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Part II Specialized Studies Chapter Vi
Part II Specialized Studies chapter vi New Sites and Lingering Questions at the Debert and Belmont Sites, Nova Scotia Leah Morine Rosenmeier, Scott Buchanan, Ralph Stea, and Gordon Brewster ore than forty years ago the Debert site exca- presents a model for the depositional history of the site vations signaled a new standard for interdisci- area, including two divergent scenarios for the origins of the Mplinary approaches to the investigation of late cultural materials at the sites. We believe the expanded areal Pleistocene archaeological sites. The resulting excavations extent of the complex, the nature of past excavations, and produced a record that continues to anchor northeastern the degree of site preservation place the Debert- Belmont Paleoindian sites (MacDonald 1968). The Confederacy of complex among the largest, best- documented, and most Mainland Mi’kmaq (the Confederacy) has been increasingly intact Paleoindian sites in North America. involved with the protection and management of the site The new fi nds and recent research have resolved some complex since the discovery of the Belmont I and II sites in long- standing issues, but they have also created new debates. the late 1980s (Bernard et al. 2011; Julien et al. 2008). The Understanding the relative chronologies of the numerous data reported here are the result of archaeological testing site areas and the consequent relationship among the sites associated with these protection eff orts, the development of requires not only understanding depositional contexts for the Mi’kmawey Debert Cultural Centre (MDCC), and the single occupations but tying together varied contexts (rede- passage of new provincial regulations solely dedicated to pro- posited, disturbed, glaciofl uvial, glaciolacustrine, Holocene tecting archaeological sites in the Debert and Belmont area. -
Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium
P1: IAS Journal of Archaeological Research [jar] pp469-jare-369967 June 17, 2002 12:45 Style file version June 4th, 2002 Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2002 (C 2002) Archaeological Tree-Ring Dating at the Millennium Stephen E. Nash1 Tree-ring analysis provides chronological, environmental, and behavioral data to a wide variety of disciplines related to archaeology including architectural analysis, climatology, ecology, history, hydrology, resource economics, volcanology, and others. The pace of worldwide archaeological tree-ring research has accelerated in the last two decades, and significant contributions have recently been made in archaeological chronology and chronometry, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and the study of human behavior in both the Old and New Worlds. This paper reviews a sample of recent contributions to tree-ring method, theory, and data, and makes some suggestions for future lines of research. KEY WORDS: dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; crossdating; tree-ring dating. INTRODUCTION Archaeology is a multidisciplinary social science that routinely adopts an- alytical techniques from disparate fields of inquiry to answer questions about human behavior and material culture in the prehistoric, historic, and recent past. Dendrochronology, literally “the study of tree time,” is a multidisciplinary sci- ence that provides chronological and environmental data to an astonishing vari- ety of archaeologically relevant fields of inquiry, including architectural analysis, biology, climatology, economics, -
ARTIFACTS and FEATURES DENDROCHRONOLOGY This
4/28/2004 ARTIFACTS AND FEATURES DENDROCHRONOLOGY This article is one of an occasional series discussing matters archaeological, especially with reference to the Maturango Museum. In previous articles we have talked about why chronologies are important in archaeology, and about a few qualitative techniques for establishing dates or sequences. Today we move on to another topic, quantitative chronological techniques. The first quantitative technique to be developed and applied in archaeology was dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating. It was developed in 1928 by A. E. Douglass of the University of Arizona, an astronomer who was studying sun-spot cycles. He theorized that climatic moisture was affected by the 11-year sun-spot cycle, and concluded that the evidence should be observable in tree rings. In the course of the studies he verified that the climatic sequence of wet and dry years does in fact leave a detectable pattern in the tree ring record: in general, wet years lead to wide rings and dry years to narrow rings. The important byproduct of this for archaeology is that the sequence of wet and dry years in a given locality never repeats itself, so the tree rings contain a unique signature which allows correlating between an old log and a new one, as long as there is some overlap. Douglass, to his credit, realized that his data would be useful to archaeologists, who at that time had no methods for assigning quantitative dates. Qualitative methods such as pottery seriation, stratigraphic excavation, and marker artifacts allow construction of sequences, but not absolute dating. Dendrochronology, for the first time, would allow an archaeologist to assign a date to the event of cutting down a tree to build a structure or use as fuel. -
Earth Science Power Standards
