XX Asrning Ikkinchi Yarmida Rus Musiqa Madaniyati

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XX Asrning Ikkinchi Yarmida Rus Musiqa Madaniyati O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI SAIDA KASIMXODJAYEVA JAHON MUSIQASI TARIXI XX asrning ikkinchi yarmida rus musiqa madaniyati Darslik 5150201 – San’atshunoslik (musiqashunoslik) 5111100 – Musiqiy ta’lim 5150100 – Bastakorlik san’ati 5150500 – Dirijyorlik (turlari bo‘yicha) 5150600 – Vokal san’ati (turlari bo‘yicha) 5150700 – Cholg‘u ijrochiligi (turlari bo‘yicha) 5151400 – Musiqiy ovoz rejissorligi Toshkent – 2019 Mazkur darslik O‘zbekiston davlat konservatoriyasining San’atshunoslik (musiqashunoslik) hamda barcha boshqa ixtisosliklar bo‘yicha ta’lim olayotgan talabalar uchun mo‘ljallangan. Darslik davlat ta’lim standartlari, namunaviy o‘quv dasturi asosida yaratilgan. Muallif S. Kasimxodjaeva. Mas’ul muharrir: T.G’ofurbekov- professor Taqrizchilar: A. Mansurov - professor X. Rahimov - professor Даннiй учебник предназначен для студентов по специальности “Искусствоведение” (музiковедение), а также для всех направлений Государственной консерватории Узбекистана. Учебник создан на основе Государственного образователного стандарта и типовой учебной программi по предмету. Автор С. Касiмходжаева Ответственнiй редактор: Т.Гафурбеков-доктор искусствоведения, профессор Рецензентi: А. Мансуров - профессор Х. Рахимов - профессор Is manual intended for the first students of “Musicology” department of the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan. This manual created according to the standards programmer of education and the programmer of preparing future specialistsof musicology. This manual will help to improve skills in musicology that has three main directions Autor S.Kasimkxodjayeva Executive editors: T.G’ofurbekov- professor Reviewers: A. Mansurov - professor. X. Rahimov - professor. 2 MUNDARIJA KIRISH I BOB Oltmishinchi va yetmishinchi yillar kompozitorlar ijodidagi texnika va uslub muammolari Polistilistika. Simfoniyalar Oratoriya va kantatalar Operalar Neofolklorizm to‘lqini Kompozitorlar va folklor Kamer musiqada intonatsion janr izlanishlari ; Kamer simfoniya va kontsertlash - neoklassitsizmning ko‘rinishi sifatida Musiqiy teatrning yangi janrlari Dmitriy Shostakovichning oltmishinchi va yetmishinchi yillardagi asarlari II BOB Yetmishinchi-saksoninchi yillar Kompozitorlarning qadimiy folklor va ma’naviy qadriyatlarga murojaati Yetmishinchi-saksoninchi yillar rus musiqasining neoromantik tamoyillari Instrumental va vokal ijodda monolog Alfred Shnitke va Sofiya Gubaydulina ijodlari Hayotni tushunishda xalq obrazi Yetmishinchi-saksoninchi yillar simfoniyalari Milliy simfoniyalar Ommaviy janrlarda texnik taraqqiyot Uchinchi yo‘nalish Test savollari Glossariy Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati 3 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ I ГЛАВА Проблемы техники и стилей в композиторском творчестве шестидесятых семидесятых годов Полистилистика .Симфонии Оратории и кантаты Оперы Волна неофольклоризма Композиторы и фольклор Интонационные и жанровые поиски камерной музыки Камерные симфонии и концертирование как виды неоклассицизма Новые жанры музыкального театра Произведения Д.Д.