log bio y: O ro p ic e n Zoha T, Clin Microbiol 2019, 8:2 M A l a c DOI: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000331 c c i e n s i l s C Clinical Microbiology: Open Access ISSN: 2327-5073 Research Article Open Access Distribution of Plesiomons shigelloides in Clinical Samples in Various Countries: A Review Article Zoha Tavakkoli Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain *Corresponding author: Zoha Tavakkoli, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Tel: +0034651982299; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: April 25, 2019; Accepted date: May 03, 2019; Published date: May 10, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Zoha T, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract P. shigelloides clearly represented in Enterobacteriaceae family. The study of Plesiomonas and knowledge about this bacterium is increasing rapidly. Plesiomonas shigelloides is as one of the pathogens that can be recognized as a more common case in patients who are infected with diarrhea. It is indicated that Plesiomonas diarrhea in most studies and clinical case reports is related to consumption of seafood or untreated water by people who travel to tropical or subtropical geographical locals. Our findings demonstrated acute clinical diarrhea of Plesiomonas with abdominal pain is more often and has a long duration of disease infected by other enteric pathogens. Still, more work needs to be done on this pathogens and needs more full investigation and its harsh effects need to be resolved. Keywords: Plesiomonas; Gram-negative bacteria; Global pathogen; we reviewed the epidemiology of Plesiomonas shigelloides in clinical Diarrhea infection and laboratory detection of diarrheal patients by different authors in several countries and the procedure of patient's infection Introduction and also we investigated, overview and attention rate of the bacterium in various laboratories in Iran. Over the 70 years the genus of Plesiomonas, has been discovered by Ferguson and Henderson in 1947 by a single species which was named, Taxonomy P. shigelloides [1]. This aerogenic Gram-negative bacteria habitat is in an aquatic environment included freshwater ecosystem and estuaries Paracolon was one of the earliest names to describe the Gram- [2]. P. shigelloides represented in the Vibrionaseae family but currently negative anaerogenic bacilli which were associated with gastroenteritis. based on limited numbers of biochemical characteristics like as ability Many different taxa in a paracolon group of bacteria according to to ferment lactose reclassified in a family of Enterobacteriaceae that is various biochemical features including ferment lactose, possession of the only oxidase positive species in this family [3]. Over the past 2 certain somatic antigens and oxidase reaction were recognized during decades, some evidence ascribed the role of this microorganism in the the past years [11,12]. One of the members of C27 collection of form of series foodborne pathogen and etiologic operative of Paracolon bacteria that recently was named Plesiomonas, illustrated by gastroenteritis bacterial [4,5]. Additionally, some virulence candidates Ferguson and Henderson in 1947 who described the isolation from have been recognized association with microorganism pathogenicity faces of a patient with unknown clinical history and also properties including a cytotoxic hemolysin, iron acquisition systems, and resembling those of Shigella [1,13]. Thus, in many years different lipopolysaccharide. Others human infection caused by Plesiomonas proposals by numbers of scientific were published which were may are septicemia and central nervous system, eye infection and etc. presented many disagreements for the placement of this [6-8]. Almost 3 decades after the initial discovery of Plesiomonas, this microorganism in a correct genus. Shigelloides was the name organism got more attention from the investigator as a kind of human suggested by Bader in 1954 in the genus of Pseudomonas [14]. Based pathogen [4]. when they reported the existence of the microorganism on the geographical location where Ferguson and Henderson in a 62 years old woman [9]. While biochemically, the prevalence of separated this bacterium, Sakazaki and Namioka believed that the Plesiomonas connives in stool samples, nowadays Scientific and isolation should be named Michigani [15]. In 1961 Ewing and his medical information provided different molecular technologies consist colleagues proposed that because of cytochrome oxidase activity and of DNA sequencing, gene amplification, the publication of whole- flagellar morphology characterization, this microorganism should genome sequencing and many others options