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BIOL 317: Plant Identification and Classification Summer 2015 -‐ Notes Week 2

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BIOL 317: Plant Identification and Classification Summer 2015 - Notes Week 2 – Tuesday Understanding phylogenies (cont.) • Different kinds of groups • Monophyletic group = clade • includes ancestor and all descendents • characterized by synapomorphies – shared derived traits – evolved in common ancestor of group and is found in all descendents • only kind of group tHat sHould be named in phylogenetic classification § gives classification scHeme predictive power – all members of named groups have closest relatives within group • examples: spermatopHytes, tracHeopHytes, embryopHytes • Paraphyletic group • includes ancestor and some descendents • characterized by symplesiomorphy – shared ancestral traits – evolved in common ancestor of group but was lost or changed in some descendents • example: bryopHytes (symplesiomorpHy: non-vascular condition) • Polyphyletic group • includes multiple lineages witHout tHeir common ancestor • characterized by homoplasies (analogies/convergences) – traits that evolved independently in multiple lineages • example: group combining land plants and fungi (Homoplasy: sessile terrestrial lifestyle) • Polarity – direction of evolutionary change • outgroup comparison • some terms: § ingroup – taxon of interest § outgroup – taxon outside of ingroup but closely related; ideally the sister group to the ingroup • cHaracter state found in outgroup is assumed to be ancestral state; alternative state is derived (cHange is from ancestral to derived state) • otHer metHods of determining polarity • using fossil record – older fossils have ancestral state • assume states cHanged from simple to complex • assume tHe more common state is ancestral • look for correlations between cHaracter states • Converting pHylogenetic tree to pHylogenetic classification scHeme • only monopHyletic groups sHould be named • not all monopHyletic groups Have to be named • rank of named taxon is arbitrary • different ranks within a group are different in relative inclusiveness, but the same rank in different groups are not necessarily equivalent • ranks do not correlate with a specific amount of species diversity, morpHological diversity, age, etc. Plant morpHology – tHe form and structure of plants • Vegetative morpHology – parts of plants involved in growtH, development, photosynthesis, support • 2 organ systems and 3 organs, wHicH differ in anatomy and development • Root system – usually belowground • roots – involved in water and mineral update, anchorage § taproot – one main root witH smaller lateral roots § fibrous – main root and many lateral roots of rougHly equal size § adventitious – roots tHat develop from sHoot system § modifications: • form symbioses witH soil microbes – eg. root nodules housing N-fixing bacteria • food storage – eg. carrots • support – eg. adventitious roots on vines • Shoot system – usually aboveground • stems – involved in vertical growth, support § node – part of stem wHere leaf is attacHed § internode – part of stem between nodes § modifications: • stolon – Horizontally growing stem aboveground for vegetative propagation • rhizome – Horizontally growing stem underground for vegetative propagation; sometimes tHickened for food storage • bulb – short shoot with thickened leaves for food storage • corm – vertically compressed and thickened stem for food storage • tuber – section of rHizome tHickened for food storage • cladode - flattened stem for photosynthesis • thorn - sharpened shoot for protection • leaves – involved in photosynthesis § always associated with an axillary bud § parts of leaf • blade – broad flattened area for photosynthesis • petiole – slender stalk tHat attacHes blade to stem (leaves without petioles are sessile) • stipule – paired, usually blade-like structure at base of leaf; in some, not all, leaves • veins - usually tHere is a central, more prominent vein called tHe midvein or midrib § leaf types: • simple - blade undivided • palmately compound - blade divided into leaflets, whicH all come off one central point • pinnately compound - blade divided into leaflets, wHicH come off central axis • ternately compound - blade divided into three leaflets (also called trifoliate) § leaf arrangement/pHyllotaxy: • alternate - one leaf per node • opposite - two leaves per node • whorled - tHree or more leaves per node • basal - leaves tightly grouped together at base of plant; arrangement is actually one of tHe tHree above, but internodes are too sHort to allow us to tell; eg. dandelion § leaf venation: • primary veins - palmate - pinnate - parallel • smallest veins - reticulate/net-veined - parallel § shape of leaf includes the overall shape, leaf tip, leaf base, and leaf margin (see Vegetative Morphology lab handout) § modifications: • colored for pollinator attraction • bud scales - small, Hardened leaves for protection of buds • spines - sharpened leaves for protection • bud – embryonic sHoot system, witH its own developing stem, leaves, and buds § apical/terminal – at tip of shoot; continues to elongate shoot § axillary/lateral – in axil between top of leaf and stem; grows into lateral/side sHoot • fun note: sHarpened projections from tHe epidermis are called prickles; e.g. rose "thorns" Week 2 – Thursday Plant morphology (cont.) • Reproductive morpHology – parts of plants involved in sexual reproduction • Flower - compressed sHoot, usually witH four wHorls of modified leaves • idea that the parts of flower are modified leaves was first articulated by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), German writer and scientist • four whorls of flower, from outside to inside, or bottom to top: § sepals (collectively, the calyx) - usually greenish, protect inner whorls when flower is in bud § petals (collectively, the corolla) - usually colorful, attract animal pollinators • perianth - collective term for botH tHe calyx and corolla • tepals - term used for periantH organs wHen outer two wHorls look alike § stamens (collectively, tHe androecium) - serve male function • anther - broad sac-like structure producing pollen inside • filament - stalk connecting antHer to point of attacHment § pistils (collectively, tHe gynoecium) - serve female function • stigma - tip of pistil that is receptive to pollen • style - stalk connecting stigma to ovary • ovary - broader structure containing ovules/seeds • other parts of flower: § peduncle - stem leading to flower, wHen flower is solitary § pedicel - stem leading to flower, wHen flower is part of inflorescence • in tHis case, tHe peduncle is tHe stem leading to tHe inflorescence § receptacle - end of stem wHere wHorls of flower are attacHed • some terms for flowers: § complete - has all four whorls § incomplete - is missing one or more wHorls § perfect - Has botH stamens and pistils § imperfect - is missing stamens and/or pistils • staminate - is missing pistils • pistillate - is missing stamens • some terms for species witH imperfect flowers - monoecious - botH staminate and pistillate flowers on same individual plant - dioecious - staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants • floral symmetry § radial - Has multiple planes of symmetry • flower witH radial symmetry is actinomorphic or regular § bitlateral - Has one plane of symmetry • flower witH bilateral symmetry is zygomorphic or irregular • fusion of organs § connate - when organs of same wHorl are fused to eacH otHer • gamopetalous/sympetalous - flower with connate petals • polypetalous - flower with free petals § adnate - when organs of one whorl are fused to those of another • epipetalous stamens - stamens are fused to petals § pistils vs. carpels • pistil - distinct structure witH its own ovary, style, stigma • carpel - subunit of pistil • simple pistil - equivalent to single free carpel - tHere may be one or more per flower • compound pistil - composed of multiple fused carpels - there can only be one per flower - is evidenced by multiple stigma lobes, multiple styles, and/or multiple cHambers in ovary • ovary position § superior - ovary is above where other whorls of flower are attached • flower is hypogynous if other whorls are directly attached below ovary • flower is perigynous if other whorls are attached to a cup-like structure (hypanthium) which is attached below ovary § inferior - ovary is below where other whorls of flower are attacHed • flower is epigynous • placentation - where ovules are attached inside ovary § some terms for structures: • septum - wall of tissue dividing ovary crosswise • locule/cell - cHamber or section inside ovary; there may be only one if ovary if undivided (no septum) or more if divided • placenta - tissue where ovules are attached § marginal - in simple pistil, ovules are attacHed to one side of ovary wall § parietal - in compound pistil, ovules are attacHed to multiple sides of ovary wall § axile - in divided ovary, ovules are attached to central part of septum § free-central - in undivided ovary, ovules are attached to central column § basal - ovules are attached to base of ovary • Inflorecence - structure made of multiple flowers • determinate - inflorescence shoot ends in flower which is produced first, additional flowers are produced on lateral shoots; usually center or upper- most flower opens first § cyme - determinate inflorescence • indeterminate - inflorescence shoot continues to grow, flowers are produced on lateral shoots; usually outer or lower-most flower opens first § spike - flowers lacking pedicels (sessile) on elongate shoot § head - flowers lacking pedicels on compressed sHoot § raceme - pedicellate flowers on elongate shoot § panicle
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  • Milkweed Identification Guide