Шостаковича шестидесятых семидесятых годов II ГЛАВА Семидесятые-восьмидесятые годы Обращение композиторов к древнему фольклору и духовным ценностям Неоромантические принципы русской музыки семидесятых-восьмидесятых годов Монолог в инструментальной и вокальной музыке Творчество Альфреда Шнитке и Софии Губайдуллиной Образы народа в постижении жизни Симфонии семидесятых-восьмидесятых годов Национальные симфонии Технический прогресс массовых жанров Третье направление Тесты Глоссарий Список использованной литературы 4 Content Introductions Chapter 1 Problems of technology and styles in the compositional work of the 60-70s Symphony under stylistics Oratorios and cantatas Оperas Wave Neo-folklorсizm Composers and folklore Intonation and genre searches of chamber music Chamber symphonies and concentration as types of neoclassicism New genres of musical theater The works of DD Shostakovich 60-70-ies Chapter 2 70-80s years Composer's appeal to ancient folklore and spiritual values Non-romantic principles of Russian music of the 70-80s Monologue in instrumental and vocal music Creativity Alfred Schnittke and Sophia Gubaidullina Images of the peoples in the comprehension of life Symphonies of the 70s-80s National Symphonies The technical process of mass genres Third direction Tests Glossary Bibliography 5 KIRISH “Jahon musiqasi tarixi” dunyo konservatoriyalarida o‘rganiladigan asosiy fanlardan biri bo‘lib, mutaxassislik va mutaxassisliklar aro fanlar toifasiga kiradi. Fanning ko‘lami keng va qamrab olgan tarixiy o‘lchami katta bo‘lgani tufayli, bir necha alohida bo‘limlarga ajraladi. Shulardan biri “Jahon musiqasi tarixi” (XX asrning ikkinchi yarmida rus musiqa madaniyati) davridir. E’tiboringizga havola qilinayotgan ushbu darslik aynan shu davrni izchil o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan. Mazkur fanni o‘rganish uchun yozilgan darslik bakalavriyat yo‘nalishidagi talabalarga mo‘ljallangan bo‘lib, o‘z oldiga musiqa san’atining eng murakkab tarixiy davrini, yo‘nalish va uslublarini, kompozitorlarning ijodiy yo‘li hamda ular yaratgan asarlarni o‘rganishdek vazifalarni maqsad qilib qo‘ygan. Shu bois ham darslikdagi mavzular musiqa madaniyatining XX asrning 60-yillaridan boshlab, 80-90-yillariga qadar bo‘lgan davr xususiyatlarini yoritish, ilg‘or janrlarning tarixiy rivojlanish jarayonlarini atroflicha tahlil qilish, musiqiy ilm, musiqaga oid davlat qarorlarini yoritib borishga qaratilgan. Darslikda rus musiqa madaniyati bilan cheklanmay, o‘rganilinayotgan davrdagi Ukraina, Belorussiya, Moldova, Kavkazorti Respublikalari, Markaziy Osiyo Respublikalari, Boltiqbo‘yi Respublikalarining musiqiy madaniyati tahlil etiladi. Mazkur Respublikalarda shakllanayotgan milliy kompozitorlik maktablari, ilg‘or kompozitorlar va ijrochilar haqida ma’lumotlar beriladi. 60-yillardan to 90-yillarga qadar yaratilgan asarlarni, ularga ta’sir etgan ummonlarni, ba’zan qabul qilingan qarorlarning sabablarini yangitdan ochilgan hujjatlar kesimida ko‘rib chiqish bugungi kun talabidir. Yoshlarga tarixiy davrlarga to‘g‘ri baho berish, musiqiy voqe’likni izchil tushunishda mazkur darslik yordam beradi, degan umiddamiz. Mazkur darslikda belgilangan mavzularni o‘rganish davomida talaba musiqa asarlarini tinglash, ularning yo‘nalishlarini aniqlashga e’tibor qaratishi lozim. Zero, bu fan talablariga: - darslikda o‘rganilgan asarlarning