Cpu registers and their functions pdf

Continue Definition - A registry is temporary storage memory that is integrated into a (CPU). In architecture, registers are special types of computer memory that perform their tasks quickly, such as (retrieving, transferring, and storing) data and instructions. Register memory is smaller compared to other computer memory, such as master memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. All required these registers to manipulate data and store memory addresses. The main goal of using memory addresses is to identify additional instructions to be executed when the execution of the current instruction is complete. Types of CPU registers and their functions Here, we will discuss different types of CPU registers with their features that play a vital role in computer architecture. Below explain each of them - MAR RegisterMAR stand for , and its main goal is to store all memory addresses of whole data and instructions. MAR helps to make communication using the MDR (Memory Data Register) between the CPU and the main memory. For example – If the CPU (Center Processing Unit) needs to hold a few data in primary memory otherwise to retrieve some data from the memory side, then it places those addresses that are needed in the main memory in the MEMORY Address Register (MAR). PC RegisterPC stands for registry, and it is also known as instruction pointer (IP) in , but sometimes few people are known as named with instruction address register. The program counter registry feature is to keep all records in order of the entire execution of programs. The PC has the memory address of the next instruction that is loaded in the next step. The PC registers to track the address of the next instruction to be retrieved from primary memory if the recently instruction is fully executed. Helps you count all integer numbers. MDR RegisterMDR stands for Memory Data Register, and this registry is needed after execution in the PC registry is complete. The CPU retrieves some mandatory instructions and data from the main memory then its temporary copy is stored in this data registry before decoding this data. So the MDR registry acts as a medium bufferAC RegisterAC registry is also called the Registry Accumulator because this registry contains integable values that are needed by the ALU (Aritmetically logical unit) when executing any particular instruction. The main function of the battery registry is to store the output that is generated by your system. When the CPU (Center Processing Unit) executes some instructions then it will produce a result, now the AC registry is needed to store this produced data. The RegisterIndex index registry helps you update the operand when you run programs on your computer's processor. MB RegisterMB registry stands for Memory registry, and it contains information about the data or instructions that are read or written in the main memory. So the memory buffer register function is to store all data and instructions that are retrieving or will be on the primary memory side. The data registerMy of these types of registers are inserted into microcomputers for the temporary storage of transmitted data or from other peripheral devices.AR RegisterAR stands for Address Register and its main function is to keep the memory location of the instruction that is being executed. The AR register contains six registers named (CS, DS, ES and SS, FG, GS). IR RegisterIR stands for and this registry is used to store those data that are currently needed for the implementation period. IPR RegisterIPR stands for Pointer Register Instruction, and the main function of this registry is to keep the location of the memory that is running at the next level. So the IP registry stores the order of all instructions to be executed. SCR RegisterSCR stands for Stack Control Register and pre-set the memory location in which data is stored and retrieved in a specific LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) order. The main function of SCR Register is the processing of the stack in the computer system. To manage stack functionality, use two special registers (SP and BP).Fr RegisterFR register stands for Flag Register, and this registry helps determine a specific condition. The flag register contains one or two bytes, and each byte is divided into 8 bits. And every bit of bringing a flag means a condition. Several flags to register are carry flag, parity flag, sign flag, zero flags, and overflow flag. GPR RegistersGPR stands for General Purpose Registers, and these are uniform types of registries. These registers are able to store memory addresses, data values, as well as floating-point values. GPR registers are mostly used in modern CPUs and GPUs due to their best flexibility. SPR RegisterSPR stands for Special Purpose Registrys and is used to hold program status. SPR registers are enabled with PC (Program Counter) and SR (Status Register). The registry is used to quickly receive, store and transfer data, and instructions that are immediately used by the processor, there are different types of registers that are used for different purposes. These Registry are used to perform various operations. While we are working on the system then these registers are used by the CPU to perform operations. When we give some input to the system then the input will be stored in the registers and when the system gives us the results after processing then will also be from registers. So that the CPU is used for data processing, which is given by the user. Registry Perform:-1) Fetch: Load Operation: The load operation is used to receive instructions that are given by the user, and instructions that are stored in the main memory will be loaded using the registers.2) Decoding: The decoding operation is used to interpret the instructions, which means that the instructions are decoded, which means that the processor detects which operation to perform in the instructions. 