ISSN 2321 3361 © 2020 IJESC

Research Article Volume 10 Issue No.2 Study of Next Generations of Mobile Networks Dr. Tripti Khatana Associate Professor Roorkee College of Engineering, Roorkee, India

Abstract: Mobile based technologies are most widely used products and shown a huge growth in terms of user base. Every individual around the every corner of the world rely on . The thing which makes it more powerful is cellular communication. Cellular communications are not only restricted to voice calls but it has gone way beyond our imagination from generation to generation. There has been seen a number of improvements along with performance. It has a great impact on our daily lifestyle i.e. the way we work, interact, learn, explore etc. This paper provides an insight about generations of network from 0G to . Also it will throw light on next possible generations - , and 7G. Although 5G is under development and it will be deployed by 2020, there are no such standards has been finalized for it. This paper will also focus on 0G to 4G architecture and standards along with the technology that will be used for the development. The next evolutions 6G and 7G are just concepts for now and research works are being carried out, but they are the future of mobile communication networks.

Keywords: 0G, , , , 4G, 5G, Architecture, Standards, Technology, Generations of Networks, Comparative Study of Generations, 6G, 7G, Future of Networks.

1. INTRODUCTION development leads to evolution of different generations in next four decades. Now-a-days different wireless and mobile In every century, people want a communication system to share technologies are present such as third generation mobile their views. Communication is always necessary in building networks (UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication relations to mankind, when two persons meet they need some System, CDMA2000), LTE (Long Term Evolution), Wi-Fi The medium to interchange their views but due to distance barriers huge success of wireless mobile communication is able to be some tools are required to communicate each other. At the end achieved because of rapid technology innovations. From the of 19th century, reckoned scientist Graham Bell laid the first second generation (2G) mobile communication system to the 3G stone in the field of communication using different tools system, the wireless mobile network has been transformed from regardless of distance. He invented first wired base telephony a pure telephone based system to a wireless network that is equipment. It was the solution for the voice communication for capable to transfer rich multimedia contents. The 4G wireless the people how far apart they are. After this radio based systems were designed to fulfill the requirements of communication systems Era started. It was an extension of wired International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-A) based networks. In the beginning it was developed for some using IP for all services [3]. GSMA Intelligence’s definition of special purposes like military and police usage. With the passage 4G includes the following network technologies: LTE, TD-LTE, of time these systems emerged to allow common peoples to AXGP, WiMAX, LTE-A, TD-LTE-A, LTE with VoLTE and communicate with each other, rather than using wired based WiMAX2.5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation network. After this the age of faster communication and wireless systems) is the next major update to mobile capabilities of voice get started and evolved into new telecommunications standards as compared to the current telecommunication system [1, 2]. Telecommunication industry 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G has speeds which is way better showed a potential growth from the last few decades. This had than what 4G offers. been achieved due to the greater demand for wireless mobile communication technology. Now-a-days mobile phones got The fifth generation (5G) wireless mobile multimedia internet much smarter due its capability to record, play, stream, upload, networks can be completely wireless communication without download – audio and video, capture images, share data via limitation, which makes perfect wireless real world – World Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, browsing internet, voice and video calling, Wide Wireless Web (WWWW) [2]. The sixth generation (6G) etc. The development of wireless technologies has greatly of wireless mobile communication network must integrate improved people’s ability to communicate and live in both satellites so that it can go fully global and cover more areas. The business operations and social functions [1]. global coverage systems have been developed by four courtiers. The global position system (GPS) is developed by USA. The These developments have evolved from various generations (1G COMPASS system is developed by China. The Galileo system – 5G). Each generation has different and improved standards, is developed by EU, and the GLONASS system is developed by capacities, techniques and features as compared to their previous Russia [4].The next generation could be 7G which is the most generations. This in turn gave rise to increased number of advance and may unite other generations. It will also set core subscribers. Wireless communication started in early 1970‟s and standards for 6G development that will make use of satellites.