ahamiyatiga, san’at taraqqiyotida tutgan o‘rniga tarixiy va estetik baho bera olish qobiliyati; 6 - darslikda ko‘rsatilgan musiqa asarlarini tinglab tahlil qilishi va ularning o‘ziga xos uslub, shakl, janr, asosiy musiqaviy vositalar xususiyatlarini aniqlay olishi kerakligi bilan birgalikda tarixiy va nazariy bilimlarini singdirgan holda ularda ma’lum tajriba va ko‘nikmalar majmuini shakllantirish kiradi. Darslikda har bir mavzuga ajratilgan soatlar tasdiqlangan o‘quv dasturi asosida tuzilgan. O‘qituvchi ixtiyoriga ko‘ra, talabalarning tayyorgarlik darajasi va ularning umumiy o‘zlashtirishlarini hisobga olgan holda ba’zi mavzularni qisqartirgan holda o‘tish ko‘zda tutilgan. O‘zbek kompozitorlari va bastakorlari haqida ma’lumotlar o‘n yilliklar doirasida, ularning Respublikalararo ahamiyatini e’tiborga olgan holda berilgan. Respublikamizda mavjud bo‘lgan musiqiy jamoalar, tashkilotlar, teatrlar, truppalar haqidagi ma’lumotlar asosiy mavzuga oid yoritilgan. I BOB 7 OLTMISHINCHI VA YETMISHINCHI YILLAR KOMPOZITORLAR IJODIDAGI TEXNIKA VA USLUB MUAMMOLARI Tayanch so‘zlar: Publitsistik yondashuv, polistilistika, iqtiboslar, konflikt tizimi. XX asrninng 60-yillarida davlat siyosatida yuzaga kelgan o‘zgarishlar san’atda kengroq aytganda, madaniyatda erkinlik shabadalarini esishiga turtki bo‘ladi. “60-chi yillar avlodi” tarixga shu nom bilan kirib, alohida, o‘ziga xos ijodiy yo‘nalishlarga asos yaratadi. Kundalik hayotda kechayotgan o‘zgarishlar san’atdagi turli xil izlanishlarda aks etadi. Bu davrni tarixan qiyoslaydigan bo‘lsak, yangi obrazlilikni yaratish uchun izchillik bilan sinovlar olib borilgan inqilobdan keyingi dastlabki o‘n yilliklar esga tushadi. Ammo u davrdan farqli o‘laroq, endi izlanishlar yuqori sifatli sathda olib borilar edi. Chunki madaniyat bolalik davridan o‘tib, yetuklik davriga kelgan edi. Shunga qaramsdan unda 20-yillar an’analari aniq ko‘rinib, kengayib borar edi. Inqilobdan keyingi dastlabki o‘n yilliklardagidek mamlakatning ma’naviy hayotida teatr va she’riyat katta o‘rin egalladi. Bu davr “Sovremennik” (rejissor O.Yefremov) postanovkalari, ularning ma’naviy maksimalizmi, ishonchi va oddiyligi bilan chambarchas bog‘lanib ketgan edi. “Sovremennik” bilan bahs olib borgan va uning tarki dunyosiga qarshi ravishda sahnaga teatr jozibadorligi, quvonchini olib kirgan A. Efros teatrida yangi bosqich boshlangan edi. G. Tovstonogov Leningrad KDTda ma’noli, nozik, jozibali va keng ko‘lamli mumtoz asarlarning sahna ko‘rinishlarini yaratdi (195, 110).Teatr musobaqasida “Dunyoni larzaga solgan o‘n kun” (rejissor Y. Lyubimov) kabi postanovkada - Meyerxoldning siyosiy teatrini qayta hayotga qaytargan Tagankada - drama va komediya teatrining publitsistik ovozi eshitilardi. Kinoda publitsistikaning yangi turi paydo bo‘ladi. M. Rommning “Oddiy fashizm” filmida hujjatli kadrlar mushohada talqinlar bilan berilib, ular hujjat ta’sirini kuchaytiradi. Arxiv kinohujjatlari asosida yaratilgan 8 filmda ikki qatlam, ya’ni o‘tmish – kinoxronika materiallari va hozirgi kun ekranda sodir bo‘layotgan voqealarni anglayotgan M. Rommning kuchli dil og‘rig‘i bilan to‘yingan, chin insoniy izohlari mavjud. 60-yillarda kinoda falsafiy pritcha janri, ya’ni T. Abuladzening “Iltijo” asari paydo bo‘ladi. Asosiy
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