ISSN 2321 3361 © 2020 IJESC Research Article Volume 10 Issue No.2 Study of Next Generations of Mobile Networks Dr. Tripti Khatana Associate Professor Roorkee College of Engineering, Roorkee, India Abstract: Mobile based technologies are most widely used products and shown a huge growth in terms of user base. Every individual around the every corner of the world rely on mobile technology. The thing which makes it more powerful is cellular communication. Cellular communications are not only restricted to voice calls but it has gone way beyond our imagination from generation to generation. There has been seen a number of improvements along with performance. It has a great impact on our daily lifestyle i.e. the way we work, interact, learn, explore etc. This paper provides an insight about generations of network from 0G to 4G. Also it will throw light on next possible generations - 5G, 6G and 7G. Although 5G is under development and it will be deployed by 2020, there are no such standards has been finalized for it. This paper will also focus on 0G to 4G architecture and standards along with the technology that will be used for the development. The next evolutions 6G and 7G are just concepts for now and research works are being carried out, but they are the future of mobile communication networks. Keywords: 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, Architecture, Standards, Technology, Generations of Networks, Comparative Study of Generations, 6G, 7G, Future of Networks. 1. INTRODUCTION development leads to evolution of different generations in next four decades. Now-a-days different wireless and mobile In every century, people want a communication system to share technologies are present such as third generation mobile their views. Communication is always necessary in building networks (UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication relations to mankind, when two persons meet they need some System, CDMA2000), LTE (Long Term Evolution), Wi-Fi The medium to interchange their views but due to distance barriers huge success of wireless mobile communication is able to be some tools are required to communicate each other. At the end achieved because of rapid technology innovations. From the of 19th century, reckoned scientist Graham Bell laid the first second generation (2G) mobile communication system to the 3G stone in the field of communication using different tools system, the wireless mobile network has been transformed from regardless of distance. He invented first wired base telephony a pure telephone based system to a wireless network that is equipment. It was the solution for the voice communication for capable to transfer rich multimedia contents. The 4G wireless the people how far apart they are. After this radio based systems were designed to fulfill the requirements of communication systems Era started. It was an extension of wired International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-A) based networks. In the beginning it was developed for some using IP for all services [3]. GSMA Intelligence’s definition of special purposes like military and police usage. With the passage 4G includes the following network technologies: LTE, TD-LTE, of time these systems emerged to allow common peoples to AXGP, WiMAX, LTE-A, TD-LTE-A, LTE with VoLTE and communicate with each other, rather than using wired based WiMAX2.5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation network. After this the age of faster communication and wireless systems) is the next major update to mobile capabilities of voice get started and evolved into new telecommunications standards as compared to the current telecommunication system [1, 2]. Telecommunication industry 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G has speeds which is way better showed a potential growth from the last few decades. This had than what 4G offers. been achieved due to the greater demand for wireless mobile communication technology. Now-a-days mobile phones got The fifth generation (5G) wireless mobile multimedia internet much smarter due its capability to record, play, stream, upload, networks can be completely wireless communication without download – audio and video, capture images, share data via limitation, which makes perfect wireless real world – World Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, browsing internet, voice and video calling, Wide Wireless Web (WWWW) [2]. The sixth generation (6G) etc. The development of wireless technologies has greatly of wireless mobile communication network must integrate improved people’s ability to communicate and live in both satellites so that it can go fully global and cover more areas. The business operations and social functions [1]. global coverage systems have been developed by four courtiers. The global position system (GPS) is developed by USA. The These developments have evolved from various generations (1G COMPASS system is developed by China. The Galileo system – 5G). Each generation has different and improved standards, is developed by EU, and the GLONASS system is developed by capacities, techniques and features as compared to their previous Russia [4].The next generation could be 7G which is the most generations. This in turn gave rise to increased number of advance and may unite other generations. It will also set core subscribers. Wireless communication started in early 1970‟s and standards for 6G development that will make use of satellites. IJESC, February 2020 24561 http:// ijesc.org/ 2. EVOLUTION OF GENERATIONS Communication System (TACS), C-nets etc.1G was developed to provide only voice communication facility. Paging networks During the 1980s mobile cellular network’s age started, because were also considered as 1G technology that provide only the wireless communication has under gone different changes messaging facility. 