IJESC, February 2020 24561 http:// ijesc.org/ 2. EVOLUTION OF GENERATIONS Communication System (TACS), C-nets etc.1G was developed to provide only voice communication facility. Paging networks During the 1980s mobile ’s age started, because were also considered as 1G technology that provide only the wireless communication has under gone different changes messaging facility. 1G had a poor voice quality and no security. during the past 10 years, So its experienced enormous growth. The Figure 1.1 shows the evolution of the cellular networks. In Table .1. First Generation Features this figure we have categorized the Cellular networks into five different parts. The first four are existing parts and the last one is Generation 1G (1970 - 1984) the future part. Mobile communications are widely preferred and become popular due to rapid revolution in mobile technology. Technology Cellular Analogue The numbers of users are also increased over few decades. However, this is achieved from generations to generations. The Technology revolution begins with Zero Generation (0G) followed by 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G , 5G . Standard AMPS

Switching Circuit - switched

Frequency 824-894 MHz

Data Speed 2.4 Kbps

Multiplexing FDMA

Core Network PSTN

Service Only voice or Only message

Hand-off Horizontal

2.3 Second Generation (2G)

During Second Generation (2G) era the Global System for 2.1 Zero Generation (0G) mobile communication (GSM) was developed in Europe. Using this system International and seamless services was Mobile Radio Telephones are predecessors of modern cellular offered in Europe. In the beginning GSM operates at 900 MHz technology of first generation. Such systems Frequency band with bandwidth of 50 MHz. Many more are referred as pre-cellular systems or Zero generation (0G). It is advancement was made in GSM during last two decades of backed up with technologies like Push to Talk (PTT), Mobile previous century, due to these improvements GSM became 2.5 Telephone System (MTS), Improved G cellular networks. GSM cellular network was implemented (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS). over 190 countries and have approximately 800 million subscribers. In 1996 a new digital cellular system with 2.2 First Generation (1G) additional services and supporting more data rate, called TDMA was put into practice. At the end of 20th century Second First Generation mobiles networks utilize analogue transmission Generation (2G) cellular system was dominated, whoever it was In 1979 Nippun Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Japan evolving into a new generation called 3G due to increasing rate introduces the first operational cellular networks. In North of mobile traffic. 1G had a lot of limitations and issues and to America AT&T introduces the First Generation mobile systems overcome some of these problems 2G has been developed. for the customer in 1980s. This system was named as Advanced However, 2G networks where began to emerge around 1980‟s, Service (AMPS). In First Generation the basic but the actual implementations started by early 1990‟s. structure of Cellular communication is characterized and many problems were resolved regarding accomplishment of cellular Second generation (2G) of wireless mobile communication network. First generation of wireless mobile communication systems are digital systems. It has seen three types of systems were implemented in the 1980‟s. They were analogue development; IS-54 (TDMA) in 1991, IS-95 (CDMA) in 1993, system, based on technology called Advance Mobile Phone and IS-136 in 1996.It also include Global System for Mobile Service (AMPS) developed by AT&T in North America. The Communications (GSM) technology which is most consistent AMPS system was based on frequency modulation radio system 2G standard. 2.5G and 2.75G are the upgrade versions of 2G. which uses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) with They are also referred as GPRS and EDGE respectively. 2G channel capacity of around 30 KHz and frequency band was family provides services as voice transmission, web, e-mail, 824-894 MHz [5].In 1988, 10MHz additional bandwidth was browsing, etc. Although 2G was huge improvement and allocated to AMPS which was developed in Chicago, which had increased the number of subscribers, the standards were poor. It the coverage area of 2100 square miles [6]. Other technologies also unable to handle complex data and inefficiently uses were Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), Total Access bandwidth. Specifications of 2G family are shown below

IJESC, February 2020 24562 http:// ijesc.org/ Table 2. Second Generation Features whereas for data services -- packet switching are used. The Generation 2G (1990) 2.5G (2000) 2.75G(2003) technologies include W-CDMA, CDMA-2000 and TD-SCDMA. Technology Digital GPRS EDGE It is also compatible with other cellular standards like CDMA, GSM, and TDMA. It operates at a range of 2100MHz and has a Cellular bandwidth of 15-20MHz used for High-speed internet service, Technology video chatting [2].3G also turned global roaming for subscribers Standard CDMA, TDMA / GSM/CDMA into reality. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System TDMA, & GSM (UMTS) was adopted by Europe which chose W-CDMA as the GSM standard 3G technology. UMTS is based on GSM infrastructure Switching Circuit/Packet Packet- Packet- therefore made it easier for GSM operators to upgrade to it. It - switched switched switched became the most popular 3G technology. UMTS added (HSPA) and Evolved High Speed Packet Frequency 850-1900 850-1900 850-1900 Access (HSPA+) which is also referred as 3.5G and 3.75G. 3G MHz (GSM) MHz MHz also has some limitations such costly, patchy coverage, etc. 825-849 MHz (CDMA) Table .3. Third Generation Features Data Speed 9.6 kbps 100 kbps 300 kbps Multiplexing CDMA, CDMA, CDMA, TDMA TDMA TDMA Core PSTN GSM, WCDMA Network TDMA Service Voice data & MMS, Higher SMS facility Internet, etc. capacity packetized data Hand-off Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal

