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Migração, Segurança E Tráfico De Pessoas Tornou-Se Desde Então O Norte De Minhas Preocupações

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Migração, Segurança E Tráfico De Pessoas Tornou-Se Desde Então O Norte De Minhas Preocupações Guilherme Mansur Dias Migração e Crime: desconstrução das políticas de segurança e tráfico de pessoas Campinas 2014 i ii Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Guilherme Mansur Dias Migração e Crime: desconstrução das políticas de segurança e tráfico de pessoas Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Bela Feldman Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Antropologia Social. Este exemplar corresponde à redação final da tese defendida e aprovada pela comissão julgadora em 27 de março de 2014. Campinas 2014 iii Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Cecília Maria Jorge Nicolau - CRB 8/338 Dias, Guilherme Mansur, 1982- D543m Migração e crime : desconstrução das políticas de segurança e tráfico de pessoas / Guilherme Mansur Dias. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2014. Orientador: Bela Feldman-Bianco. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1. Nações Unidas. 2. Migração. 3. Tráfico humano. 4. Política migratória - União Européia. 5. Política migratória – Brasil I. Feldman-Bianco, Bela. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Migration and Crime: Deconstructing the policies of security and human trafficking Palavras-chave em inglês: United Nations Migration Human trafficking Migratory policy - European Union Migratory policy - Brazil Área de concentração: Antropologia Social Titulação: Doutor em Antropologia Social Banca examinadora: Bela Feldman-Bianco [Orientador] Eduardo Domenech Marcia Anita Sprandel Rosana Aparecida Baeninger Adriana Gracia Piscitelli Data de defesa: 27-03-2014 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Antropologia Social iv v vi RESUMO Este trabalho investiga a articulação entre migração e segurança, tendo como foco a reprodução de políticas internacionais e a noção de tráfico de pessoas. Com base em uma etnografia multisituada, examino, em um primeiro momento, como os campos migratório e de justiça criminal tornaram-se interrelacionados no âmbito das políticas e legislações europeias e internacionais. Meu enfoque privilegia a observação de organismos internacionais que atuam na intersecção entre migração e segurança/criminalidade, mostrando seu papel na constituição de uma semântica da gestão migratória apoiada na re-apropriação de retóricas de direitos humanos. Em um segundo momento, analiso como as políticas que delineiam esta perspectiva têm sido difundidas e re-criadas no Brasil. Neste caso, a categoria “tráfico de pessoas” é utilizada como janela para acessar as complexidades inerentes à reprodução de mecanismos de governabilidade migratória vinculados ao controle de populações. Palavras-chave: Nações Unidas; Migração; Tráfico de Pessoas; Política Migratória – União Europeia; Política Migratória - Brasil vii viii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the link between migration and security, focusing on the reproduction of international policies and the concept of human trafficking. It is based on multi-sited ethnographic research conducted in Europe and Brazil. The first part of the thesis examines how migration and security became inter-related topics in European and international policymaking and legislation. The findings are based on the observation of several international organizations working in the field of migration and crime/security, tracing their role in the construction of a new discourse of migration governance, related to the use of human rights rhetoric. The second part of the thesis is comprised of the analysis of how the policies linking migration and security have been received and interpreted by the Brazilian State and society. In this case, the concept of “trafficking in human beings” and its introduction in the Brazilian context is used as a window to understand the complexities related to the migration apparatus and governance concerning the control of populations. Key-words: United Nations; Migration; Human trafficking; Migratory Policy – European Union; Migratory Policy - Brazil ix x A minha mãe, Rosa (em memória) Com carinho e saudade xi xii AGRADECIMENTOS À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), pelo apoio financeiro. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Técnológico (CNPQ), pela concessão da bolsa de um ano na Europa. Ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Antropologia Social (PPGAS) da Unicamp, pelo suporte institucional. À Bela Feldman-Bianco, agradeço pelo incentivo neste já extenso e fecundo período de orientação. Sou grato pelas inúmeras leituras, conversas, sugestões e conselhos, além da liberdade e respeito às minhas opções e ideias. À Maia Sprandel, por sua generosidade e convívio em Brasília. Este trabalho só foi possível devido a nosso encontro e às questões conjuntamente formuladas. Sem me eximir da responsabilidade por suas inconsistências, espero que o resultado não decepcione. À Adriana Piscitelli e Omar Ribeiro Thomaz, agradeço pelas preciosas sugestões feitas no exame de qualificação. À Adriana, uma menção especial pela interlocução realizada em diferentes momentos do doutorado. Aos demais integrantes da comissão avaliadora, Eduardo Domenech e Rosana Baeninger, agradeço pelas argüições atentas e generosas. A Maria Filomena Gregori e Igor de Rennó Machado, pela disponibilidade para a composição da banca. Aos professores do PPGAS, meu agradecimento pela formação, especialmente a Mauro Almeida, Nádia Farage, Suely Kofes, Amnéris Maroni, José Luiz dos Santos, John Monteiro (em memória), Heloísa Pontes e Emília Pietrafesa de Godoi. Em Barcelona, contei com o apoio de Mikel Aramburu, da Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona (UAB). À Lívia Lucas, Natália Corazza e Elisângela Lima, agradeço por terem me apresentado aos lugares e pessoas mais interessantes que conheci na cidade. Também sou grato às conversas com Flávio Carvalho, Maria Badet, Marcos Araújo e Iara Beleli. Em Viena, agradeço a Ayse Caglar pela interlocução e acolhida no Departamento de Antropologia Social e Cultural da Universidade de Viena. Aos funcionários e consultores dos organismos internacionais com os quais interagi, agradeço pelas entrevistas e impressões concedidas. Sou grato ainda aos ativistas e militantes de Viena e Linz. À Fabiana Goreinstein e Marissa Lobo, agradeço especialmente pela abertura do campo de pesquisa na cidade. Também sou grato a Claire Healy, Enrico Ragaglia, Alexandra Martins, Ivana Simche, Elisa Trossero, Edgar Federzoni, Luiza Lobo, Luzenir Caixeta, Rubia Salgado, Queila Rosa, Mohammad Tannir, Martin Wagner, Slavka Zborovianova, Melita Gruevska Graham, Elena Petreska, Marcela Entlichova e Alena Miksikova. A Fábio Pittner, agradeço a acolhida na Hillerstrasse e a Guilherme Armani (e Nina), o convívio no período final da pesquisa. xiii Em Brasília, agradeço a Givânia Silva pelo grande apoio e respeito às minhas escolhas. Aos demais colegas do INCRA, pelo período de convivência durante a confecção do projeto. Ainda em Brasília, agradeço a Rosita Milesi, Terezinha Santin, Luiz Paulo Barreto Telles, Paulo Sérgio de Almeida, Ricardo Lins, Ela Wiecko de Castilho, Márcia Vasconcellos, Taís Dumet, Andréa Mello, Rodrigo Penna, Rodrigo Vitória, Nívio Nascimento, Vítor Camargo de Melo e Atila Roque. Aos interlocutores com quem convivi durante a CPI do Tráfico de Pessoas, no Senado Federal, faço um agradecimento em nome de Gabriela Leite (em memória). Sou grato também às equipes técnicas das senadoras Marinor Britto, Vanessa Graziottin e Lídice da Matta, além de Freddy Strack, Thaddeus Blanchette e Jean Wyllys. Pelos agradáveis momentos na Sapucaia, agradeço a Pedro Paulo Magalhães (Pepa) e família: Daguinha, Roberto, Marina, Junai, Laura, Alice, Hermano, Marinho, Jaqueline, além dos pequenos Tauã e Inaiê. Ainda pelo convívio especial em Brasília, cito Mathias, Leni e, agora, Elias, Lucimar e Sofia. Em Campinas, agradeço aos colegas de curso, especialmente, Renata Nóbrega, Cristiane Souza, Rafael Cremonini Barbosa, Jean Maia, Fabiane Vinente, Caroline Ayala, Carlos Eduardo Henning, Ernenek Mejía, Larissa Nadai, Taniele Rui e Bruna Bumachar. Ainda no IFCH, um forte abraço ao Nilsão. Agradeço também a Liliana Sanjurjo e a Igor de Rennó Machado, pelas leituras e interlocução em diferentes momentos do doutorado. Carinho especial a Felipe Vander Velden e ao André Luiz Martini (em memória), que nos deixou de maneira tão súbita e inesperada durante este percurso. Ao Eduardo Caetano, pela amizade, parceria e reações a meus textos e ideias. Em Indaiatuba, agradeço ao clã Vieira Nader: José Rogério, Adriana, Gabriel, Joana, além, é claro, de Julia, André e Arthur. Aos amigos Daniel Drummond, Adna Cândido de Paula, André Borges de Mattos, Hugo Moura, José Roberto Castro, Daniel Guimarães, Beta Lopes, Flávio Ghilardi, Janaína Welle, Marta Magalhães, Karen Ferreira, Paula Balduíno, Érica Onishi e Camila Dutervil, pela convivência e presença, apesar das distâncias. Em Juiz de Fora, aos amigos músicos e freqüentadores da casinha, agradeço por terem me ajudado a manter a espinha ereta e o coração tranqüilo: Estevão Teixeira, Guto Gomes, Eliane Gomes, Newton Vale, Gustavo Paraná, Laura Januzzi, Jober Costa, Enilce Albergaria e Paulo Talarico. Ainda uma menção afetuosa a tia Heloísa e tia Bárbara, pelo apoio, carinho e lembranças. Em São Paulo, agradeço ao Henrique, à Alessandra e às crianças (Ian, Iuri e Aline), por terem me introduzido neste maravilhoso mundo de tio. A meu pai, Dálvio,
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