3) Run: Run the operation is performed by the cpu. And the results that are produced by the cpu are then stored in memory and after they are displayed on the user's screen. Registry types are like the following MAR stand for the memory address register This registry contains data memory addresses and instructions. This registry is used to access data and instructions from memory during the execution phase of the instruction. Suppose the processor wants to store some data in memory or read data from memory. Places the address of the desired memory location in mar. Program Counter Program Counter (PC), commonly called pointer instruction (IP) in Intel microprocessors, and sometimes called the instruction address to register, or only part of the instruction sequencer on some computers, is the processor registryIt is a 16 bit special function to register in 8085 . Keeps track of the next memory address of the instruction to be executed when the current instruction is completed. In other words, the memory location address contains additional instructions when the current instruction is run by a microprocessor. Battery register This register is used to store the results that are generated by the system. When the CPU generates some results after processing then all results will be stored in the AC Register.Memory Data Register (MDR) MDR is the registry of the computer that contains the data to be stored in the computer store (e.g. RAM) or data after loading from the computer store. It acts as a buffer and contains everything that is copied from the memory ready for the processor to use. The MDR stores the information before it goes into the decoder. An MDR that contains data to be written to or reading an addressed location. For example, to load the contents of cell 123, we load the value 123 (of course in binary format) into mar and perform a load operation. When the operation is complete, a copy of cell 123 content would be in MDR. To save the value of 98 to cell 4, we load 4 into MAR and 98 into the MDR and make a trade. When the operation is complete, the contents of cell 4 will be set to 98 by throw away everything that was there before. MDR is bidirectional When data is retrieved from memory and placed in an MDR, it is written in one direction. If there is a write instruction, the data to be written is placed in the MDR from another processor registry, which then inserts the data into memory. The memory data register is half of the minimum interface between the microprogram and the computer store, the other half is the memory address register. Register a hardware element that contains a number that can add (or in some cases subtract) part of a computer instruction address to create an effective address. It is also referred to as the base register. The in the computer's processor is the processor registry used to modify operand addresses during program startup. Memory buffer registermbr stand for registry buffer memory. This register contains the contents of data or instructions read or written in memory. This means that this registry is used to store data/instructions coming from memory or to hide them in memory. Registry of data The registry used in microcomputers to temporarily store data transmitted to or from a peripheral device. Instantly accessible sercheduing available as part of a digital processor This article has several issues. Please help improve or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for validation. Help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material can be attacked and removed. Find sources: Processor registry - news · newspaper · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to delete this message template) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if possible. