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The Kpd and the Nsdap: a Sttjdy of the Relationship Between Political Extremes in Weimar Germany, 1923-1933 by Davis William
THE KPD AND THE NSDAP: A STTJDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL EXTREMES IN WEIMAR GERMANY, 1923-1933 BY DAVIS WILLIAM DAYCOCK A thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1980 1 ABSTRACT The German Communist Party's response to the rise of the Nazis was conditioned by its complicated political environment which included the influence of Soviet foreign policy requirements, the party's Marxist-Leninist outlook, its organizational structure and the democratic society of Weimar. Relying on the Communist press and theoretical journals, documentary collections drawn from several German archives, as well as interview material, and Nazi, Communist opposition and Social Democratic sources, this study traces the development of the KPD's tactical orientation towards the Nazis for the period 1923-1933. In so doing it complements the existing literature both by its extension of the chronological scope of enquiry and by its attention to the tactical requirements of the relationship as viewed from the perspective of the KPD. It concludes that for the whole of the period, KPD tactics were ambiguous and reflected the tensions between the various competing factors which shaped the party's policies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE abbreviations 4 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I THE CONSTRAINTS ON CONFLICT 24 CHAPTER II 1923: THE FORMATIVE YEAR 67 CHAPTER III VARIATIONS ON THE SCHLAGETER THEME: THE CONTINUITIES IN COMMUNIST POLICY 1924-1928 124 CHAPTER IV COMMUNIST TACTICS AND THE NAZI ADVANCE, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW THREATS 166 CHAPTER V COMMUNIST TACTICS, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW OPPORTUNITIES 223 CHAPTER VI FLUCTUATIONS IN COMMUNIST TACTICS DURING 1932: DOUBTS IN THE ELEVENTH HOUR 273 CONCLUSIONS 307 APPENDIX I VOTING ALIGNMENTS IN THE REICHSTAG 1924-1932 333 APPENDIX II INTERVIEWS 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 4 ABBREVIATIONS 1. -
German Communists
= ~•••••••••• B•••••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• a• •= :• COMING PUBLICATIONS: •= =• / ~ • .= "ABOUT BELGIUM" by Camille Huysrnans. ; "THE FLAMING BORDER" by Czeslaw Poznanski. "GERMAN CONSERVATIVES" by Curt Geyer. "THE ROAD TO MUNICH" by Dr. Jan Opocenski. "THE WOLF AS A NEIGHBOUR" by M. van Blankenstein. NEW SERIES: THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AND THE WO~LD "GERMANY AT PEACE" by Walter Loeb. "FRENCH SECURITY AND GERMANY" . by Edmond Vermeil. "PROGRESS TO WORLD PEACE" by K. F. Bieligk. - HUTCHINSON & CO. (Publishers), LTD. ••••m•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2. "FIGHT FOR FREEDOM" Editorial Board LUIS ARAQUISTAIN CAM!LLE HUYSMANS JOSEF BELINA PROFESSOR A. PRAGIER JOHN BROWN M. SLUYSER CURT GEYER RENNIE SMITH W . W. HENDERSON MARY E. SUTHERLAND,7 j.P. GERMAN COMMUNISTS by ./ SPARTAKUS Foreword by ALFRED M. WALL Translated from the German by. E. Fitzgerald TO THE MEMORY OF ROSA LUXEMBURG KARL LIEBKNECHT PAUL- LEVI - SPARTAKUS has lived in Germany all. his life andIeft shortly after Hitler came.,.10 power. ' From his youth he has worked in the German Labour Movements-Socialist and Communist. He was one of the early "Spartakists" in the last war and he is still . today . a devoted fighter against German aggression and 'nationalism from whatever source it may spring. CONTENTS PAGE . FOREWORD 4 PART l THE SPARTACUS LEAGUE 1914-1918 7 PART II THE COMMUNIST PARTY 1919-1933 22 THE PARTY AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY 22 THE KAPP "PUTSCH" 28 THE UNITED COMMUNIST PARTY OF GERMANY 30 THE W..ARCH ACTION . 34 THE NATIONALISTIC LINE . ..... .. ' 36 THE RAPALLO TREATY' 38 THE OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR 39 SCHLAGETER 42 CORRUPTION 45 THE UNSUCCESSFUL RISING OF 1923 46 THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN COMMUNIST PARTY 48 GERMAN MILITARY EXPENDITURE 53 "THE HORNY-HANDED SON OF TOIL". -
Diss Gradschool Submission
OUTPOST OF FREEDOM: A GERMAN-AMERICAN NETWORK’S CAMPAIGN TO BRING COLD WAR DEMOCRACY TO WEST BERLIN, 1933-72 Scott H. Krause A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Konrad H. Jarausch Christopher R. Browning Klaus W. Larres Susan Dabney Pennybacker Donald M. Reid Benjamin Waterhouse © 2015 Scott H. Krause ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Scott H. Krause: Outpost of Freedom: A German-American Network’s Campaign to bring Cold War Democracy to West Berlin, 1933-66 (under the direction of Konrad H. Jarausch) This study explores Berlin’s sudden transformation from the capital of Nazi Germany to bastion of democracy in the Cold War. This project has unearthed how this remarkable development resulted from a transatlantic campaign by liberal American occupation officials, and returned émigrés, or remigrés, of the Marxist Social Democratic Party (SPD). This informal network derived from members of “Neu Beginnen” in American exile. Concentrated in wartime Manhattan, their identity as German socialists remained remarkably durable despite the Nazi persecution they faced and their often-Jewish background. Through their experiences in New Deal America, these self-professed “revolutionary socialists” came to emphasize “anti- totalitarianism,” making them suspicious of Stalinism. Serving in the OSS, leftists such as Hans Hirschfeld forged friendships with American left-wing liberals. These experiences connected a wider network of remigrés and occupiers by forming an epistemic community in postwar Berlin. They recast Berlin’s ruins as “Outpost of Freedom” in the Cold War. -