2.4 Third Generation (3G)

The unexpected success of Second Generation (2G) networks persuaded the Telecom Companies to explore more to fulfill the upcoming user requirement of larger data rate and Quality of Services (QoS). This strong driving force enabled the vendors as well as Telecom Companies to launch the new applications such as wireless internet and video telephony. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was already working to develop 3G networks. In 2000 International Mobile Telephony (IMT) was developed by ITU with the target of 3G in Europe with the following upcoming targets [3].

1. The mobile system should propose the same voice quality as 2.5 Fourth Generation (4G) PSTN. The current standards of Telecommunication are driven to 2. The mobile system should sustain the high data rate in replace with 3G in upcoming years. This future cellular network moving vehicles. is named as 4G. the objectives of 4G includes seamless

3. The mobile system should bear up to 2 Mb data rate in indoor communication with broad range connection with internet at any location. time anywhere and support of data, pictures and videos on internet. The 4G network will consist of internet protocols such 4. The mobile system should maintain the symmetrical and as to facilitate the subscribers by enabling the selection of every asymmetrical data transmission. application and any environment. In 4G cellular networks a high bandwidth with high data rate is required, also in 4G a quicker 5. The mobile system should keep up the packet switched and and optimized strategy of is required to make the clear [4]. and reliable communication. The 4G network system will run Third generation of wireless mobile communication systems had with the cooperation of 2G and 3G and also will impart IP based been developed to meet International Mobile Teleco wireless communication. The main target in 4G will be video mmunication – 2000 (IMT-2000), specifications defined by streaming on IP based protocol, such as IP TV [4]. The 4G International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Need for High wireless systems were designed to fulfill the requirements of speed, fast data transmit, and Quality of Service (QOS), lead to International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-A) the evolution of 3G.It was launched in 2001 and provided a using IP for all services [3]. 4G is being developed to network that is capable of transporting rich multimedia contents. accommodate the QOS and rate requirements set by forthcoming For voice calls / SMS facility -- circuit switching are used applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia

IJESC, February 2020 24563 http:// ijesc.org/ Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV is considered to be way beyond than just faster data speeds on content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services mobile devices. It is ubiquitous access to high & low data rate like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth services.5G will involve combination of existing and evolving [7].In 4G systems, an advanced radio interface is used with systems [8]. orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO), and link adaptation technologies According to GSMA Intelligence, there exist two views of 5G [1]. 4G standards include Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE technology: 802.16 (WiMax). It provides increased data rates as compared to 3G. The major issue with 4G is security because of its IP- View 1 – The hyper-connected vision: In this view of 5G, Address system. mobile operators would create a blend of pre-existing technologies covering 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi and others to allow Table .4. Fourth Generation Features higher coverage and availability, and higher network density in terms of cells and devices, with the key differentiator being Generation 4G (2010) greater connectivity as an enabler for Machine-to-Machine

(M2M) services and the Internet of Things (IoT). This vision Technology IP-broadband, Wi-Fi, MIMO may include a new radio technology to enable low power, low throughput field devices with long duty cycles of ten years or Standard WiMAX and LTE more.

Switching Packet - switched View 2 –Next-generation radio access technology: This is more of the traditional „generation-defining‟ view, with specific Frequency 2 GHz - 8 GHz targets for data rates and latency being identified, such that new radio interfaces can be assessed against such criteria. This in Data Speed 50mbps turn makes for a clear demarcation between a technology that meets the criteria for 5G, and another which does not. Multiplexing MC-CDMA and OFDM The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defines the following requirements for 5G networks: Core Network Internet Data rates of several tens of megabits per second should be

supported for tens of thousands of users 1 gigabit per second to Service Dynamic Information access be offered simultaneously to tens of workers on the same office floor. Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous Hand-off Vertical connections to be supported for massive sensor deployments

1. should be significantly enhanced 3.1 Fifth Generation (5G) compared to 4G

5G millimeter wave is the fastest, with actual speeds often being 2. Coverage should be improved