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs to be updated. Update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The processor registry is quickly accessible instead of the computer's available processor. Registers typically consist of a small amount of fast storage, although some registries have specific hardware features and can be read-only or write-only. In computer architecture, registers are usually handled by mechanisms other than the main memory, but in some cases the memory address may be assigned, e.g. memory addresses. Almost all computers, whether they load/save architecture or not, load data from larger memory into registers where it is used for arithmetic operations and is manipulated or tested according to computer instructions. Manipulated data is then often stored back in the main memory, either by the same stress or subsequent. Modern processors use they are typically accessed through one or more cache levels. CPU registers are typically at the top of the memory hierarchy and provide the fastest way to access data. Typically, a term refers only to a group of registers that are directly encoded as part of an instruction, as defined in the instruction set. However, modern high-performance processors often have duplicates of these architectural registers to improve performance through registry renaming, allowing parallel and . Modern x86 design acquired these techniques around 1995 with releases of Pentium Pro, Cyrix 6x86, Nx586 and AMD K5. If a computer program accesses the same data repeatedly, it is called a reference site. Keeping frequently used values in registers can be important for program performance. Registry allocation is performed either by the compiler at the code generation stage or manually by the build language programmer. Size registers are typically measured by the number of bits they can contain, such as an 8-bit register, a 32-bit register, or a 64-bit registry, or even more. In some instruction sets, registers can operate in different modes that divide storage memory into smaller ones (for example, 32-bit to 8-bit), on which multiple data (a vector or one-dimensional array of data) can be retrieved and controlled at the same time. It is typically implemented by adding additional registers that map their memory to a larger one. Processors that have the ability to execute a single instruction on multiple data are called vector processors. Processor types often contain several kinds of registers that can be classified according to their content or the instructions that work on them: User registers can be read or written according to computer instructions. The most common distribution of user-accessible registers is in data registers and address registers. Data registers can contain numeric data values such as integers and floating-price values in some architectures, as well as characters, small bit fields, and other data. In some older and lower processors, a special data register, known as a battery, is implicitly used for many operations. Address registers hold addresses and are used according to instructions that indirectly access primary memory. Some processors contain registers that can only be used to store an address or only to store numeric values (in some cases used as an index index whose value is added as a offset from an address); others allow registers to hold both types of quantities. There are a wide range of possible addressing modes that are used to determine the effective address of the operand. The stack pointer is used to manage the stack at runtime. Rarely other data stacks are specified by dedicated address registers, see computer stack. Universal registers (GPRs) can store both data and addresses, i.e. combined data/address registers; In some architectures, the registry file is unified so that gpr can store floating-point numbers as well. State registers have truth values that are often used to determine whether or not certain instructions should be executed. Floating-point registers (FPRs) store floating-point numbers in many architectures. Constant registers hold read-only values such as zero, one, or pi. Vector registers store data for vector processing performed according to SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) instructions. Purpose-built registers (SRRVrs) hold the status of the program; usually include a program counter, also called an instruction pointer, and a status registry; The program counter and the health register can be combined in the program status word registry (PSW). The above stack pointer is sometimes also part of this group. Built-in microprocessors can also have registers corresponding to specialized hardware elements. In some architectures, model-specific registries (also called computer-specific registries) store data and settings related to the processor itself. Because their meanings are attached to the design of a particular processor, they cannot be expected to remain standard between processor generations. Memory Type Range Registers (MTRRs) Internal registers - registers that are not accessible by instructions internally used for CPU operations. The instruction register that holds the currently executed instruction. Registers related to the retrieval of information from RAM, a collection of storage registers located on separate chips from the CPU: Memory buffer register (MBR), also known as memory data register (MDR) Memory address register (MAR) Architectural registry - Registers visible to architecture-defined software may not correspond to physical hardware when renaming the registry is done by the underlying hardware. Hardware registries are similar, but occur outside processors. In some architectures (such as SPARC and MIPS), the first or last registry in the registry reader is pseudo-register in a way that is tightly linked to always return zero when read (mostly to simplify indexing modes) and cannot be overridden. In Alpha, this is also done for a floating-point registry file. As a result, registry files are commonly