Macomb Intermediate School District High School Science Power Standards Document Earth Science The Michigan High School Science Content Expectations establish what every student is expected to know and be able to do by the end of high school. They also outline the parameters for receiving high school credit as dictated by state law. To aid teachers and administrators in meeting these expectations the Macomb ISD has undertaken the task of identifying those content expectations which can be considered power standards. The critical characteristics1 for selecting a power standard are: • Endurance – knowledge and skills of value beyond a single test date. • Leverage - knowledge and skills that will be of value in multiple disciplines. • Readiness - knowledge and skills necessary for the next level of learning. The selection of power standards is not intended to relieve teachers of the responsibility for teaching all content expectations. Rather, it gives the school district a common focus and acts as a safety net of standards that all students must learn prior to leaving their current level. The following document utilizes the unit design including the big ideas and real world contexts, as developed in the science companion documents for the Michigan High School Science Content Expectations. 1 Dr. Douglas Reeves, Center for Performance Assessment Unit 1: Organizing Principles of Earth Science Big Idea Processes, events and features on Earth result from energy transfer and movement of matter through interconnected Earth systems. Contextual Understandings Earth science is an umbrella term for the scientific disciplines of geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, oceanography, and astronomy. Earth systems science has given an improved, interdisciplinary perspective to researchers in fields concerned with global change, such as climate change and geologic history. -
Strategies and Activities: Preschool
Arkansas Child Development and Early Learning Standards Strategies and Activities: Preschool November 2017 Published 2017 by Early Care and Education Projects Fayetteville, AR 72701 ©Early Care and Education Projects College of Education and Health Professions University of Arkansas All rights reserved December 2017 Strategies and Activities: Preschool page |ii Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... v Reading and Using Strategies and Activities: Preschool ...................................................................................... vii Books That Support Strategies and Activities: Preschool .................................................................................. 109 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 115 Resources ........................................................................................................................................................... 117 Social and Emotional Development ........................................................................................................................... 1 Cognitive Development ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Physical Development and Health .......................................................................................................................... -
Stage 1А–Аdesired Results
www.nextgenscience.org STAGE 1 – DESIRED RESULTS Unit Title: Earth’s Place in the Universe Grade Level: 6 Length/Timing of Unit: Teacher(s)/Designer(s): Pascack Valley Regional Science Committee Science State standards addressed (verbatim): MSESS11 . Develop and use a model of the Earthsunmoon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons. [Clarification Statement: Examples of models can be physical, graphical, or conceptual.] MSESS12. Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis for the model is on gravity as the force that holds together the solar system and Milky Way galaxy and controls orbital motions within them. Examples of models can be physical (such as the analogy of distance along a football field or computer visualizations of elliptical orbits) or conceptual (such as mathematical proportions relative to the size of familiar objects such as students’ school or state).] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Kepler’s Laws of orbital motion or the apparent retrograde motion of the planets as viewed from Earth.] MSESS13. Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the analysis of data from Earthbased instruments, spacebased telescopes, and spacecraft to determine similarities and differences among solar system objects. Examples of scale properties include the sizes of an object’s layers (such as crust and atmosphere), surface features (such as volcanoes), and orbital radius. -
6. Relative and Absolute Dating