1–2 Gb/s down. Frequencies are above 24 GHz reaching up to 3. Signaling efficiency should be enhanced 72 GHz which is above the extremely high frequency band's lower boundary. The reach is short, so more cells are required. Latency should be reduced significantly compared to LTE 5G Millimeter waves have difficulty traversing many walls and networks is said to be real wireless world that may be supported windows, so indoor coverage is limited.5G mid-band is the most by technologies like LAS - CDMA (Large Area Synchronized widely deployed, in over 20 networks. Speeds in a 100 MHz Code - Division Multiple Access), OFDM (Orthogonal wide band are usually 100–400 Mb/s down. In the lab and frequency - division multiplexing), MCCDMA occasionally in the field, speeds can go over a gigabit per second. Frequencies deployed are from 2.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz. Sprint and China Mobile are using 2.5 GHz, while others are mostly between 3.3 and 4.2 GHz, a range which offers increased reach. Many areas can be covered simply by upgrading existing towers, which lowers the cost. 5G low-band offers similar capacity to advanced 4G. In the United States, T-Mobile and AT&T launched low-band services on the first week of December 2019. T-Mobile CTO Neville Ray warns that speeds on his 600 MHz 5G may be as low as 25 Mbit/s down.[1] AT&T, using 850 MHz, will also usually deliver less than 100 Mbit/s in 2019. The performance will improve, but cannot be Figure.1. 5G - Symbiotic integration of existing and new significantly greater than robust 4G in the same spectrum. 4G technologies [8] technology has been started to deploy, on the other side, the (Multi - Carrier Code Division Multiple Access), UWB (Ultra- research for next generation named as 5G also started. It is wideband), Network - LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution considered to be next major phase of mobile telecommunication Service) and IPv6.5G will be developed on the basis of two key standard after 4G. Research and development work for 5G will design principles: Flexibility and Reliability. 5G may continue to meet the commercial goal of 5G for all by 2020.5G

IJESC, February 2020 24564 http:// ijesc.org/ incorporate several potential concepts that has been researched. 3.2 Sixth Generation (6G) They are Millimeter-Wave technologies, Future PHY / MAC, Sixth generation (6G) of wireless mobile communication must Massive MIMO, Dense networks, Pervasive networks, Group cover global area which could be possible by means of satellite cooperative relay, Cognitive radio technology, Wireless Mesh technology. This will increase the performance, efficiency and Networking, Dynamic Ad-hoc Networking, Smart Antennas, reliability. Also there will be limitless expansion because air Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Software Defined waves cannot be over-crowded. 6G will be based on All-IP Networks (SDN), Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), World network and real wireless world. It will be the best candidate to Wide Wireless Web (WWWW) and many more. create an infrastructure of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW). It is required to use air fibre networks that will be able to produce 300 mbps data rates practically and 10 Gbit/s theoretically. 6G won’t replace existing mobile phone networks. It will create a blend of existing and emerging generations too. The main goal of 6G network is to create global telephone backbone, provide connections for rural and developing areas and setup a global mobile communication. The satellite networks consist of telecommunication satellite network, Earth imaging satellite network and navigation satellite network [10]. It may include technologies such as Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA), Polarization-Division Multiple Access (PDMA), Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA),Permanent Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA), Cognitive radio technology and many more technologies will

Figure.2. Expected Architecture of 5G evolve as research will progress. The classical satellite system includes mobile user link (MUK), gateway link (GWL) and 5G will provide services like interactive multimedia, voice over inter-satellite link (ISL). 6G being a satellite technology, IP (VoIP), HD videos, Internet and other high quality services. It security could be the major issue. Researched have found that may provide support for immersive services like use of sensors, satellite communication systems have vulnerabilities and design Internet of Things (IoT), Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented flaws. However, this could result in the evolution of 6.5G or Reality (AR). 5G may also provide security assurance for 6.75G depending on the implementation. privacy and identity.

Figure.3.The defining characteristics of 5G security [9]

Table.5. Fifth Generation Features Figure.4.Typical satellite system for global mobile Communications across the world [11]

3.3 Seventh Generation (7G)

Seventh generation (7G) of wireless mobile communication will be the most advance generation as compared to its predecessors. It will set a well-defined standards and protocols for satellite communication as well as improve the security. 7G systems can be supported by global navigational satellite system using techniques such as OFDM methodology and FEC for the speed of communication process. It will provide better Quality of Service (QOS). 7G can be improved by including services like direct HD video broadcasting. It must achieve “Zero Latency” which is not achieved by previous generations. It must be cost- effective technology with no issues related to data capacity coverage, network, handover and hand-off. It must set a goal to

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