 84 Women and professionalisation 92 Relationships between women charity workers and the poor 95 Conclusion 101 Chapter 4: ‘We hear nothing from the good Sisters themselves’: Methodology Introduction 107 ‘New history’ and interpretive social science approaches 109 Developing empathy or ‘historical mindedness’ 113 Methodological issues 117 xiii External sources 121 The period of interest
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