6. Relative and Absolute Dating Adapted by Sean W. Lacey & Joyce M. McBeth (2018) University of Saskatchewan from Deline B, Harris R, & Tefend K. (2015) "Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology". First Edition. Chapter 1 "Relative and Absolute Dating" by Bradley Deline, CC BY-SA 4.0. View Source. 6.1 INTRODUCTION To develop a history of how geologic events have acted on the Earth through time, we need to understand what and when geological processes have occurred through Earth's history. Geologists learn about what processes occur on Earth through studying the rock record and observing geologic processes in modern environments. To understand when these processes have acted during Earth's geologic time, geologists make observations about the relationships of rocks to one another in the rock record, using a process called relative dating. Geologists use this information to construct models for how these relationships developed. For example, if the rock record in an area contains sedimentary rocks that are folded, a model to explain those relationships would start with a region where sediments were deposited, followed by lithification of the sediments to form rock, then the rocks would be subjected to tectonic pressures that folded the rocks. Using relative dating techniques, we know those events occurred in that order, but not when they occurred precisely in time. To add specific dates for the events in the model, geologists can use absolute dating techniques to date the rocks (determine their age). Geologists develop models such as this at locations all across Canada, North America, and around the globe. Each location geologists study may only provide information on Earth history from a short window in time; collectively, however, the information in these models can be used to develop our understanding of processes that have acted on Earth since it first formed. -
MJ O'brien, RL Lyman
M.J. O'Brien, R.L. Lyman Seriation, Stratigraphy, and Index Fossils The Backbone of Archaeological Dating It is difficult for today's students of archaeology to imagine an era when chronometric dating methods were unavailable. However, even a casual perusal of the large body of literature that arose during the first half of the twentieth century reveals a battery of clever methods used to determine the relative ages of archaeological phenomena, often with considerable precision. Stratigraphic excavation is perhaps the best known of the various relative-dating methods used by prehistorians. Although there are several techniques of using artifacts from superposed strata to measure time, these are rarely if ever differentiated. Rather, common practice is to categorize them under the heading `stratigraphic excavation'. This text distinguishes among the several techniques and argues that stratigraphic excavation tends to result in discontinuous measures of time - a point little appreciated by modern archaeologists. 1999, XIII, 253 p. Although not as well known as stratigraphic excavation, two other methods of relative dating have figured important in Americanist archaeology: seriation and the use of index fossils. The latter (like stratigraphic excavation) measures time discontinuously, while Printed book the former - in various guises - measures time continuously. Perhaps no other method used in archaeology is as misunderstood as seriation, and the authors provide detailed Hardcover descriptions and examples of each of its three different techniques. ▶ 109,99 € | £99.99 | $139.99 ▶ *117,69 € (D) | 120,99 € (A) | CHF 130.00 Each method and technique of relative dating is placed in historical perspective, with particular focus on developments in North America, an approach that allows a more eBook complete understanding of the methods described, both in terms of analytical technique and disciplinary history. -
Geologic Time Scale Essential Questions: 1
Geologic Time Scale Essential Questions: 1. How does the relative and absolute age of rocks and the fossil record provide evidence to Earth’s geologic history? 2. How is Earth’s geologic history classified? 3. What are some major events in the Earth’s geologic history? Geologic Time Scale Earth Scientists • Geologist – a scientist who studies the Earth’s crust as well as the processes and history that shaped it • Paleontologist – a scientist that studies fossil remains found on the Earth’s surface in order to study primitive life forms such as: plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria Geologic Time Scale Sedimentary Rock Layers Stratigraphy • A branch of geology dealing with the arrangement of sedimentary rock layers or strata • Geologists assume the newest rock layers are on top of the older ones, unless some type of disturbance occurs. • Called the Law of Superposition © KeslerScience.om Geologic Time Scale Sedimentary Rock Layers Relative Age • The strata of sedimentary rocks is important in determining their relative age. • Relative age determines the “relative” order of past events but not the absolute age. • Like saying you’re relatively younger than your grandfather. Quick Action – Geologic Time Scale Sedimentary Rock Layers Determining Relative Age 1. Which is older sandstone or limestone? 2. Which is older mudstone or siltstone? 3. Which is the youngest rock in this strata? 4. Which is the oldest rock in this strata? Geologic Time Scale Sedimentary Rock Layers Relative Age • Strata is sometimes disturbed. • Here we see a fault (E) and an igneous intrusion (D) • See if you can determine the order of the strata in this diagram. -
Dating and Chronology Building - R