cited as files with more than one registry than are actually usable; for example, 32 registers are listed if only 31 of them comply with the above definition of register. Examples The following table shows the number of registers in several common PROCESSOR architectures. Note that in processors compatible with the x86 stack pointer (ESP), it counts as an intetable register, although there are a limited number of instructions that can be used to traffic to its contents. A similar warning applies to most architectures. Although all the listed architectures are almost all of them are basic arrangements known as Von Neumann's architecture, first designed by Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann. It is also noteworthy that the number of registers on the GPU is much higher than that of processors. GPRs / data architecture + FP registry address registers AT & Notes T Hobbit 0 Stack 7 Stack Machine Cray-1[1] 8 Scalar Data, 8 Address 8 Scalar, 8 Vector (64 Elements) Scalar Data Registers Can Be Inteerular or Floating-Point; also 64 scalar t-pad t registers and 64 scratch-pad addresses B registers 4004[2] 1 accumulator, 16 additional 0 Register A is intended for general purpose, while registers r0-r15 are intended for address and segment. 8008[3] 1 accumulator, 6 other 0 Register A is a battery on which all arithmetic is performed; registers H and L can be used in combination as an address register; all registers can be used as operands in load/store/move/increment/decrement/decrement instructions and as a second operand in arithmetic instructions. There is no FP drive available. 8080[4] 1 battery pack, 6 additional 0 Plus tray indicator. Register A is a battery on which all arithmetic is performed; pairs of registers B+C, D+E and H+L, can be used as address registers in some instructions; all registers can be used as operands in load/store/move/increment/decrement/decrement instructions and as a second operand in arithmetic instructions. Some instructions use only H+L; other instruction swaps H+ L and D+ E. Floating-point processors designed for 8080 were Intel 8231, AMD Am9511, and Intel 8232. They were also easy to use with the Z80 and similar processors. iAPX432 0 stack 6 Stack machine 16-bit x86[5] 6 stack 8 (if fp present) 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, with 8087, 80187 or 80287 for floating point, with 80-bit wide, 8-deep register with some instructions that can use registers relative to the top of the stack as operands; without 8087/80187/80287, no registers with floating decimal place IA-32[6] 8 stack 8 (if fp present), 8 (if SSE/MMX present) 80386 required 80387 for floating point, later processors had built-in floating point, with both with 80-bit wide, 8 deep registry stack with some instructions able to use registers relative to the top of the stack as an operand. Pentium III and later had an SSE with other 128-bit XMM registries. x86-64[6][7] 16 16/32 FP registers are 128-bit XMM registers, later extended to 256-bit YMM registries with AVX/AVX2 and 512-bit ZMM0-ZMM31 registries for AVX-512. [8] Xeon Phi[9] 16 32 Including 32 256/512-bit ZMM registers for AVX-512. Fairchild F8 one accumulator, 64 scratchpad registers, one indirect scratchpad registry (ISAR) n / a Tutorial can directly refer to the first 16 scratchpad registers and can access all scratchpad registers indirectly through ISAR[10] Geode GX 1 data, 1 address 8 Geode GX / Media GX/ 4x86/5x86 is 486/Pentium compatible compatible Cyrix/National Semiconductor. Like Transmeta, the processor had a translation layer that translated the x86 code into native code and performed it. [quote required] It does not support 128-bit SSE registers, only the 80387 stack of eight floating-point 80-bit registers, and partially supports 3DNow! from AMD. The native processor contains only 1 data and 1 address register for all purposes and translated into 4 paths of the 32-bit registry naming r1 (base), r2 (data), r3 (back pointer) and r4 (stack pointer) within the scratchpad sram for intember traffic and uses L1 cache for x86 code emulation (note that it is not compatible with some 286/386/486 instructions in real mode). [quote required] Later, the design was abandoned after AMD acquired the IP from National Semiconductor and marked it with the Athlon core on the embedded market. SunPlus SPG 0 6 stack + 4 SIMD 16-bit wide, 32-bit space stack machine processor from Taiwanese company Sunplus Technology, it can be found on the line Vtech V.Smile for educational purposes and video game console Mattel HyperScan and XaviXPORT. it lacks any general purpose registry or internal registry for naming/renaming, but its floating point drive has an 80-bit 6 tiered stack and four 128-bit VLIW SIMD registry on a vertex shader co-processor. VM Labs Nuon 0 1 32-bit stack processor developed by VM labs for specialized multimedia purposes. It can be found on the custom nuon DVD player console line and game wave family entertainment system from ZaPit games. The design was a major influence of Intel's MMX technology, with a unified 128-byte stack cache for both vector and scalar instructions. The unified cache can be divided as an 8 128-bit vector register or a 32-bit 32-bit SIMD scalar register by renaming the bank, no intemporian register was found in this architecture. Nios II[11][12] 31 8 Nios II is based on the MIPS IV instruction set and has 31 32-bit GPR, with a register of 0 fixed to zero and 8 64-bit floating-point registers[citation required] Motorola 6800[13] 2 data, 1 index 0 Plus stack pointer Motorola 68k[14] 8 data (d0-d7), 8 address (a0-a7) 8 (if fp present) Address register 8 (a7) is the stack pointer. 