    Milkweed Identification Guide

    Milkweeds of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument True Milkweeds Climbing Milkweeds 1. California Milkweed 8. Fringed Twinevine 2. Desert Milkweed 9. Hairy/Rambling Vine 3. Narrowleaf Milkweed Milkweed 4. Rush Milkweed 10. Utah Vine Milkweed 5. Tropical Milkweed 11. Wavy Leaf Twinevine 6. White-stemmed Milkweed 7. Woollypod Milkweed Apps for Milkweed Identification: South California Wildflowers by Wildflower Search Identification information provided by MonarchWatch.org and Calscape.org California Milkweed (Asclepias californica) • Flower: Umbels are pendulous. 10 +/- flowers per umbel. Color varies from a dull or bright pink to lavender. Wool like hair is everywhere, except on the flower head, but there is hair on the outside of the corolla lobe. No horns present. Corolla reflexes backward. Flower head is 1/3 – 1/2 in (8-10 mm) long. • Foliage: Thick stems and leaves are covered with dense hair. Stands erect to reclining. Leaf arrangement is opposite and attachment is sessile or has a short petiole. Mature plants have multiple stems. • Habitat: Flats, grassy slopes, and open woods. • Height: 36-48 in (91 ½ – 122 cm). Can grow in clumps up to 42 inches in width. • Leaves: Ovate, oblong to lanceolate. Approximately 2-7 in (5-18 cm) long and 1-3 in (2 ½ – 7 ½ cm) wide. Desert Milkweed (Asclepias erosa) • Flower: Color is white to yellow. Horns protrude from the hoods. The corolla folds back from the hoods after blossoming. Umbels stand erect with 20 +/- flowers. Thick peduncle. Flower is 1/8 in (5-6 mm) long. • Foliage: Color is dull if leaves are covered with a fine cream-colored hair, but can also be glabrous.