Willi Münzenberg's 'Last Empire': Die Zukunft And
Bernhard H. Bayerlein Willi Münzenberg’s ‘Last Empire’: Die Zukunft and the ‘Franco-German Union’, Paris, 1938 – 1940. New Visions of Anti-Fascism and the Transnational Networks of the Anti-Hitler Resistance1 Abstract The weekly Die Zukunft is among the most ambitious Franco-German media projects and collective organisers with European repercussions during the final crisis of the inter-war period from the Munich Agreement in September 1938 until May 1940 and the German occupation of France during the Second World War. The reading of the political-cultural journal as a unique, last ‘anti-fascist intermediate empire’ before the outbreak of the war and the efforts made by its editor, Willi Münzenberg, to unite the transnational anti-Hitler oppositionist networks contributes to an innovative perspective on the history of the German-speaking political emigration and German-French relations. New insights require major adjustments in the history of European strategies and the anti-Stalinist shift expressed by Die Zukunft after the conclusion of the Stalin-Hitler Pact contributes to a deeper understanding of the crisis of the political exile and the first stages of World War 1 This article is grounded in research conducted at the Institute for Social Movements Bochum, with support for two years from the Fritz-Thyssen-Stiftung. Within the scope of this project, which aims at a monograph about the Zukunft, different areas of research will be linked trans- disciplinarily, including historical media research and exile and resistance research, research on transnational political network building, on social movements, political ideas and cultural transfer. For more details refer to the presentation on the institute’s website at http://isb.rub. -
Final Thesis.Pdf
Canterbury Christ Church University’s repository of research outputs http://create.canterbury.ac.uk Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. Stracey, H. (2017) ‘Enfer des femmes’: Britain and the Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials. M.A. thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University. Contact: [email protected] ‘Enfer Des Femmes’: Britain and The Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials By Heather Stracey Canterbury Christ Church University Thesis submitted For Masters by Research September 2017 1 Table of Contents: Abstract page 4 Acknowledgements 7 Abbreviations 8 Prologue: Impressions of Ravensbrück 10 Introduction: Ravensbrück and War Crimes in Historical Perspective 14 Chapter 1: When ‘Conceptions of Justice Do Not Always Tally With Our Own’: 24 Human Rights and Bipolar Politics Prior to the First Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials Chapter 2: The Seven Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trials 36 i. The First Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial ii. The Second Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial iii. The ‘Uckermark Trial’ iv. The ‘Doctors and Nurses Case’ v. The Fifth Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial vi. The Sixth Ravensbrück-Hamburg Trial vii. -
Archive: the Left and Korea
Archive: The Left and Korea Susan Green Editor’s Note: Susan Green’s article was published as ‘Summing up the discussion on the Korean Statement’ in Forum, the internal bulletin of The Independent Socialist League, in 1950. [1] The ISL (called the Workers Party from 1940-49) was a small American democratic socialist organisation. It published the weekly newspaper Labour Action, edited by Hal Draper (and, before him, Irving Howe, the founder of Dissent), and the magazine The New International, edited for much of the 1950s by Julius Jacobson (Julius Falk), who went on to found and edit New Politics with his wife Phyllis Jacobson. Stanley Aronowitz has justly called the WP- ISL ‘the most intellectually vital of all the radical formations [in the United States] in the 1940s and 1950s.’ Republishing Susan Green’s article is no exercise in antiquarianism. With due alteration of details, the issues at stake in 1950 are at stake again in 2006. Should democratic socialists extend critical support to capitalist democracies in their wars against totalitarian threats, while continuing the fight for socialism, as Susan Green thought? Or should democratic socialists refuse support of any kind to capitalist democracies – ‘Neither Washington Nor Moscow’ – as the ISL Political Committee thought? Susan Green embraced lesser-evilism without apology. ‘Stalinism must be defeated. Therefore, critical military support of the United States is in order.’ She refused to accept that capitalist democracy and totalitarianism were equals. ‘Under the one democratic and Socialist progress is doomed for an historic era. Under the other progressive forces may continue their fight.’ With Nazism, as well as Stalinism, in mind, she argued that ‘there are some junctures in human affairs of national or international scope, when everything depends on defeating the immediate menace.’ Green denied that her position entailed giving up the fight for socialism. -
