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Growth and Survivorship of Fremont Cottonwood, Gooding Willow, and Salt Cedar Seedlings After Large Floods in Central Arizona

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Growth and Survivorship of Fremont Cottonwood, Gooding Willow, and Salt Cedar Seedlings After Large Floods in Central Arizona Great Basin Naturalist Volume 57 Number 3 Article 2 7-31-1997 Growth and survivorship of Fremont cottonwood, Gooding willow, and salt cedar seedlings after large floods in central Arizona J. C. Stromberg Arizona State University, Tempe Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Stromberg, J. C. (1997) "Growth and survivorship of Fremont cottonwood, Gooding willow, and salt cedar seedlings after large floods in central Arizona," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 57 : No. 3 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol57/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Great Basin Naturalist 57(3), © 1997, pp, 198-208 GROWTH AND SURVIVORSHIP OF FREMONT COTIONWOOD, GOODDING WILLOW, AND SALT CEDAR SEEDLINGS AFTER LARGE FLOODS IN CENTRAL ARIZONA J.e. Stromberg! ABSTRACT.-During winter 1993, Arizona experienced regional river flooding. Floodwaters at the Hassayampa River eroded floodplains and created a 50-m-wide scour zone available for colonization by pioneer plant species. The slow rate and long duration ofthe floodwater recession allowed establishment of spring-germinating native trees (mainly Fre­ mont cottonwood [Populus fremontii] and Goodding willow [Salix gooddingii] as well as summer-germinating species including the introduced salt cedar (Tamarix chinensw and related species). Goodding willow and Fremont cottonwood seedlings showed zonation in the floodplain, while salt cedar was equally abundant in zones with saturated and dry sur­ face soils. Floodplain elevation (and soil moisture) influenced shoot growth rate to different degrees among the 3 species. For example, Goodding willow seedlings were significantly taller in areas with saturated soils than dry surface soils; Fre­ mont cottonwoods were taller in the dry surface soil areas; and salt cedar were equally short in both soil moisture zones. Other factors that differentially influenced abundance or growth rates included competition with herbaceous species (Melilotus spp., an introduced plant, locally preempted salt cedar establishment) and herbivory (selective browsing by livestock at 1 river site reduced the natural height advantage of the native tree species). I draw on the results of this descriptive field study to suggest ways in which stream flows and floodplain land use can be managed to restore ecologi­ cal conditions that favor native tree species over the introduced and widespread salt cedar. Key words: riparian habitats, floods, Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii. Tamarix chinensis. Fremont cottonwood (Populus frerrwntii) and by Fremont cottonwood, Goodding willow, and Goodding willow (Salix gooddingii) are pioneer herbaceous vegetation (Stromberg et a1. 1993). species that establish episodically after winter! Larger floods of longer duration, in contrast, spring flood flows along rivers of the desert have been observed to facilitate establishment Southwest (Stromberg et a1. I991, Everitt 1995). of various species of Tamarix (Stevens and Winter/spring floods scour competing vegeta­ Waring 1985, Ohmart et al. 1988, Griffin et a1. tion, deposit and rework alluvial sediments, and 1989). provide supplemental moisture during the short During winter 1993, Arizona experienced period in spring during which the seeds dis­ regional river flooding. Although instantaneous perse and germinate. Salt cedar (Tamarix chi­ peaks were on par with other recent large nensis and related species), an invasive riparian floods, the 1993 event ranked as one of the shrubby tree native to Eurasia, also is adapted most severe in state history when collectively to establish after flood disturbance but estab­ considering magnitude, duration, and volume lishes more opportunistically tban Fremont (House 1995). The 1993 floods caused mucb cottonwood and Goodding willow (Brock 1994). geomorphic and vegetational change, includ­ Salt cedar initiates seed dispersal later in the ing channel widening (Huckleberry 1994) and season but disperses its seeds over a longer mass wasting of floodplains supporting velvet period of time (Warren and Turner 1975). Thus, mesquite (Prosopis velutina) woodland and depending in part on timing and duration, Fremont cottonwood-Goodding willow forest. floods may either preclude or enhance salt The floods also created extensive habitat for cedar establishment. For example, salt cedar riverine marshland and young stands ofcotton­ seedlings were scarce after a small spring flood wood and willow (Stromberg et a1. 