ARCHAEOLOGY – Dating and Chronology Building - R. E. Taylor DATING AND CHRONOLOGY BUILDING R. E. Taylor University of California, USA Keywords: Dating methods, chronometric dating, seriation, stratigraphy, geochronology, radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon/argon-argon dating, Pleistocene, Quaternary. Contents 1. Chronological Frameworks 1.1 Relative and Chronometric Time 1.2 History and Prehistory 2. Chronology in Archaeology 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Geochronological Units 3. Chronology Building 3.1 Development of Historic Chronologies 3.2 Development of Prehistoric Chronologies 3.3 Stratigraphy 3.4 Seriation 4. Chronometric Dating Methods 4.1 Radiocarbon 4.2 Potassium-argon and Argon-argon Dating 4.3 Dendrochronology 4.4 Archaeomagnetic Dating 4.5 Obsidian Hydration Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary One of the purposes of archaeological research is the examination of the evolution of human cultures.UNESCO Since a fundamental defini– tionEOLSS of evolution is “change over time,” chronology is a fundamental archaeological parameter. Archaeology shares with a number of otherSAMPLE sciences concerned with temporally CHAPTERS mediated phenomenon the need to view its data within an accurate chronological framework. For archaeology, such a requirement needs to be met if any meaningful understanding of evolutionary processes is to be inferred from the physical residue of past human behavior. 1. Chronological Frameworks Chronology orders the sequential relationship of physical events by associating these events with some type of time scale. Depending on the phenomenon for which temporal placement is required, it is helpful to distinguish different types of time scales. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ARCHAEOLOGY – Dating and Chronology Building - R. E. Taylor Geochronological (geological) time scales temporally relates physical structures of the Earth’s solid surface and buried features, documenting the 4.5–5.0 billion year history of the planet. -
Americanist Stratigraphic Excavation and the Measurement of Culture Change
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1999 Americanist Stratigraphic Excavation and the Measurement of Culture Change R. Lee Lyman1 and Michael J. O'Brien1 Many versions of the history of Americanist archaeology suggest there was a "stratigraphic revolution" during the second decade of the twentieth century—the implication being that prior to about 1915 most archaeologists did not excavate stratigraphically. However, articles and reports published during the late nineteenth century and first decade of the twentieth century indicate clearly that many Americanists in fact did excavate stratigraphically. What they did not do was attempt to measure the passage of time and hence culture change. The real revolution in Americanist archaeology comprised an analytical shift from studying synchronic variation to tracking changes in frequencies of artifact types or styles—a shift pioneered by A. V. Kidder, A. L. Kroeber, Nels C. Nelson, and Leslie Spier. The temporal implications of the analytical techniques they developed—frequency seriation and percentage stratigraphy—were initially confirmed by stratigraphic excavation. Within a few decades, however, most archaeologists had begun using stratigraphic excavation as a creational strategy—that is, as a strategy aimed at recovering superposed sets of artifacts that were viewed as representing occupations and distinct cultures. The myth that there was a "stratigraphic revolution" was initiated in the writings of the innovators of frequency seriation and percentage stratigraphy. KEY WORDS: chronology; culture change; stratigraphic excavation; stratigraphic revolution. INTRODUCTION As far as we are aware, Willey (1968, p. 40) was the first historian of Americanist archaeology to use the term "stratigraphic revolution"—in quotation marks—to characterize the fieldwork of, particularly, Manuel 1Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211. -
Module 22A Geological Laws GEOLOGIC LAWS
Module 22A Geological Laws GEOLOGIC LAWS Geologic Laws ❑ Superposition ❑ Original Horizontality ❑ Original Continuity ❑ Uniformitarianism ❑ Cross-cutting Relationship ❑ Inclusions ❑ Faunal Succession Missing strata ❑ Unconformity ❑ Correlation Law of Superposition ❑ In an undisturbed rock sequence, the bottom layer of rock is older than the layer above it, or ❑ The younger strata at the top in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks. Law of Superposition Undisturbed strata Law of Superposition Disturbed strata Law of original horizontality ❑ Sedimentary rocks are laid down in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers, or ❑ Sedimentary strata are laid down nearly horizontally and are essentially paralel to the surface upon which they acummulate Law of Original Continuity ❑ The original continuity of water-laid sedimentary strata is terminated only by pincing out againts the basin of deposition, at the time of their deposition Law of Original Continuity Law of Original Continuity Law of Original Continuity NOTE: This law is considerable oversimplification. The last discoveries indicate that the termination is not necessarily at a basin border. Facies changes may terminated a strata. Uniformitarianism ❑ James Hutton (1726-1797) Scottish geologist developed the laws of geology ❑ Uniformitarianism is a cornerstone of geology ❑ Considered the Father of Modern Geology Uniformitarianism ❑ Uniformitarianism is based on the premise that: ➢ the physical and chemical laws of nature have remained the same through time ➢ present-day processes have operated throughout geologic time ➢ rates and intensities of geologic processes, and their results may have changed with time ❑ To interpret geologic events from evidence preserved in rocks ➢ we must first understand present-day processes and their results Uniformitarianism is a cornerstone of geology Uniformitarianism MODIFIED STATEMENT “The present is the key to the past" • The processes (plate tectonics, mountain building, erosion) we see today are believed to have been occurring since the Earth was formed.