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Konstantinova Pismena ISSN 1337-8740 roč. 4 2011 Konštantínove listy Constantine´s letters konstantinova pismena Konštantínove listy 4 / 2011 Konštantínove Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre Filozofická fakulta Ústav pre výskum kultúrneho dedičstva Konštantína a Metoda Časopis / Review Konštantínove listy / Constantine´s letters 4 / 2011 Obsah / Contents Redakčná rada / Editorial Board Mons. prof. ThDr. Viliam Judák, PhD. (Slovak Republic) Štúdie / Articles prof. RNDr. Jozef Michalov, DrSc. (Slovak Republic) prof. PhDr. Alexander T. Ruttkay, DrSc. (Slovak Republic) Martin Husár: Vojenstvo Byzancie a politických útvarov prof. PhDr. Jozef Vladár, DrSc. (Slovak Republic) na území Karpatskej kotliny od 2. polovice 7. do začiatku prof. Maja Jakimovska Tošič, PhD. (Republic of Macedonia) 13. storočia / Warfare of the Byzantine Empire and political units on territory of the Carpathian basin from the second TH TH Šéfredaktor / Editor in Chief half of the 7 century to early 13 century – 1 PhDr. Peter Ivanič, PhD. E-mail: [email protected] Lubomíra Havlíková: Crimen laesae maiestatis a panovník jako garant práva ve velkomoravském prostředí 9. století / Redakčná úprava / Editorial correctors Crimen laesae maiestatis (the crime of the majesty offense) PhDr. Martin Hetényi, PhD. and the ruler as a guarantor of law in the 9th century Great PhDr. Peter Ivanič, PhD. Moravian milieu – 41 PhDr. Zvonko Taneski, PhD. PhDr. Ing. Miroslav Glejtek Martin Konečný: Priebeh vojny Normanov s Byzanciou v rokoch 1081 – 1085 / The war between the Normans Technický redaktor / Technical editor and Byzantium in 1081 – 1085 – 54 PhDr. Peter Ivanič, PhD. PhDr. Ľuboslav Horvát Marek Meško: Pečenežsko-byzantské dobrodružstvo uhorského kráľa Šalamúna (1083 – 1087) / Pecheneg- Jazyková úprava / Language corrector Byzantine Adventure of the King Salomon of Hungary Mgr. Marian Macho, PhD. (1083 – 1087) – 77 Preklad do anglického jazyka (zhrnutie) / Ивана Чанчар: Синтакса инфинитива у Маријином English translation (summaries) јеванђељу / The syntax of infinitives in Mgr. Martin Mačura, PhD. „The Codex Marianus“ – 95 Adresa redakcie / Adress of Editorial Board Михаил Ващенко: Средневековая история Хорватии Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre в трудах русских славистов XIX века (А.Ф. Гильфердинг, Filozofická fakulta К.Я. Грот, И.Н. Смирнов) / Medieval Croatian history in the Ústav pre výskum kultúrneho dedičstva studies of russian slavists in the second half of XIX century Konštantína a Metoda (A. F. Gilferding, K. Ya. Grot, I. N. Smirnov) – 124 Štefánikova 67, 949 74 Nitra tel.: +421 37 77 6408 367, fax.: +421 37 77 6408 387 Андрей В. Иванов – Римма А. Иванова: Семантическая e-mail: [email protected] структура и средства выражения категории побудительности в тексте Евангелия от Матфея Všetky štúdie sú recenzované. (на материале русского языка) / Semantic structure and means of expressing hortativity in the Russian text of the Gospel of st. Matthew – 134 Náklad / Copies 200 Peter Ivanič: Toponymá a stredoveká cestná sieť na Pohroní a Poiplí / Toponyms and the medieval road network in Publikáciu podporili: Pohronie and Poiplie – 159 Mesto Nitra Ministerstvo