68000, 68010, 68012, 68020 and 68030 require fpu for floating point; The 68040 had the FPU built in. FP registers are 80-bit. SH 16-bit 1 6 Emotion Engine 3 (VU0)+ 32 (VU1) 32 SIMD (integrated in UV1) + 2x 32 Vector (dedicated vector co-processor, located near its GPU) The Main Core Emotion Engine (VU0) is a heavily modified generic DSP kernel that is for a generic background task and contains one 64 bitor, two generic data registers, and one 32-bit program counter. The modified MIPS III (VU1) executable is designed to control game data and protocol and contains 32 items of 32-bit universal for integer calculation and 32 items 128-bit SIMD SIMD instruction, data stream values, and some intemculation values. one battery register to connect a floating-line general calculation to a vector file record on a . The coprocessor is built through 32 items of a 128-bit vector registry file (only the vector value that passes from the battery in the cpu can be stored) and no integer register is built in. Both the vector coprocessor (VPU 0/1) and the entire main processor module of the emotion Engine module (VU0 + VU1 + VPU0 + VPU1) are built on the basis of a modified MIPS instruction set, and the battery in this case is not the general purpose, but the control state. CUDA[15] configurable, up to 255 per thread Earlier generation allowed up to 127/63 registers per thread (Tesla / Fermi). The more registers configured per thread, the fewer threads can run at the same time. Registers are 32 bits wide, double precision floating point numbers, and 64 bit pointers require two registers. In addition, it has up to 8 predicate registers per thread[16] of the CDC 6000 series 16 8 'A' registers A0-A7, which have 18-bit addresses; 8 B0-B7 registers have 18-bit inteit values (with B0 permanently set to zero); 8 'X' registers of X0-X7 hold 60 bits of intemposible data or floating-point data. Seven of the eight 18-bit A registers were associated with their corresponding X registers: setting all registers A1 through A5 to the value caused the memory of the contents of this address to be loaded into the corresponding X registry. (Registers A0 and X0 were not linked as follows). IBM S/360 16 4 (if fp present) This applies to successors S/360, System/370 to System/390; FP was optional in System/360 and always present in S/370 and later. There are 16 vector registers in Vector Facility processors that contain a machine-dependent number of 32-bit elements. [17] z/Architecture 16 16 64-bit version of S/360 and successors; increased the number of registers with floating decimal place to 16. MMIX[18] 256 256 Instructional kit designed by Donald U.S. at the end of the 1990s. NS320xx[19] 8 8 (if fp present) X10 1 32 and 32/40 bit stack machine based on with modified MIPS instruction and 128 bit floating point unit. [quote required] Parallax Propeller 0 2 Eight core 8/16 bit sliced stack machine controller with simple circus logic inside, have eight gear counters (core) and each contains three 8/16 bit special control registers with 32 bit x 512 stack ram however it does not carry any generic registry for the full purpose number. Unlike most shadow registry files in a modern processor and multi-core system, all these stack ram in the gear can be accessed at the instruction level, which all these gears can act as one large universal core if needed. Floating decimal unit is external and contains two 80-bit vectors with vectors 128 128 A 64 1-bit predicate registers and 8 industry registers. FP registers are 82-bit. SPARC 31 32 Global Registry 0 is firmly associated with 0. It uses register windows. IBM POWER 32 32 And 1 link and 1 count register. Power ISA 32 32 And 1 link and 1 count register. Processors supporting Vector devices also have 32 128-bit vector registers, Blackfin 8 data, 2 accumulator, 6 addresses 0 A stack pointer, and frame indicator. Other registers are used to implement zero-overhead loops and circular DAG buffers (data address generators). IBM Cell SPE 128 128 GPRs, which may contain integer values, address values, or floating decimal values[20] PDP-10 16 Everything can be used in general (integer, floating, stack pointer, jump, indexing, etc.). Each 36-bit memory (or register) word can also be manipulated as semi-literal, which can be considered an (18-bit) address. Other verbal interpretations are used in certain instructions. In the original PDP-10 processors, these 16 GPR also corresponded to the main (i.e. core) memory location of 0-15; a hardware option called fast memory implemented the registers as separate built-in access entries, and references to 0-15 memory locations referred to ic registers. Later models implemented registers as fast memory and continued to allow memory locations of 0-15 to refer to them. The move instructions take (register, memory) operands: MOVE 1.2 is register-register