1G had a poor voice quality and no security. during the past 10 years, So its experienced enormous growth. The Figure 1.1 shows the evolution of the cellular networks. In Table .1. First Generation Features this figure we have categorized the Cellular networks into five different parts. The first four are existing parts and the last one is Generation 1G (1970 - 1984) the future part. Mobile communications are widely preferred and become popular due to rapid revolution in mobile technology. Technology Cellular Analogue The numbers of users are also increased over few decades. However, this is achieved from generations to generations. The Technology revolution begins with Zero Generation (0G) followed by 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G , 5G . Standard AMPS Switching Circuit - switched Frequency 824-894 MHz Data Speed 2.4 Kbps Multiplexing FDMA Core Network PSTN Service Only voice or Only message Hand-off Horizontal 2.3 Second Generation (2G) During Second Generation (2G) era the Global System for 2.1 Zero Generation (0G) mobile communication (GSM) was developed in Europe. Using this system International roaming and seamless services was Mobile Radio Telephones are predecessors of modern cellular offered in Europe. In the beginning GSM operates at 900 MHz mobile telephony technology of first generation. Such systems Frequency band with bandwidth of 50 MHz. Many more are referred as pre-cellular systems or Zero generation (0G). It is advancement was made in GSM during last two decades of backed up with technologies like Push to Talk (PTT), Mobile previous century, due to these improvements GSM became 2.5 Telephone System (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service G cellular networks. GSM cellular network was implemented (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS). over 190 countries and have approximately 800 million subscribers. In 1996 a new digital cellular system with 2.2 First Generation (1G) additional services and supporting more data rate, called TDMA was put into practice. At the end of 20th century Second First Generation mobiles networks utilize analogue transmission Generation (2G) cellular system was dominated, whoever it was In 1979 Nippun Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Japan evolving into a new generation called 3G due to increasing rate introduces the first operational cellular networks. In North of mobile traffic. 1G had a lot of limitations and issues and to America AT&T introduces the First Generation mobile systems overcome some of these problems 2G has been developed. for the customer in 1980s. This system was named as Advanced However, 2G networks where began to emerge around 1980‟s, Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). In First Generation the basic but the actual implementations started by early 1990‟s. structure of Cellular communication is characterized and many problems were resolved regarding accomplishment of cellular Second generation (2G) of wireless mobile communication network. First generation of wireless mobile communication systems are digital systems. It has seen three types of systems were implemented in the 1980‟s. They were analogue development; IS-54 (TDMA) in 1991, IS-95 (CDMA) in 1993, system, based on technology called Advance Mobile Phone and IS-136 in 1996.It also include Global System for Mobile Service (AMPS) developed by AT&T in North America. The Communications (GSM) technology which is most consistent AMPS system was based on frequency modulation radio system 2G standard. 2.5G and 2.75G are the upgrade versions of 2G. which uses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) with They are also referred as GPRS and EDGE respectively. 2G channel capacity of around 30 KHz and frequency band was family provides services as voice transmission, web, e-mail, 824-894 MHz [5].In 1988, 10MHz additional bandwidth was browsing, etc. Although 2G was huge improvement and allocated to AMPS which was developed in Chicago, which had increased the number of subscribers, the standards were poor. It the coverage area of 2100 square miles [6]. Other technologies also unable to handle complex data and inefficiently uses were Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), Total Access bandwidth. Specifications of 2G family are shown below IJESC, February 2020 24562 http:// ijesc.org/ Table 2. Second Generation Features whereas for data services -- packet switching are used. The Generation 2G (1990) 2.5G (2000) 2.75G(2003) technologies include W-CDMA, CDMA-2000 and TD-SCDMA.