1997). I in tbe Hassayampa River in 1991 because the undertook this study with the objective of de­ narrow band of germination space created by termining how abundance, distribution, growth, the rapidly receding floodwaters was colonized and survivorship of seedlings and vegetative lCcnler fill" Environmental Studi~, Arizona State University, Thmpe AZ 85287-3211. 198 1997] NATIVE TREE SURVIVORSHIP AFTER FLOODING 199 sprouts of Fremont cottonwood, Goodding wil­ TABLE 1. Density (stemsJha ofstems >2 em) of native and low, salt cedar. and various shrubs were influ­ exotic pioneer species in forest stands at 3 central Arizona study rivers. enced by the 1993 floods, and by hydrologic events in subsequent years. Goodding Fremont and Bonpland Sait cottonwood willows cedar STUDY SITES Hassayampa River 287 412 45 Study sites are located on perennial reaches Santa Maria River 312 416 195 of3 central Arizona Sonoran rivers, One site is Date Creek 45 60 5 in the Arizona Nature Conservancy's Hassa­ yampa River Preserve in northwest Maricopa County (elevation ca 600 m). The Hassayampa River has a mean annual flow rate of0.5 m3s-1 lishment of plot markers (rebar) that were at the Morristown gage (USGS #9516500), removed or buried during floods. Floodplain located about 4 km downstream of the pre­ topography and changes in plot surface eleva­ serve. Surface sediments are predominantly tion due to sediment deposition and scour were sand. Surface water has an electrical conduc­ determined based on repeat cross-sectional tivity of 600-700 uS/em. The area was grazed surveys of the Hassayampa River transects by cattle prior to 1987, but the main land use at (Stromberg et al. 1997). Plots (1 x 1 m) were the preserve is now ecotourism. The Santa sampled for density and height ofwoody seed­ Maria River study site is in the Alamo Lake lings and vegetative stem sprouts 3-5 times Wildlife Management Area (elevation 365 m), per year during 1993, 1994, and 1995. Shoot in Mohave and La paz counties, and is grazed height was measured for the tallest individual by feral burro and trespass cattle. Mean annual 3 1 per species per plot. Plants were assumed dead flow rate of the Santa Maria is 2 m s- at the ifabsent from plots, although live root or stem Bagdad gage (USGS #9424900), located about fragments may have been dispersed from plots 5 km upstream of the study reach. The Date in floodwaters. The nonparametric Kruskal­ Creek site is on Arizona State land, leased by Wallis test was used to test for significant dif­ Date Creek Ranch (elevation 880 m). Date ferences in survivorship of the 1995 flood be­ Creek is a tributary to the Santa Maria River tween 1993 seedling cohorts ofFremont cotton­ and is not gaged. The Date Creek floodplain is wood, Goodding willow, and salt cedar. Spear­ grazed by cattle from November to March. man rank correlation analysis was used to deter­ Floodplains ofall 3 rivers are vegetated pri­ mine whether seedling survivorship ofthe 1995 marily by Fremont cottonwood-Goodding wil­ flood (using pooled values for all 3 tree species) low forests, velvet mesquite woodlands, burro varied with distance from the 1993 channel brush (Hymerwcka morwgyra) scrublands, and edge. SPSS for Windows was used for all sta­ seep willow (Bacclwris salicifolia) stands (Brown 1982). Other woody species include Arizona tistical analyses. ash (FraxinWi velutina), Bonpland willow (Salix At all 3 rivers, 50 randomly located 1 x 1-m bonplandiana), coyote willow (Salix exigua), plots were sampled in June and October of arrow weed (Tessaria sericea), and screwbean 1994 within 1 or 2 soil moisture zones in the mesquite (Prosopis pubescens). Salt cedar had scoured flood channel. Fifty plots were in a lower density than Fremont cottonwood or zone with saturated surface soils or shallow willows at study sites at all 3 rivers (Table 1), standing water «3 em), and 50 were in a zone based on sampling of saplings and trees (stems with slightly higher surface elevation (10-30 >2 em at breast height) in 1994 with the em higher) and dry or damp surface soils (as of point-quarter method (20 points per river). June 1994). At Date Creek the saturated soil zone was not extensive, and plots were sam­ METHODS pled only in the dry surface zone. Woody seed­ lings in the plots were sampled for density, At the Hassayampa River, data were collected and for height and browse status (browsed or at a total of 100 permanent plots distributed unbrowsed) ofthe tallest individual per species. along 8 transects established at the preserve in Plants were classified as browsed if any of the 1987. Plots were located at known distances shoots had been eaten. If there were <20 along the transect line, allowing for reestab- individuals of Fremont cottonwood, Goodding 200 GREAT
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