ABSTRACT Their Daily Bread: Stories of Suffering and Survival in the Nazi
ABSTRACT Their Daily Bread: Stories of Suffering and Survival in the Nazi and Soviet Labor Camps Kody Sherman Jackson Director: Julie K. deGraffenried, Ph.D. While my friends complain about many of their classes, they harp on history the most, saying that they would rather spend hours in the lab than read even a short history article. How did so many people come to view history as so boring and even painful to learn? In this paper, I seek to remedy this problem by using personal testimony (in the form of memoir) to examine the daily joys and tribulations of those who suffered through the Nazi and Soviet labor camp systems. Beginning with an analysis of the strengths, flaws, and practicality of memoirs as historical sources, this paper then embarks on a journey through the respective camp systems. In separate chapters on the Nazi and Soviet camps, it explores events like the prisoners’ interrogations, back-breaking labor, and death and themes like religious devotion, moral transformation, and the obligation to testify. Next, it discusses Margarete Buber-Neumann, a survivor who lived through both sets of camps, as a bridge between these two atrocities and a way to bring them together into a comparative history. Finally, this paper discusses how survivors remember their experiences and what that means for all of us who wish to understand the Nazi and Soviet camp systems and to use personal testimony to supplement traditional history. APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF HONORS THESIS: ______________________________________________________ Dr. Julie K. -
Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository
Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository Contested Politics and the Communist Visual: A Critical Analysis of John Heartfield's Photomontages at the End of the Weimar Republic Kauffman, Justin Pierce 2014 Find more at https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/ This document is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Contested Politics and the Communist Visual: A Critical Analysis of John Heartfield’s Photomontages at the End of the Weimar Republic by Justin Kauffman A Thesis Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Masters of Arts In History Lehigh University August 15, 2014 Copyright Justin Kauffman ii Thesis is accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in History. Contested Politics and the Communist Visual: A Critical Analysis of John Heartfield’s Photomontages at the End of the Weimar Republic Justin Kauffman __________________________ Date Approved _________________________ Dr. John Savage Advisor _________________________ Dr. Michael Baylor Co-Advisor ________________________ Dr. John Smith Department Chair Person iii I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to Professor John Savage and Professor Michael Baylor, my thesis advisors, for their patient guidance, encouragement, and constructive feedback during both the research and writing stages of this process. I would also like -
[Name of Collection]
A Register of the Herbert Romerstein collection 1864-2011 1236 manuscript boxes, 35 oversize boxes, 17 cardfile boxes (573.2 linear feet) Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563, Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Prepared by Dale Reed 2013, Revised 2016 1 Hoover Institution Library & Archives, 2016 Herbert Romerstein collection, 1864-2011 Collection Summary Collection Title Herbert Romerstein collection, 1883-2009 Collection Number 2012C51 Collector Romerstein, Herbert collector. Extent 1235 manuscript boxes, 36 oversize boxes, 17 cardfile boxes (573.2 linear feet) Repository Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305-6010 http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Abstract Pamphlets, leaflets, serial issues, studies, reports, and synopses of intelligence documents, relating to the Communist International, communism and communist front organizations in the United States, Soviet espionage and covert operations, and propaganda and psychological warfare, especially during World War II. Physical Location Hoover Institution Archives Language of the materials The collection is in English 2 Hoover Institution Library & Archives, 2016 Herbert Romerstein collection, 1864-2011 Information for Researchers Access Box 519 restricted; use copies available in Box 518. The remainder of the collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Herbert Romerstein collection, [Box no.], Hoover Institution Archives Acquisition Information Materials were acquired by the Hoover Institution Archives in 2012 with additional increments thereafter. Accruals Materials may have been added to the collection since this finding aid was prepared. -
Canadian Journal Ofpolitical and Social Theory/Revue Canadienne De Theorie Politique Etsociale
