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http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/
http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/vetneuro/VCA3/vca.html Arthrology
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• Where a bone joins …
Synchondrosis
Range of motion (ROM)
2 basic types of joint structure classification Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthroses (synovial) No movement (synostosis) Slightly movable Freely movable Without a cavity (2 types) With a cavity (1 type) Bones joined by solid Masses of connective Bones joined by a CT capsule tissue (CT) surrounding a synovial cavity
Fibrous Synovial Cartilaginous
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Fibrous joints
• Syn
• Gomphosis
• Suture
Gomphosis
Horse Radius and Ulna desmo Gomphosis
Dog Tibia and fiula
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Suture Types of Sutures
• According to the form of the united margins:
Cartilaginous: Synchondrosis Cartilaginous joints
• Synchondrosis (primary) -- hyaline cartilage union • Symphysis (secondary)
ostoses
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Cartilaginous: (symphysis)
Nucleus pulposus Anulus fibrosus
Intervertebral Disk
The ossification process
• These provide for bone growth and then subside
once bone has reached mature length
• Make junvenile radiographic interpretation
challenging
• Common fracture sight in young
• Must know typical closure dates for radiology
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Essential structures
1. Articular capsule:
Synovial = Diarthrodial - Fibrous layer - Synovial membrane: joints 6 types
Articular cartilage: Articular cartilage:
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Articular or joint Capsule Articular (Synovial) cavity and Articular Cavity Synovial Fluid
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Joint Taps - Synovial Fluid Analysis
Synovial fluid
Accessory structures Ligaments
• Ligamensts • Extracapsular
• Intracapsular
• Intra-articular fibrocartilage - Capsular
• Marginal cartilage (labra) • Fat pads
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Fat Pads Articular Discs
• Between fibrous and synovial layers
• may protrude into joint cavity (pushing the synovial membrane
into folds inside the synovial cavity)
• e.g., parapatellar fat pads of the stifle joint
Meniscus Labrum
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Classification of synovial joints According to # of bones forming the joint
• According to # of bones forming the joint
• According to shape of articular surface
• According to axis of movement
According to shape of articular surface 1- Plane Spheroidal (ball and socket)
• e.g., carpal, tarsal joints, and vertebrae (dorsal articulation)
• Gliding or sliding movement
Equine cervical vertebra
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Ellipsoidal Saddle
Condylar Pivot
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Pivot (Trochoid) Ex. Atlantoaxial j. According to axis of movement Uniaxial
Biaxial According to axis of movement Multiaxial
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Movements of synovial joint
General Myology
Myo + ology = The study of muscle
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Types of muscle tissue (3 types): Muscle Skeletal
• Smooth Striated Smooth
• Cardiac Skeletal Cardiac
Skeletal muscle fibers are enveloped by connective tissue
epimysium • Epimysium muscle belly
perimysium endomysium • Perimysium muscle fascicles
endomysium Nucleus • Endomysium muscle fibers (cells) Tendons
Muscle muscle fascicle
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Types of attachments
• Regions: h
• Tendons may be:
• Very
Very short
• Very broad aponeurosis
• Sharpey's fibers:
Sensory innervation of tendons and Panniculus reflex ligaments
reflex inhibition
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Types of skeletal muscles (according to orientation of fibers in the muscle) Pennate Muscles • Parallel (Strap) ex. Sartorius M. • Fusiform Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate • Appears as a series of • Fibers attach obliquely • Fibers running obliquely along Flat bipennate muscles set side by • along one side of the both sides of a centrally located side. Circular (sphincter muscles) --- fibers arranged in concentric rings → closes the tendon tendon. • Like a number of feathers Like half a feather Like a whole feather • openings. e.g., orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi • • placed next to one another Genioglosseus M. Common digital extensor M. Pennate fibers join the tendon obliquely → more fibers → more powerful • Abductor pollicis longus M. Gastrocnemius M. Deltoideus M. Psoas minor M. Rectus femoris M.
Flat muscle Bipennate muscle Mulitpennate muscle Unipennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate
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Types of skeletal muscles (according to number of joints it crosses) Grouping According to action:
• Uniarticular
• Biarticular
• Polyarticular
Muscle Nomenclature According to
Flexion shape
Extension Size Relative position/direction Pronation Abduction Supination Origin and insertion Adduction Function Structure Depression Combination
Elevation
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Muscle Nomenclature
Accessory structures associated Muscle injuries with skeletal muscles • Superficial fascia • Deep fascia
endomyseal sheathing and sarcolemma intact regenerates
CT (scarring).
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Modification Fascia of the deep fascia: clinical importance Carpal flexor approach retinaculum
Digital annular ligaments • Compartmental syndrome
Synovial Bursa Navicular bursa
• A sac-like structure between 2 different tissues to reduce friction.
• Structure ----- as the j. capsule, i.e. its wall consists of a fibrous layer lined by a synovial membrane. • E.g., Bicipital bursa • Navicular bursa
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Synovial sheath Mesotendon
Vascularization of skeletal Muscles Innervation of skeletal Muscles
• Motor nerves • Arteries • Veins • Lymphatic • Sensory nerves
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