to determine of transfer from Pseudomonas genus to Aeromonas within the family of Plesiomonas in clinical samples as human pathogens [10]. Based on Vibrionaceae [16]. Habs and Schubert recommended new genus for various reasons include hygiene conditions, dietary habits, regional this bacteria which called Plesiomonas shigelloides [17]. According to occupations or others factors the prevalence of Plesiomonas has been the molecular analysis of bacterium by Martinez-Murica et al. reported in the higher numbers in Southeast Asia and Africa and lower indicated that P. shigeloides phylogenetically is related to Proteus [18]. rates in North America and Europe. Furthermore, with the availability Furthermore in an evaluation of Amplified Fragment Length of various diagnostic tests and increasing of patient's population Polymorphism (AFLP) P. shigelloides clearly represented in review of clinical-community samples and prevalence of Plesiomonas Enterobacteriaceae family [15]. There are some amount of phenotypic can be appropriated comparison to past viewpoints [11]. In this study, data indicate that Plesiomonas is sharing some behaviors with Clin Microbiol, an open access journal Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000331 ISSN: 2327-5073 Citation: Zoha Tavakkoli (2019) Distribution of Plesiomons shigelloides in Clinical Samples in Various Countries: A Review Article. Clin Microbiol 8: 331. doi:10.4172/2327-5073.1000331 Page 2 of 10 Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae family. Otherwise, the discussion microprobe X-ray analysis of the electron-dense pasting and Bromel is remained open because of the variety ideas of scientists. reported the bio-polar and central location of bodies which illustrated the high concentration of phosphorus and potassium [25]. Biology, habitat, and host Magnesium and silicon as well. it is found that the number, size, and Environment distribution and ecology for Plesiomonas genus is location of inclusion can bodies appertain to the cell cycle phase. based upon the various physiologic characteristics. They grow in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed the characteristic between 8C to 45C temperatures, therefore this bacterium is known as of typical Gram-negative bacteria with the spreading of nucleoplasm a mesophilic bacteria with the optimal temperature ranging between which are sporadic in the cytoplasm and furthermore ribosomes 35 and 39 and also maximum ranging of 40C to 45C [16,19]. However, scattered throughout the cytoplasmic matrix [24]. In recent years’ there were some reported of recovering of Plesiomonas strains from surface structures of bacteria was considered and discussed the role of Lake Vettasjarvi in Sweden, where the water temperature recorded 9C these structures in virulence. With further study, the role of the with the pH of 6.5. In addition to temperature pH rating is the growth material in the potential virulence of this organism will be established option for Plesiomonas. Primarily pH ranging for Plesiomonas growth [24]. is between 4.5 to 9 and salinities of 0% to 4%. According to these behaviors, bacterium isolated from different substrates, the first Culture condition and laboratory identification reservoir of this bacterium is the aquatic environment [16-21]. Both Plesiomonas, usually grow on enteric agar included Mac Conkey fresh and estuarine water include rivers, stream, ponds, lakes, brackish, (MAC), xylose lysine decarboxylase (XLD) or Hecton agars as Some etc are the storages of Plesiomonas, likewise the organism isolated routine non-lactose fermenter for isolation of bacteria [26-29]. from seawater and vegetables in Costa Rica [22]. Asian bacteria are the Salmonella Shigella agar may be used in identification of some strain given name to this bacterium because of the high incidence isolation of [26-30]. Like as any routine enteric pathogen test, stools samples that them in Japan and Thailand. Moreover, In recent studies, the used to test for Plesiomonas should be collected by rectal swabs and important role of Plesiomonas shigeloiedes in gastro-enteritis and refrigerated for hours. The isolation should be more facile with a 5% diarrheal cases in various African countries and also the isolation of sheep blood agar which colonies appear in gray and as nonhemolytic this bacterium in Europe from fresh water has been reported. Based after 18-24 hours incubation in 37C. It should be added ferments upon most studies and investigation Plesiomonas shigelloides can be sucrose if the organism needs sugar in the culture condition and also isolated from various environments and also recovered from different the colony of bacteria appeared green in most media. Cefsulodin