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Primera Cita De Trichocoma Paradoxa En La Ecozona Paleártica Occidental, Un Eurotial Sorprendente Presente En Las Islas Canarias, España

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Primera Cita De Trichocoma Paradoxa En La Ecozona Paleártica Occidental, Un Eurotial Sorprendente Presente En Las Islas Canarias, España Primera cita de Trichocoma paradoxa en la ecozona Paleártica occidental, un eurotial sorprendente presente en las Islas Canarias, España Miguel Ángel RIBES Resumen: Trichocoma paradoxa Jungh. es un hongo ascomicete teleomórfico perteneciente al orden de los Vicente ESCOBIO Eurotiales G.W. Martin ex Benny & Kimbr., sorprendente por su aspecto en forma de brocha de afeitar. su dis- Juan Carlos ZAMORA tribución mundial conocida es típicamente tropical o subtropical, por lo que su hallazgo en las Islas Canarias (en este caso, La Palma) era cuestión de tiempo. no nos constan citas anteriores de esta especie en la ecozona Paleártica occidental. Ascomycete.org, 11 (6) : 233–238 Palabras clave: Ascomycota, Canarias, ecozona, Eurotiales, La Palma, Ocotea foetens, Paleártico, taxonomía. Mise en ligne le 24/12/2019 10.25664/ART-0280 First record of Trichocoma paradoxa in the Western Palearctic ecozone, an amazing Eurotiales pre- sent in the Canary Islands, Spain Abstract: Trichocoma paradoxa Jungh is a teleomorphic ascomycete fungus belonging to the order Eurotiales G.W. Martin ex Benny & Kimbr., surprising due to its shaving brush-like appearance. Its known worldwide distribution is typically tropical or subtropical, so its finding in the Canary Islands (in this case, La Palma) was a matter of time. We are not aware of any previous records of this species in the Western Palearctic ecozone. Keywords: Ascomycota, Canary Islands, ecozone, Eurotiales, La Palma, Ocotea foetens, Palearctic, taxonomy. Introducción El Adn genómico de la muestra (ca. 1 mg de masa esporal) se ex- trajo utilizando el método de Chelex® 100 de FErEnCoVA et al.. (2017). se amplificaron las regiones Its1 (incluyendo en su extremo 5’ las Presentamos una recolecta de Trichocoma paradoxa Jungh. en la últimas bases de la región 18s), 5.8s, Its2 y dominios d1-d3 de isla de La Palma, Islas Canarias, España. Este ascomicete teleomór- nrLsU en una sola PCr, utilizando los cebadores Its1F (GArdEs & fico se ha recolectado sobre la corteza y la sección transversal de BrUns, 1993) y Lr5 (VILGALys & HEstEr, 1990). El producto de PCr fue dos troncos caídos de til, Ocotea foetens (Aiton) Benth., pertene- secuenciado usando los mismos cebadores por Macrogen (Amster- ciente a la familia Lauraceae Juss., árbol integrante de la laurisilva, dam, Paises Bajos). La secuencia obtenida se revisó y corrigió ma- formación boscosa presente en los archipiélagos atlánticos de Azo- nualmente, y posteriormente se comparó con la colección de res, Madeira y Canarias (FErnándEz-PALACIos et al.., 2017). Ocotea foe- secuencias de nucleótidos depositadas en la base de datos del nCBI, tens es un endemismo macaronésico que vive en Madeira y Canarias utilizando una búsqueda BLAst-n y el algoritmo optimizado para (FErnándEz-PALACIos et al.., 2017). El lugar de la recolecta, Cubo de la secuencias con alta similitud (“megablast”). Las comparaciones se Galga, es un barranco con una elevada humedad ambiental donde realizaron utilizando tanto la