Canadian Journal ofPolitical and Social Theory/Revue canadienne de theorie politique etsociale. Vol. 3, No . 3 (Fall/Automne, 1979) . THE INCEPTION OF WESTERN MARXISM : KARL KORSCH AND THE POLITICS OF PHILOSOPHY Russelljacoby Philosophy continues to haunt Marxism. If Marx abandoned philosophy, later Marxists salvaged it. Georgi Plekhanov in Russia, Antonia Labriola in Italy, Georges Sorel in France and Max Adler in Austria were leading Marxists at the end of the 19th century whose main contributions did not lie within political economy but within philosophy.' In the 20th century philosophy has become the principal concern of Marxists from Georg Lukics to Jean-Paul Sartre. The turn to philosophy was not a flight from politics. Rather politics infused the philosophical debates. Yet as Lenin himself realized,2 no simple relationship existed between philosophical and political positions. The historical chapter which includes Lukics' History and Class Consciousness (1923) and Karl Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy (1923) is opaque if con- sidered apart from the political context. Neither book presented any heretical political positions; yet each was soundly and quickly denounced by the keepers of the Leninist orthodoxy. Without charting the political universe of Lukics and Korsch, one cannot understand the storm their books provoked. While studies of Lukics multiply,3 Korsch has been ignored and died forgotten in the United States in 1961 . Unlike Lukics he was expelled from the Communist Party and subsequently pursued a long and isolated re-evaluation of Marxism.4 Yet his own work and life fed into a rich vein of unorthodox Marxism. In the United States he remained in contact with partisans ofworkers' councils, and established contact with the "Frankfurt School" (Max Horkheimer, T.W. -
The 1930S Stalinist Terror and Its Legacy in Post-1953 East Germany
The Limits of Rehabilitation: The 1930s Stalinist Terror and its Legacy in post-1953 East Germany STIBBE, Matthew <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-8183> Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/12320/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version STIBBE, Matthew (2015). The Limits of Rehabilitation: The 1930s Stalinist Terror and its Legacy in post-1953 East Germany. In: MCDERMOTT, Kevin and STIBBE, Matthew, (eds.) De-Stalinising Eastern Europe: The Rehabilitation of Stalin’s Victims after 1953. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 87-108. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk The Limits of Rehabilitation: The 1930s Stalinist Terror and its Legacy in post-1953 East Germany Matthew Stibbe The Stalinist Terror of the years 1936-53 claimed millions of victims, including hundreds of German anti-fascists who had gone to the Soviet Union in the 1930s as political émigrés (Politemigranten or Ostemigranten) on the orders of the German Communist Party (KPD).1 Those who survived and later took up residence in post-war East Germany (the GDR), as opposed to the West German Federal Republic (the FRG) or West Berlin, fall into three categories. First was a very small number of KPD functionaries who had already been rehabilitated by various organs of Soviet justice and readmitted to the KPD exile group in Moscow as a result of the ‘mini-thaw’ of late 1938 to early 1940. -
Willi Münzenberg: Propagandist for and Against the Comintern
HELMUT GRUBER WILLI MUNZENBERG: PROPAGANDIST FOR AND AGAINST THE COMINTERN Brief notices in French newpsapers of October 22, 1940 announcing the death of Willi Miinzenberg failed to attract the attention of the international press occupied with reporting the progress of the Second World War. Miin2enberg's body had been discovered in the woods of Cagnet in Southwestern France with a wire garrote around the neck. The cause and macabre circumstances of death were shrouded in mystery.1 More than twenty years have blurred and obscured the career of the most exceptional propagandist of the communist movement. On the night of the Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933, Miinzenberg fled across the German border and made his way to Paris. At that juncture in his life he had already attained the reputation of a masterful organizer of communist propaganda in Germany. Miinzenberg, of proletarian origins, came to radical politics at an early age, assumed leadership of the Socialist Youth International in Zurich, and became an intimate of Russian and other European leftists exiled in Switzerland during the war. As one of the first German followers of Lenin, he participated in the Spartacist uprising in Germany and, because of his leadership ability and organizational skill, became leader of the Communist Youth International. In 1921, Lenin charged him with organizing a left-wing Russian famine relief. This enterprise led to the creation of the International Workers' Relief (IAH), which became the parent body of the publishing house, daily papers, journals, illustrated weekly, film company, book and film clubs, and proletarian theater groups which comprised his propaganda empire.2 Miinzen- berg's position within the German and international communist 1 For an account of Miinzenberg's death, see Kurt Kersten, "Das Ende Willi Miinzen- bergs: ein Opfer Stalins und Ulbrichts", in: Deutsche Rundschau, LXXXIII (1957), pp.