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http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/

http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/vetneuro/VCA3/vca.html Arthrology

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• Where a bone joins …

Synchondrosis

Range of motion (ROM)

2 basic types of structure classification Diarthroses (synovial) No movement (synostosis) Slightly movable Freely movable Without a cavity (2 types) With a cavity (1 type) Bones joined by solid Masses of connective Bones joined by a CT capsule tissue (CT) surrounding a synovial cavity

Fibrous Synovial Cartilaginous

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Fibrous

• Syn

• Gomphosis

• Suture

Gomphosis

Horse Radius and Ulna desmo Gomphosis

Dog and fiula

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Suture Types of Sutures

• According to the form of the united margins:

Cartilaginous: Cartilaginous joints

• Synchondrosis (primary) -- hyaline cartilage union • (secondary)

ostoses

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Cartilaginous: (symphysis)

Nucleus pulposus Anulus fibrosus

Intervertebral Disk

The ossification process

• These provide for bone growth and then subside

once bone has reached mature length

• Make junvenile radiographic interpretation

challenging

• Common fracture sight in young

• Must know typical closure dates for radiology

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Essential structures

1. Articular capsule:

Synovial = Diarthrodial - Fibrous layer - : joints 6 types

Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage:

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Articular or Articular (Synovial) cavity and Articular Cavity

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Joint Taps - Synovial Fluid Analysis

Synovial fluid

Accessory structures

• Ligamensts • Extracapsular

• Intracapsular

• Intra-articular fibrocartilage - Capsular

• Marginal cartilage (labra) • Fat pads

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Fat Pads Articular Discs

• Between fibrous and synovial layers

• may protrude into joint cavity (pushing the synovial membrane

into folds inside the synovial cavity)

• e.g., parapatellar fat pads of the stifle joint

Meniscus Labrum

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Classification of synovial joints According to # of bones forming the joint

• According to # of bones forming the joint

• According to shape of articular surface

• According to axis of movement

According to shape of articular surface 1- Plane Spheroidal (ball and socket)

• e.g., carpal, tarsal joints, and vertebrae (dorsal articulation)

• Gliding or sliding movement

Equine cervical vertebra

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Ellipsoidal Saddle

Condylar Pivot

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Pivot (Trochoid) Ex. Atlantoaxial j. According to axis of movement Uniaxial

Biaxial According to axis of movement Multiaxial

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Movements of

General Myology

Myo + ology = The study of muscle

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Types of muscle tissue (3 types): Muscle Skeletal

• Smooth Striated Smooth

• Cardiac Skeletal Cardiac

Skeletal muscle fibers are enveloped by connective tissue

epimysium • Epimysium muscle belly

perimysium endomysium • Perimysium muscle fascicles

endomysium Nucleus • Endomysium muscle fibers (cells) Tendons

Muscle muscle fascicle

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Types of attachments

• Regions: h

• Tendons may be:

• Very

Very short

• Very broad aponeurosis

• Sharpey's fibers:

Sensory innervation of tendons and Panniculus reflex ligaments

reflex inhibition

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Types of skeletal muscles (according to orientation of fibers in the muscle) Pennate Muscles • Parallel (Strap) ex. Sartorius M. • Fusiform Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate • Appears as a series of • Fibers attach obliquely • Fibers running obliquely along Flat bipennate muscles set side by • along one side of the both sides of a centrally located side. Circular (sphincter muscles) --- fibers arranged in concentric rings → closes the tendon tendon. • Like a number of feathers Like half a feather Like a whole feather • openings. e.g., orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi • • placed next to one another Genioglosseus M. Common digital extensor M. Pennate fibers join the tendon obliquely → more fibers → more powerful • Abductor pollicis longus M. Gastrocnemius M. Deltoideus M. Psoas minor M. Rectus femoris M.

Flat muscle Bipennate muscle Mulitpennate muscle Unipennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate

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Types of skeletal muscles (according to number of joints it crosses) Grouping According to action:

• Uniarticular

• Biarticular

• Polyarticular

Muscle Nomenclature According to

Flexion shape

Extension Size Relative position/direction Pronation Abduction Supination Origin and insertion Adduction Function Structure Depression Combination

Elevation

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Muscle Nomenclature

Accessory structures associated Muscle injuries with skeletal muscles • Superficial fascia • Deep fascia

endomyseal sheathing and sarcolemma intact regenerates

CT (scarring).

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Modification Fascia of the deep fascia: clinical importance Carpal flexor approach retinaculum

Digital annular ligaments • Compartmental syndrome

Synovial Bursa Navicular bursa

• A sac-like structure between 2 different tissues to reduce friction.

• Structure ----- as the j. capsule, i.e. its wall consists of a fibrous layer lined by a synovial membrane. • E.g., Bicipital bursa • Navicular bursa

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Synovial sheath Mesotendon

Vascularization of skeletal Muscles Innervation of skeletal Muscles

• Motor nerves • Arteries • Veins • Lymphatic • Sensory nerves

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