secuencia completa como la región Its se encuentra un bosque de laurisilva en muy buen estado de con- (Its1 + 5.8s + Its2) y la región nrLsU por separado. dado que nues- servación (sAntos, 1983), incluído en el Parque natural de Las nieves tro objetivo no ha sido realizar una reconstrucción filogenética ni (VVAA, 2000). La Palma fue declarada reserva de la Biosfera por la del género Trichocoma ni de su relación con géneros cercanos, sino UnEsCo el 30 de junio de 1983. simplemente utilizar la secuencia como guía para su identificación, y dado que los resultados de BLAst no ofrecían dudas en cuanto a Material y métodos su asignación (véase apartado de discusión), no se realizaron análisis filogenéticos. Los métodos de estudio han sido los tradicionales en este tipo de estudios: recolección, estudio macro y microscópico y posterior- Taxonomía mente desecado de las muestras a temperatura ambiente para su conservación en el herbario particular de uno de nosotros, M.á. Trichocoma paradoxa Jungh., Praemissa in floram cryptogamicam ribes (MAr) y en el herbario LPA del Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera Javae insulae: 9 (1838) [‘paradoxum’] y Clavijo”, en Gran Canaria. Las medidas microscópicas se han realizado en agua del grifo, Material estudiado: EsPAñA, Islas Canarias, La Palma, Puntallana, siempre en más de 32 ascosporas bajo el objetivo de inmersión de Cubo de la Galga, 28rBs 292842, 360 m, sobre la corteza de un 100× e incluyen la ornamentación. La terminología de los elementos tronco caído de Ocotea foetens, 20-XII-2018, leg. L. Jiménez Barroso, citológicos relativos a las células vivas es la usada por BArAL (1992). sMGC (LPA)2018122001, MAr-201218-001 (figuras 1 y 3, GenBank Las fotografías microscópicas fueron tomadas con una cámara réflex Mn521698); ibid., sobre la superficie de corte de un tronco caído de nikon d300 acoplada al tubo triocular de un microscopio nikon Ocotea foetens, 24-VII-2019, leg. L. Jiménez Barroso, sMGC (LPA) Eclipse 50i. Las formas esporales se han descrito siguiendo a KUšAn 2019072401, MAr-240719-001 (figura 2). et al.. (2014). Abreviaturas y símbolos: H2o (agua del grifo); rC (rojo congo al Ascoma con una estructura compleja: una parte superior glo- 1% en sds); IKI (solución de ioduro potásico 3% – iodo 1% en agua); bosa, cilíndrica a cónico-fusiforme, lanosa, fértil, blanda, pulveru- Me (media biométrica); n (número de medidas); Q (coeficiente lon- lenta, de color amarillo sulfuroso a marrón, evanescente (figura 1e), gitud/anchura); Qe (valor medio de Q); * (estructuras vivas); † (es- de 6–8 × 4–7 mm (ancho × alto) y una base cónico-cupuliforme, de tructuras muertas). textura leñosa, suberosa, semejante a una volva, estéril, de color ma- Las mediciones de las estructuras microscópicas se realizaron con rrón, persistente (figura 1f), de 6–8 × 4–5 mm (ancho × alto). En el programa Piximètre (http://piximetre.fr/) a través de fotografías nuestras colecciones, la porción de madera por la que se sujeta el calibradas, tanto para la extracción de datos, como para la obten- hongo al sustrato suele aislarse del resto del hospedador, profundi- ción de la fórmula dimensional en su formato “classique” (HEnrIot & zando en este, y dándole aspecto de cilindro de madera sujeto al CHEyPE, 2017). ascoma y aislado del resto del sustrato (figuras 1b, 1c), de forma que 233 Fig. 1 – Caracteres macroscópicos de Trichocoma paradoxa sMGC (LPA)2018122001. a. Ascomas “in situ” sobre la corteza de Ocotea foetens. b. Ascomas aislados del sustrato, con parte de madera unida en la base. c. Ascomas en detalle y sección transversal. d. Ascoma aislado. e. Ascoma, parte superior de crecimiento. f. Ascoma, parte inferior suberosa. g-h. Corte transversal. Escala: 10 mm = a-d, g; 5 mm = e-f, h. Fotos: todas a partir de sMGC (LPA)2018122001. 