PHILADELPHIA's 'BLACK MAFIA' a Social and Political History
PHILADELPHIA’S ‘BLACK MAFIA’ A Social and Political History STUDIES OF ORGANISED CRIME Volume 2 Series Editors: Alan A. Block, Crime, Law & Justice Program, Department of Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A. Frank Bovenkerk, University of Utrecht, Willem Pompe Institute, The Netherlands Editorial Board: Maria Los, University of Ottawa, Canada Letizia Paoli, Max Planck Institut, Freiberg, Germany Francisco Thoumi, Senior Visiting Scholar at the Latin American and Carribean Center, Florida International University, U.S.A. Xiabo Lu, Colombia University, NY, U.S.A. A list of books in this series appears at the end of this volume. PHILADELPHIA’S ‘BLACK MAFIA’ A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY BY SEAN PATRICK GRIFFIN Clemson University, Department of Sociology, Clemson, South Carolina, USA KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 0-306-48132-4 Print ISBN: 1-4020-1311-6 ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.kluweronline.com TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 Organization of the Book 4 CHAPTER 2: Research Methodology 6 Data 6 Law Enforcement Intelligence Documents 6 Newspaper Sources 9 Interview Data 10 Methodology 11 Terminology 14 PART I: SOCIAL HISTORY, 1968–1974 CHAPTER 3: 1968-1972: The Origins of the Black Mafia 17 Group Origin 17 Nation of Islam Mosque No.
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