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Transatlantic Journeys Cover Project funded by the EU Transatlantic Journeys An exploratory research on human trafficking from Brazil to Italy and Portugal Transatlantic Journeys:Layout 1 4/6/11 10:32 PM Page 1 Transatlantic Journeys An exploratory research on human trafficking from Brazil to Italy and Portugal Transatlantic Journeys:Layout 1 4/6/11 10:32 PM Page 2 Written by: e research reports are written by: Marcia Sprandel and Guilherme Mansur Dias, Brasília (Brazil); Enrica Capussotti and Isabella Orfano, Martinsicuro (Italy); Marta Santos, Porto (Portugal) ICMPD Team: Radka Kristyna Chobotova, Lukas Gehrke, Fabiana Gorenstein, Martijn Pluim, Enrico Ragaglia and Elisa Trossero Copyright: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photography, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright owners. ICMPD Gonzagagasse 1 A – 1010 Vienna Austria www.icmpd.org Disclaimer is publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. e contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the International Centre for Migration Policy Development on the subject nor are its conclusions binding on either party. Layout by Marc Rechdane Printed and bound by OstWest Media ISBN: 978-3-900411-71-8 2 Transatlantic Journeys:Layout 1 4/6/11 10:32 PM Page 3 Table of Contents Foreword ......................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ........................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ......................................................... 12 Part One: Brazil ............................................................. 21 Marcia Sprandel and Guilherme Mansur Part Two: Italy ............................................................... 101 Enrica Capussotti and Isabella Orfano Part ree: Portugal ....................................................... 223 Marta Santos 3 Transatlantic Journeys:Layout 1 4/6/11 10:32 PM Page 4 Foreword In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of trafficking in human beings as one of the most challenging issues of the 21st century and it has become a crucial element in the political agendas of many countries around the world, recognising its transnational dimension as a key factor for achieving success in anti-trafficking efforts. e International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) has, since 1993, co-operated closely with national governments and international organisations in various fields of migration-related issues, including combating trafficking in human beings. e anti-trafficking programme of the ICMPD aims at supporting governments in developing anti-trafficking policies, in implementing national strategies and action plans, and in promoting inter-governmental dialogue and in the exchange of good practices. Aware of the importance of tackling the transnational dimension of trafficking in human beings, the EU and the Latin America and Caribbean countries (LAC), in the last few years, have initiated bi-regional cooperation in the fields of migration and the prevention of human trafficking. In 2009, ICMPD started cooperating with the Federative Republic of Brazil in the field of anti-trafficking within the framework of the EU funded project “Promoting Transnational Partnerships: Preventing and Responding to Trafficking in Human Beings from Brazil to EU Member States”. Given its historical link and close cultural ties to Europe, Brazil is a country of origin for migration to Europe, in particular, Italy and Portugal. Between 2001 and 2004, more residence permits were issued to Brazilians in Portugal than to any other group of immigrants. In 2008, Brazil ranked ninth in terms of the countries with the highest number of citizens of non-EU origin who had immigrated to the EU as a whole. Accordingly, Brazilians represent a sizeable share in the mixed migration flow to the EU, which comprises diverse groups of migrants, some of whom may be particularly vulnerable to different forms of exploitation and/or trafficking. Yet little is known about these specific vulnerable groups, about the most common trafficking routes or about the push and pull factors that influence these vulnerable groups. To address the above-mentioned knowledge gaps, this publication presents and analyses the findings of the exploratory research conducted in Brazil, Italy and Portugal. The 4 Transatlantic Journeys:Layout 1 4/6/11 10:32 PM Page 5 research also provides key recommendations in relation to transnational cooperation on trafficking in human beings between Brazil and EU destination countries that, in the future, can be used to formulate policies and operational frameworks for action. e aim of this research is to increase general knowledge about Brazilian citizens who have been trafficked or who have experienced forms of exploitation in Europe. We hope that this publication can serve as a useful tool for governments and relevant anti-trafficking stakeholders for developing knowledge-based policies aiming at preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and for ensuring that victims receive proper assistance. Peter Widermann Director General ICMPD 5 Transatlantic Journeys:Layout 1 4/6/11 10:32 PM Page 6 Acknowledgements1 First and foremost, ICMPD would like to express its gratitude to the main donor of the “Promoting Transnational Partnerships: Preventing and Responding to Trafficking in Human Beings from Brazil to EU Member States” project: e European Commission - EuropeAid and the generous co-funding contributions of the Portuguese Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (CIG), the Portuguese Immigration and Borders Service (SEF) and the National Secretariat of Justice, Ministry of Justice of Brazil (SNJ). Special thanks to our project partners and associates that have been fundamental in the implementation of the project and its components: e Portuguese Immigration and Borders Service (SEF); e Portuguese Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (CIG); e Italian Associazione On the Road (OtR); e National Secretariat of Justice, Ministry of Justice of Brazil (SNJ); e Brazilian Federal Police. Furthermore, ICMPD wishes to express its deep gratitude to all presumed trafficked persons, trafficked persons and key informants that shared their views and knowledge on this phenomenon with the members of the research teams. Without their kind contributions this work could not have been realized. In Brazil, we would like to thank the research team composed by Dr. Marcia Anita Sprandel and Guilherme Mansur. In addition to the financial support of the European Commission, ICMPD would like to acknowledge and thank the National Secretariat of Justice, Ministry of Justice of Brazil for the kind financial and technical support that the researchers received. We would also like to extend our thanks to the local project partners’ focal points, Delegate Paula Dora Celestino Morales from the Brazilian Federal Police and Senior Inspector Isabel Burke, Police Liaison Officer from the Portuguese Immigration and Borders Service (SEF) based in Brasilia, for their great support in the context of this research and for their commitment in implementing the project. Furthermore, ICMPD would like to acknowledge the Peer Review Group that was formed and consulted in Brazil in order to contribute to the refinement of the final draft of the Brazilian research report. Our special thanks to: Adriana Maia, UNODC 1 See also the specific acknowledgments at the beginning of each research report. 6 Transatlantic Journeys:Layout 1 4/6/11 10:32 PM Page 7 Office in Brasilia, Dr. Adriana Piscitelli, University of Campinas, Ricardo Rodrigues Lins and Giuliana Biaggini Diniz Barbosa, Anti-Trafficking Unit/National Secretariat of Justice, Ministry of Justice, Isabel Burke, Senior Inspector of the SEF, and Debora Donadel on behalf of the Brazilian Association for the Defence of Women, Children and Adolescents (ASBRAD) for their excellent spirit of collaboration. In Italy, we would like to thank first of all the Associazione On the Road and its focal point, Isabella Orfano, for the excellent cooperation in the framework of this partnership and for the great work and commitment in compiling the Italian research report. Special thanks to the professionals involved in the Italian research component: Enrica Capussotti and Isabella Orfano (research co-ordinators), Federica Dolente, Mara Heidempergher, Porpora Marcasciano, Leila Pereira Daianis and Fabio Sorgoni (local researchers). e ICMPD team would like to express its deep appreciation for all the efforts and professionalism they have showed while implementing this activity. eir experience and local expertise were fundamental to planning and conducting the research. In Portugal, we would like to thank our project partner, the Commission for Gender Equality and Citizenship (CIG) for its commitment and for the financial and technical support that made the implementation of the project and the research possible in Portugal. In particular, the ICMPD team would like to express special gratitude to Marta Santos for her unceasing efforts to compile the research report, with the support of Manuel Albano, Nuno Gradim and other staff members of the CIG who provided valuable contributions throughout. Final
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