234 Ascomycete.org Fig. 2 – Caracteres macroscópicos de Trichocoma paradoxa sMGC (LPA)2019072401. a-c. Ascomas “in situ” sobre la superficie de corte de Ocotea foetens. d-f. Ascomas en detalle. g. Corte transversal. Escala: 10 cm = a; 5 cm = b; 2 cm = c; 10 mm = d; 5 mm = e–g. cuando se disgregan los ascomas o se sacan de la madera, esta gregan al madurar y expulsar las esporas. Ascosporas subglobosas queda llena de huecos en los que ha estado alojada la madera sobre a elipsoidales, mayoritariamente anchamente elipsoidales, de color la que se asienta el hongo (figuras 2d, 2e). El conjunto del ascoma marrón-púrpura, con una ornamentación gruesa en forma de gran- (base leñosa + parte fértil) junto con el cilindro de madera unido a des crestas mayoritariamente aisladas perpendiculares al eje mayor, la base, le da una aspecto de antorcha, pincel o brocha, lo que ha que se acentúan en IKI, de (5,3–)5,7–6,4(–7) × (3,9–)4,3–5(–5,4) µm; propiciado su nombre vulgar “hongo brocha de afeitar”. La parte fér- Q = (1,1–)1,2–1,4(–1,5); n = 40; Me = 6 × 4,6 µm; Qe = 1,3. Paráfisis til al corte presenta una densa masa de hifas semejante a un capili- no observadas. cio de un gasteral, de color rojo púrpura en la zona superior debido a las esporas maduras, y una zona de crecimiento, inferior, de color amarillo-sulfuroso, estéril (figuras 1g, 1h, 2g). Estudio molecular Capilicio formado por hifas hialinas a ligeramente amarillentas, de paredes gruesas, con escasos septos, bifurcadas, de (1,9–)2–2,8 Las resultados de las búsquedas de BLAst con mayor porcentaje (–3,7) µm; n = 55; Me = 2,4 µm de ancho, con numerosos cristales de similitud fueron nucleótidos procedentes de individuos identifi- gruesos distribuidos irregularmente. Ascos globosos a elipsoidales, cados como “Trichocoma paradoxa” en todos los casos. Cuando se mayoritariamente anchamente elipsoidales, hialinos, de paredes utilizó la secuencia completa, los nucleótidos de la base de datos gruesas, con 8 esporas distribuidas con aspecto moriforme, inami- del nCBI con mayor similitud fueron EU021600 (T. paradoxa nrrL loides, de (10,7–)11,8–14,8(–14,9) × (7,6–)9,2–11,6(–12,4) µm; Q = 28276) y AF454072 (T. paradoxa nrrL 28277), con un 99,91% y (1–)1,1–1,5(–1,6); n = 19; Me = 13,1 × 10,3 µm; Qe = 1,3, que se dis- 99,82% de similitud respectivamente. El siguiente nucleótido con Ascomycete.org 235 Fig. 3 – Caracteres microscópicos de Trichocoma paradoxa sMGC (LPA)2018122001. a-d. Corte transversal del ascoma. e. detalle de la capa externa. f-h. detalle de la gleba i. Hifas con cristales. j. Ascos. k. Ascosporas. Escala: 500 µm = a-b; 200 µm = c; 50 µm = d-h; 20 µm = i; 10 µm = j-k. Medio de montaje: H2o = a-h, i1, j1, k1; IKI = i2, k2; rC = j2. Fotos: todas a partir de sMGC (LPA)2018122001. 236 Ascomycete.org mayor similitud fue JF922033 (Byssochlamys nivea CBs 113246), con Situación taxonómica: Trichocoma es un género monotípico un 92,95%.
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