and MOVE 1.1000 is the memory to register. PDP-11 8 0 R7 is actually a program counter. Any registry can be a stack pointer, but R6 is used for hardware interrupts and traps. VAX 16 GpRs are also used for floating-price values. Three of the registers have special uses: R12 (Argument Pointer), R13 (Frame Pointer), and R14 (Stack Pointer), while R15 refers to program counter. Alpha 31 31 Registers R31 (integer) and F31 (floating point) are firmly plugged into zero. 6502 1 data, 2 index 0 6502 content A (Accumulator) register for the main purpose of data storage and memory addresses (8-bit data/16-bit address), X, Y are indirect and direct indexes (respectively) and SP register are index-specific only. W65C816S 1 0 65c816 is a 16-bit successor to the 6502. X,Y, D (Direct Page register) are condition registers, and SP registers are only specific indexes. the main battery is extended to 16-bit (C)[21], while maintaining 8-bit (A) compatibility and the main registry can now address up to 24-bit (16-bit wide data instruction/24-bit memory address). 65k 1 0 Direct successor 6502, 65002 only content (A (Accumulator) register for the main purpose of data storage and extend data wide 32-bit and 64-bit instructions wide, support 48-bit virtual address in software mode, X, Y are still registry status and remain 8-bit and SP registry are specific index, but increase to 16-bit wide. MeP 4 8 processor was a 32 bit processor developed by Toshiba, modded 8080 instruction set only with A, B, C, D register available all modes (8/16/32 bit) and incompatible with x86, but contain an 80-bit floating-point drive that is compatible with x87. PIC 1 0 AVR microcontroller 32 0 ARM 32-bit (ARM/A32, Thumb-2/T32) 14 Varies (up to 32) r15 is a program counter and is not applicable as GPR; r13 is the reservoir indicator; r8-r13 can be switched for others (stored) on the PROCESSOR mode switch. Earlier versions had 26-bit addressing[22] and used the top bits of the program counter (r15) for status flags, so this registry was 32-bit. ARM 32-bit (Thumb) 8-16 Version 1 of Thumb, which only supported access to registers r0 through r7[23] ARM 64-bit (A64)[24]31 32 Register r31 is a stack pointer or firmly plugged into 0, depending on the context. MIPS 31 32 Integer registry 0 is firmly plugged into 0. RISC-V 31 32 Integer registry 0 firmly at 0. The RV32E variant designed for systems with very limited resources has 15 integable registers. Epiphany 64 (per core)[25] Each instruction determines whether registers are interpreted as integers or one exact floating decimal place. The architecture is scalable to 4096 cores with 16 and 64 basic implementations currently available. Using the number of registers available in the processor and the operations that can be performed using these registers has a significant impact on the efficiency of the code generated by compiler optimization. Strahler's expression tree number provides the minimum number of registers required to evaluate this expression tree. See also CPU cache Register allocation Shift register References ^ Cray-1 Computer System Hardware Reference Manual (PDF). Cray Research. November 1977. ↑ MCS-4 Micro Computer Set Users Manual (PDF). Intel. in February 1973. ↑ 8008 8 bit parallel central processor unit users manual (PDF). Intel. November 1973. 23 January 2014. ^ Intel 8080 Microcomputer Systems User's Manual (PDF). Intel. ^ 80286 and 80287 Programmer's Reference Manual (PDF). Intel. 1987. ^ and b Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals. Intel. December 4, 2019. ↑ AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 1: Application Programming (PDF). Amd. ^ Intel Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features Programming Reference (PDF). Intel. 1 January 2018. ^ Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor Instruction Architecture Reference (PDF). Intel. September 7, 2012. ↑ F8 Programming Guide (PDF). Fairchild MOS Microcomputer Division. 1977. ^ Nios II Classic Processor Reference Guide (PDF). Altera. April 2, 2015. ↑ Nios II Gen2 Processor Reference Guide (PDF). Altera. April 2, 2015. ↑ M6800 Programming Reference Manual (PDF). Motorola. November 1976. 18 May 2015. ↑ Motorola M68000 Family Programmer Reference Guide (PDF). Motorola. 1992. Received June 13, 2015. ↑ CUDA C Programming Guide. Nvidia. 9 January 2020. ↑ Jia, Zhe; Maggioni, Marco; Staiger, Benjamin; Scarpazza, Daniele P. (2018). Autopsy of NVIDIA Volta GPU architecture via Microbenchmarking. arXiv:1804.06826 [en. DC]. ^ IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 and System/370 - Vector Operations (PDF). Ibm. SA22-7125-3. May 11, 2020. ↑ MMIX Home page. ↑ 32000 series databook (PDF). National semiconductor. ^ Synergist processor unit Instruction set architecture version 1.2 (PDF). Ibm. January 27, 2007. ^ Teachings 65816 Assembly. Super Famicom Wiki Development. November 2019. ↑ Procedure standard for ARM architecture (PDF). ARM Holdings. 30 November 2013. 27 May 2013. ↑ 2.6.2. Thumb state registry set. ARM7TDMI Technical Reference Manual. ARM Holdings. ^ Procedure standard for 64-bit ARM architecture (PDF). ARM Holdings. May 22, 2013. May 27, 2013. ^ Link to epiphany architecture (PDF). 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