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Histoire Du Droit Ecclésiastique En Europe, Une Discipline Universitaire

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Histoire Du Droit Ecclésiastique En Europe, Une Discipline Universitaire THE TEACHING OF CHURCH-STATE RELA TIONS IN EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES L'ENSEIGNEMENT DU DROIT ECCLÉSIASTIQUE DE L'ÉTAT DANS LES UNIVERSITÉS EUROPÉENNES i':i ' 1 ¡~' ,\J ~ ~ coNso.t~ s;~~m /~~ ** ** """" :;,~ * * o loW * ... * ~ THE TEACHING OF CHURCH-STATE [}{]~~lJ~lJ~ RESEARCH RELATIONS IN EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES L'ENSEIGNEMENT DU DROIT ECCLÉSIASTIQUE DE L'ÉTAT DANS LES UNIVERSITÉS EUROPÉENNES Edited by JOSÉ MARÍA GONZÁLEZ DEL VALLE ALEXANDER HOLLERBACH PEETERS LEUVEN- PARIS- DUDLEY, MA 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-ín-Publication Data European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference (15th: 2003: Oviedo, Spaín) INDEX The teaching of church-state relations in European universities L'enseignement du droit ecclésiastique de 1' état dans les universités européennes 1 edited by José María González del Valle, Alexander Hollerbach. p. cm. Note................................................................................................... VII English and French. Includes bibliographical references. BRlGITIE BASDEVANT-GAUDEMET, Histoire du droit ecclésiastique en ISBN 90-429-1610-9 (alk. paper) l. Ecclesiastical law--Study and teaching (Higher)--Europe--Congresses. 2. Church and Europe, une discipline universitaire. .......... ............. ................... 1 state--Study and teaching (Higher)--Europe--Congresses. l. Title: Enseignement du droit RICHARD PuzA, The teachlng and study of Church-State relations ecclésiastique de l'état dans les universités européennes. Il. González del Valle, José M. (José Maria) III. Hollerbach, Alexander. IV Title. in Austria, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands................. 59 KJC5527.A23A3 2005 MATTI KOTIRANTA ET ALII, The teaching and study of Church-State 262.9'071'14--dc22 relations in the Nordic Countries, in the United Kingdom and 2005045855 in Ireland...... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ....... •. 105 DAVID GARCIA-PARDO, L'enseignement et l'étude du droit ecclésiastique de l'État dans les Universités de Grece, Espagne France, Italie et Portugal........................................................... 171 © 2005 Uitgeverij Peeters, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium) D. 2005/0602/49 ISBN 90-429-1610-9 All rights reserved. Except in those cases expressly determined by law, no part of this publication may be multíplied, saved in an automated data file or made public ín any way whatsoever without the express prior written consent of the publishers. NOTE This book contains the reports of the 15th Annual ordinary meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research. The subject of the congress was the teaching and research activities of the Universities and other European institutions in the field of Church-State relations. The meeting took place in Oviedo (Spain), as usual in November, from the 28th till the 29th. The reports are structured along similar lines, except the first one, which contains an historical description about the origins and develop­ ment of the university studies of Church-State relations. I would like to thank the institutions, which have suppported the meet­ ing and contributed to the publication of the volume: the Dirección Gene­ ral de Asuntos Religiosos (Ministry of Justice), the Principado de Asturias, and the University of Oviedo. José María González del Valle )ji BRIGITTE BASDEVANT-GAUDEMET Droit et Socíétés religieuses- Université París Sud HISTOIRE DU DROIT ECCLÉSIASTIQUE EN EUROPE, UNE DISCIPLINE UNIVERSITAIRE Les contributíons rassemblées dans ce volume font le point sur 1'enseignement du droit ecclésiastique dispensé a 1' au be du XXIe siecle dans les divers pays de 1'Union européenne. Si dans chaque État la matiere intéresse les juristes, elle est néanmoins appréhendée de fa~on fort différente selon les pays. De nombreux facteurs explíquent cette diversité, notamment le systeme général des relations entre les confessions religieuses et l'État ou les modalités d'organisation des études universi­ taires. En outre, sur ce point comme sur beaucoup, chaque État hérite d'une tradition, forgée par son histoire propre. Cet article tente de dégager les tendances de l'évolution, au cours du temps, du droit ecclésiastique, en tant que discipline scientifique, objet d'ouvrages de doctrine ou enseignée dans les universités. S'il importe de présenter un panorama d'ensemble de la situation eu Europe, l'accent sera plus particulierement mis sur certains pays 1• Il n'est pas de mon propos de m'attarder sur l'époque médiévale. La splendeur des universités médiévales tenait en grande partie a l'enseignement des «deux droits». Pourtant, a l'époque de la plenitudo