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The Wife of Bath's Tales: Literary Characters As Social Persons In School of Media, Creative Arts, and Social Inquiry The Wife of Bath’s Tales: Literary Characters as Social Persons in Historical Fiction Carol Ann Hoggart This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University February 2019 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: …………………… Date: ………………04/07/2019……. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, thanks go to my wonderful and long-suffering supervisor, Dr Anne Ryden: editor, encourager, and nudger-of-posterior extraordinaire. I couldn’t have done this without you, Anne. Many thanks also to the other supervisors who have helped me along this doctoral journey, particularly Professor Tim Dolin and Dr Liz Byrski. I am particularly grateful to Curtin not only for providing academic and financial support, but also for offering a great working space in the Postgraduate Hub and setting up the Creative Practice Network (CPN) to enable peer critique and support. Thank you Rosemary Stevens for running the CPN so sensitively, and all my fellow Networkers (particularly Katrin Den Elzen, Daniel Juckes, Khin Myint, Renee Pettitt-Schipp, Marie O’Rourke, Carol Mills, and Lesley Smith) for your invaluable feedback. I’d also like to acknowledge former supervisors at the University of Western Australia – Professor Andrew Lynch for introducing me to Chaucer, and Professor Philippa Maddern, an eternally inspiring medieval historian. Many thanks to those outside of academia who offered me writing support and advice, especially the wonderful Wordwrights critique group (Janet Woods, Deb Bennetto, Elizabeth Reid-Boyd, and Sharon Micenko), and Colin Falconer for his encouragement. Last, but definitely not least, my undying gratitude to my family: my parents for unflagging emotional and financial support, Auntie Pat for reading my books, Matt Evans for his tech support, and most especially Trudy, for being the world’s most wonderful daughter, always encouraging your mum, and telling her to eat her vegetables. iii Abstract ‘The Wife of Bath’s Tales: literary characters as social persons in historical fiction’ is a creative-production thesis comprised of a work of historical fiction and an academic exegesis. The exegesis argues, as my creative practice demonstrates, that Elizabeth Fowler’s ‘social persons’ mode of literary analysis may facilitate the (re)creation of a complex and multi-faceted literary character. The Wife of Bath, of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales fame, is my case study. In the process of expanding Fowler’s theory to creative practice, the thesis offers a fresh interpretive approach to this complex and much-analysed character from medieval literature. The creative component consists of the first half of an historical novel entitled The Jerusalem Tales. (The novel is complete, but only the first half can be presented here due to the length of the finished work. A summary of the second half of the novel is offered in Appendix A.) The novel is set in 1378 and depicts the Wife of Bath setting off on pilgrimage to Jerusalem with a number of companions, all of whom have Canterbury Tales origins. En route, they prompt the Wife to relate tales of her previous marriages. Each of these companions, including the Wife’s fifth and current husband, are motivated to discover whether any of her previous husbands met with an untimely end. The exegesis is divided into two parts. Part One describes Fowler’s theory of ‘social persons’ and applies it as Fowler herself does: as a tool for the analysis of character in medieval English literature. Social-persons analysis identifies underlying concepts of personhood current in a particular culture and evoked by textual clues. Crucially, more than one social person typically attaches to any single character. Part One outlines the enormous number of social persons that are conjured about Alisoun of Bath in the Canterbury Tales, in large part the key to her complexity, and then examines those underpinning my interpretation of Alisoun in fiction. In Part Two, I turn to modern historical-fiction interpretations of the Wife. In particular, I examine a troubling aspect of the inevitable blending of historical and contemporary social iv persons that occurs in modern historical fiction: the representation of sexual violence as definitive of medieval female experience. Each of the four historical- fiction interpretations of the Wife I identify foregrounds sexual violence, a theme present but distinctly understated in Chaucer’s Wife of Bath. A social-persons construction of character, however, can complicate the depiction and implications of such conventionalised misogyny, not only creating a more rounded character but also enhancing interpretative agency in the reader. v Contents Declaration .................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iv Contents ....................................................................................................................... vi THE JERUSALEM TALES .................................................................................................. 1 1. Bath ................................................................................................................................................ 2 2. Abbey ........................................................................................................................................... 11 3. Lazars’ Lane .................................................................................................................................. 17 4. St Mary de Stalle .......................................................................................................................... 28 5. Heere Bigynneth the Knyghtes Tale ............................................................................................. 40 6. Glastonbury.................................................................................................................................. 52 7. Exeter ........................................................................................................................................... 56 8. Cathedral...................................................................................................................................... 68 9. Mudflats ....................................................................................................................................... 78 10. Estuary ....................................................................................................................................... 89 11. Channel ...................................................................................................................................... 94 12. Pale Coast ................................................................................................................................ 112 13. Swamp ..................................................................................................................................... 114 14. The Pale ................................................................................................................................... 120 15. Eastwards ................................................................................................................................. 133 16. Heere continues the Wyves Tale ............................................................................................. 139 17. St Winnoc ................................................................................................................................. 154 18. Heere bigynneth the Quaestor’s Tale ...................................................................................... 158 19. Heere continues the Quaestor’s Tale ...................................................................................... 167 20. Flanders.................................................................................................................................... 173 21. Bruges ...................................................................................................................................... 179 22. Chapel of Holy Blood................................................................................................................ 182 23. Steenstraat ............................................................................................................................... 192 24. The Crone ................................................................................................................................. 194 25. Heere continues the Wyves Tale ............................................................................................. 201 26. Aachen ..................................................................................................................................... 215 27. Imperial Chapel ........................................................................................................................ 227 28. Cologne
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