školstva SR Recenzie / Book reviews – 170 Nitriansky samosprávny kraj Rímskokatolícky biskupský úrad v Nitre Správy / Chronicle – 183 ISSN 1337-8740 Na obálke sa nachádza obrázok z Macedónskeho triódu zo 14. storočia Na obálke je použitý staroslovienský font INICIAL, ktorý vytvoril prof. dr. Ljupčo Mitrevski. ŠTÚDIE / ARTICLES VOJENSTVO BYZANCIE A POLITICKÝCH ÚTVAROV NA ÚZEMÍ KARPATSKEJ KOTLINY OD 2. POLOVICE 7. DO ZAČIATKU 13. STOROČIA Martin Husár Byzantská ríša zažila v uvedenom období viacero pádov i opätovných vzchope- ní sa. Na pertraktovanom období sa dajú ukázať viaceré premeny jej vojenstva, ktoré pramenili zo snahy prispôsobiť sa zmenenej situácii v jej bezprostrednom susedstve alebo vo vzdialenejších regiónoch. Karpatská kotlina bola zase buď v priamom susedstve Byzancie, alebo prinajmenšom v dosahu jej kultúrneho či politického pôsobenia. Preto by mohlo byť zaujímavé pozrieť sa na obe ob- lasti z vojenského hľadiska. Uvedená štúdia je vlastne pokračovaním autorov- ho príspevku publikovaného v Konštantínových listoch 2/2009 (Husár, 2009, s. 1 – 18), sledujúc rovnaké objekty ako v predkladanej štúdii, no v inom časovom horizonte, konkrétne v období 4. až 1. polovice 7. stor. Tak ako v predchádza- júcom príspevku aj v tomto sa zameriame v rámci vojenstva hlavne na oblasť stratégie, organizácie, taktiky či výzbroje a výstroja regulárnych jednotiek.1 1. Záchrana byzantského impéria (2. polovica 7. storočia – 1. polovica 10. storočia) Po vyše štvrťstoročie trvajúcej vojne s Perzskou ríšou Sassánovcov (r. 602 – 628), ktorá by v konečnej fáze za vlády cisára Herakleia (r. 610 – 641) mohla získať z byzantskej strany označenie totálna vojna, získala víťazná Byzantská ríša z perz- ských rúk opäť svoje územia na Blízkom východe (Hurbanič, 2009, s. 254 – 258; 2010, s. 45). Systém siedmich mobilných poľných armád (comitatenses)2 pred uvedenou vojnou bol v podstate obnovený vo svojej predchádzajúcej forme s tým rozdielom, že dve prezentálne3 cisárske armády sídliace predtým v Trácii a na severozápade Malej Ázie sa zlúčili do jedného celku a armáda pre Illyricum sa 1 Sféra vojenskej architektúry, artilérie či vojnového námorníctva tu preto nebude detailne rozoberaná. Uvedené oblasti si zasluhujú samostatnú štúdiu. 2 Mobilná armáda Trácie, Arménie, Illyrica, Afriky, Itálie a nakoniec dve cisárske prezentálne armády, na čele ktorých stál veliteľ s hodnosťou magister militum (Haldon, 1999, mapa V). 3 „Z latinského slova praesentium, čo znamená prítomné (pre cisára).“ 1 Konštantínove listy 4/2011 po obsadení Balkánu Slovanmi stráca úplne. Obnovili sa i niektoré oporné body a pevnosti hraničiarov (limitanei) či spolupráca s kmeňovou konfederáciou kres- ťanských Ghasánovcov (Haldon, 1999, s. 71). Následná expanzia moslimských Arabov z arabského polostrova však vypudila Byzanciu opäť z jej znovunadobud- nutých východných území. Medzi r. 634 – 645 padla do ich rúk Sýria, byzantská časť Mezopotámie i Egypt (Dupuy, R. E. – Dupuy, T. N., 1980, s. 230; Hurbanič, 2010, s. 48, 49; Treadgold, 1995, s. 21). Ríšske hranice sa na východe síce dočasne stabilizovali na pohorí Taurus a Antitaurus (Haldon, 1999, s. 71), no už na konci 7. a začiatku 8. stor. ummájovskí kalifovia dobyli Kilíkiu a okolie Malatye. Obrana sa