potestatís du pape, un «droit civil ecclésiastique» n'avait pas sa raison d'etre; a coté du droit romain, seul le droit canonique, élaboré par l'Église, comptait. Les deux droits savants n'avaient pas de caractere «national» au sens actuel de ce terme et maitres et étudiants se dépla~aient couramment, de Bologne, a Montpellier, París, Oxford ou Cracovie ... Les Temps modernes créerent de nouvelles situations, entraínant de profondes modifications dans les relations entre 1'Église et le Prince. Des 1 Je tiens a exprimer tous mes remerciements aux professeurs Alberto DE LA HERA, José DE SousA e BRITo, Inger DüBECK, Silvio F'ERRARI, José María GONZÁLEZ DEL VALLE, fran~ois JANKOWIAK, Charalambos PAPASTATHIS, Grigorios PAPATHOMAS pour les renseignements qu'ils nous ont fournís sur l'histoire de l'enseignement du droit civil ecclésiastique en Espagne, Portugal, Danemark, Grece. En outre, le Professeur Alexander HoLLERBACH a rédigé, pour 1'Allemagne, un rapport complet que je reprends tres large­ ment ici. 2 BRIGITIE BASDEVANT-GAUDEMET IDSTOIRE DU DROIT ECCLÉSIASTIQUE EN EUROPE 3 lors, la doctrine apprécia le droit applicable a 1'Église selon de nouvelles Báton des Évéques), largement diffusés et appliqués dans les Balkans. conceptions dont je rappellerai quelques caracteres, comme préliminaire Plusieurs publications importantes intervinrent, notamment au XVIIIe 2 a cette étude consacrée, pour l 'essentiel, a u XIX e et a la premiere moitié siecle. A la meme époque furent aussi publiés divers livres de réflexion du xxe siecle. Cet article, tout comme }'ensemble de ce volume, conceme sur le droit de l'Église et sur la tolérance religieuse.3 l'enseignement dispensé dans les universités d'État et n'envisage pas les D'autre part, a travers toute l'Europe, le príncipe cujus regio ejus universités pontificales et les importantes réalisations en matiere d'ensei­ religio constituait désormaís, par lui-meme, une limite a l'ancien pouvoir gnement dues a l'initiative de Rome. de l'Église qui devait des lors tenir compte d'un prince s'affirmant souverain et soucieux de légiférer. La situation se présentait différem­ ment dans les pays protestants ou catholiques. I. Le droit ecclésiastique a l'époque moderne (XVe·XVIIIes) Dans les pays gagnés a la Réforme protestante, les doctrines de Luther A. La terminologie aboutissaient a une indépendance totale de l'Église a l'égard de l'auto­ rité romaine. En meme temps, les Princes devinrent souvent 1'autorité Sans prendre partí dans les querelles doctrinales contemporaines relatives supérieure d'une Église nationale. Affirmant, dans un État qui construi­ la définition du «droit ecclésiastique» ou d'un «droit civil a sait sa souverairieté, leur droit de faire la loi, ils entendaient légiférer sur ecclésiastique», il est certain que la discipline, telle qu'elle est comprise les questions religieuses. En outre, ces princes protestants s 'enga~erent aujourd'hui, ne pouvait pas exister tant que les autorités ecclésiastiques dans le processus de sécularisation de l'immense patrimoine de l'Eglise demeuraient seules compétentes pour édicter les normes juridiques catholique, ce qui i~pliqua pour eux de construire un nouveau systeme applicables l'Église. Ce droit, qu'on le qualifie alors de canonique ou a juridique de relations entre l'Église et l'État. En Allemagne notarnment, d'ecclésiastique, émanait des conciles, du pontife romain, des éveques la Réforme fut a }'origine de ce qui sera, plus tard, un Staatskirchenrecht. ou des ordres religieux ... , mais il n'était pas l'reuvre d'un prince En Angleterre, l'autorité du pape sur l'Église ne fut plus reconnue a temporel. La situation se transforma aux Temps modemes. Alors que les partir d'Henri VIII et, plus spécifiquement, la suprématie royale sur prétentions du pontife romain au dominium mundi déclinaient irrémédia­ l'Église d' Angleterre fut affirmée dans l'Act of Supremacy, en 1534.4 La blement, plusieurs évenements eurent des conséquences décisives qui politique royale fut alors de développer la diffusion et la connaissance du permettront, ultérieurement, la naissance de cette nouvelle discipline: la droit de l'Église, s'effor~ant meme d'envoyer, en Irlande, des juges et prise de Constantinople par les Turcs et done la soumission de la Grece juristes anglais afín d'y introduire la Réforme.5 L'Église catholique tenta chrétienne a la domination ottomane musulmane; la formation d'États, ou de principautés, dirigés par un prince se disant souverain usant de son 2 Le xn• siecle avait été marqué en particulier par Théodore Balsamon, patriarche pouvoir de faire la loi; la Réforme protestante qui, brisant l'unité d' Antioche (1130/40- 1195). Citons aussi les compilations canonico-légales du XIV• religieuse de l'Occident, donna toute sa valeur au prindpe cujus regio ejus siecle, notamment l'Hexabiblos de Constantinos HARMENOPOULOS, juge a Thessalonique, (1320-1383), qui écrivit aussi un Epítome divinorum sacrumque canonum, et
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