preto na juhovýchodnom fronte musela posunúť až na kappadócke pevnosti (Nicolle – McBride, 1992, s. 15). Z dôvodu straty východných provincií, Egypta i väčšiny Balkánu, ktorý až na pár brániteľných enkláv na juhu ostal aj naďalej doménou Slovanov a pre ríšu už nemohol predstavovať hospodárske zázemie či nárazníkovú zónu, bol celkový príjem štátu na konci 6. a v 1. polovice 7. stor. zredukovaný oproti 6. stor. na úroveň jednej štvrtiny (Haldon, 1999, s. 47, 51). Kľúčovým územím pre ďalšie fungovanie ríše sa tak stala Malá Ázia.4 Je pravdepodobné, že najskôr za prímeria s arabským guvernérom Sýrie v r. 659 – 662 boli vymedzené na území Malej Ázie i nové obranné a adminis- tratívno-vojenské územné jednotky themata na čele so stratégom (Dupuy, R. E. – Dupuy, T. N., 1980, s. 223; Hurbanič, 2010, s. 60; Treadgold, 1995, s. 21 – 23). Vznikli pridelením určitého hospodárskeho zázemia poľným armádam z pred- chádzajúceho obdobia. Udialo sa to preto, že po polovici 7. stor. si ich ríša nemoh- la ďalej dovoliť vydržiavať priamo zo štátneho rozpočtu. Na novovzniknuté prvé themata preniesli potom aj svoje grécke mená. Thema Armeniakon vo východnej Anatólii bola pomenovaná podľa arménskej armády, thema Anatolikon (v zmys- le východný) v centrálnej Anatólii podľa východnej armády, thema Thrakesion v západnej Anatólii podľa tráckej armády a nakoniec thema Opsikion v severo- zápandnej Anatólii podľa prezentálnej armády cisára, známej aj ako Obsequium (latinsky služba, družina). Táto thema bola nadriadená ostatným a na jej čele bol gróf. Oddiely námorníkov zase chránili juh Malej Ázie, egejské ostrovy a zvyšky Grécka v theme Karabisianoi (z gréckeho slova loď) (Treadgold, 1995, s. 23). Po konsolidácii pomerov prebrali vojenský záväzok nastúpiť do armády väčši- nou rodiny vlastniace dedične hospodárstva.5 Po otcoch dedične záväzky preberali 4 Ak k tomu nepočítame vzdialený Kartáginský exarchát, ktorý však padol do rúk Arabom v r. 697 pri ich ďalšej expanzii na západ Afriky, a skôr problémy prinášajúce zvyškové územia v Itálii (väčšia časť sa stratila s pádom Ravennského exarchátu r. 751), pobrežné enklávy na dalmátskom pobreží Jadranského mora či ostrovy v Stredozemnom mori (hlavne Baleáry, Sardínia, Korzika, Sicília, Kréta a Cyprus). 5 Vojaci themát boli evidovaní v zoznamoch alebo registroch spolu s ich konkrétnymi vojenskými povinnosťami (grécky strateia). 2 Vojenstvo Byzancie a politických útvarov na území Karpatskej kotliny... preto najstarší synovia, de facto držba majetku sa spájala s pôdou (Dawson, 2009, s. 17). Majitelia hospodárstiev slúžili väčšinou ako jazdci. Samozrejme, najväčší pozemkoví vlastníci sa stávali podľa diela Taktika cisára Leva VI. Múdreho (r. 886 – 912) prvotriednymi jazdcami s najkvalitnejšou výzbrojou (Heath – McBride, 1979, s. 18). Mladší synovia, ktorí nededili celé hospodárstvo, boli neskôr zase presúvaní do hraničných okrskov kleisourai (grécky horský priesmyk). Boli men- šie než themata a situované boli na hraniciach s arabským svetom.6 Začal ich ako prvý zakladať cisár Theofilos (r. 829 – 849). V nich umiestnené posádky boli udržiavané vo zvlášť vysokom stave pripravenosti (Dupuy, R. E. – Dupuy, T. N., 1980, s. 215; Heath – McBride,
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