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Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research 2021, 11 (2): 304-319 DOI: 10.14230/Johut1000

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Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research 2021, 11 (2): 304-319 DOI: 10.14230/Johut1000 Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research 2021, 11 (2): 304-319 DOI: 10.14230/johut1000 Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research Araştırma Makalesi Türkiye’nin Dünya Fuarı Deneyimi: Expo 2016 Antalya Üzerine Bir İnceleme Turkey’s World Exhibition Experience: A Study on Expo 2016 Antalya Faris KARAHAN1, Mustafa ÖZGERİŞ2, Neslihan DEMİRCAN3, Işık SEZEN4, Ayşe KARAHAN5 Özet 1,2,4,Atatürk Üniversitesi, Mimarlık ve Expo organizasyonları (Uluslararası fuarlar) dünya genelinde 19. yüzyıldan bu yana Tasarım Fakültesi, Peyzaj Mimarlığı düzenlenen uluslararası büyük çaplı organizasyonlardır. Mega etkinlikler olarak da Bölümü, Erzurum, Türkiye adlandırılan expo organizasyonları, başlangıçta sanayi devriminin de etkisiyle daha çok 3Atatürk Üniversitesi, Mimarlık ve sanayi üretimi, teknolojik ürünlerin tanıtımı ve ticarete dayalı olarak düzenlenmiştir. Tasarım Fakültesi, Mimarlık Ancak 20. yüzyılın sonları ve içinde bulunduğumuz 21. yüzyılda dünyanın karşı Bölümü, Erzurum, Türkiye karşıya kaldığı küresel sorunlarla beraber sürdürülebilirlik kavramı expo 5Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri organizasyonlarında hakim tema haline gelmiştir. Bu organizasyonlar ev sahibi şehirler Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı ABD., için sosyal, ekonomik, çevresel, kültürel, eğitim, kentsel yeşil altyapı, uluslararası Erzurum, Türkiye tanıtım ve prestij sağlama gibi birçok alanda katkılar sağlamaktadır. Türkiye de cumhuriyet öncesi ve sonrası dönemlerde bu etkinliklere ilgi duymuştur. Türkiye ilk ORCID: kez Osmanlı Devleti döneminde 1851 Londra Expo organizasyonu ile katıldığı bu M.Ö.: 0000-0003-1006-9303 organizasyonlara, 2016 yılında Antalya ilinde ev sahipliği yapmış, 2021 yılında ise F.K.: 0000-0001-6426-8426 Hatay ilinde ev sahipliği yapacaktır. Türkiye’nin expo deneyimine ait bilgilerin N.D.: 0000-0001-5197-6220 derlendiği bu çalışmada, Expo 2016 Antalya’nın sürdürülebilirliğe katkı sağlayan I.S.: 0000-0003-0304-9072 uygulamaları değerlendirilerek, expo fuar alanının bundan sonraki süreçte A.K.: 0000-0001-6256-1370 sürdürülebilir kullanımı için önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler: Antalya, Expo, Türkiye, Sürdürülebilirlik, Turizm Corresponding Author: Mustafa ÖZGERİŞ Abstract Email: [email protected] Expo organizations (International fairs) are large-scale international organizations that have been organized around the world since the 19th century. Expo organizations, also Citation: Karahan, F., Özgeriş, M., known as mega events, were initially organized during the effect of the industrial Demircan, N., Sezen, I. ve Karahan, revolution, mostly based on industrial production, promotion of technological products, A. (2021). Türkiye’nin dünya fuarı and trade. However, the concept of sustainability has become the dominant theme in deneyimi: Expo 2016 Antalya expo organizations, given the global problems facing the world in the late 20th century üzerine bir inceleme. Journal of and the 21st century. These organizations contribute to the host cities in many areas Humanities and Tourism Research, 11 such as by bringing social, economic, environmental, cultural, educational, and urban, (2): 304-319 green, infrastructural improvements. They also provide international promotion and prestige. Turkey, in the period before and after the republic, has been interested in this Submitted: 08.03.2021 event. Turkey joined this organization with the London Expo during the Ottoman Accepted: 01.06.2021 Empire in 1851. In 2016, it hosted in Antalya province, and in 2021 it will host again in Hatay province. This study aims to understand the experience of Turkey's expo, Expo 2016 in Antalya, by evaluating applications that contribute to sustainability and proposing suggestions for future sustainable use in the expo fairgrounds. Keywords: Antalya, Expo, Turkey, Sustainability, Tourism Türkiye’nin Dünya Fuarı Deneyimi: Expo 2016 Antalya Üzerine Bir İnceleme 1. GİRİŞ Dünya genelinde olimpiyat oyunları ve çeşitli spor etkinlikleri gibi birçok büyük çaplı organizasyonlar bulunmaktadır. Uluslararası fuarlar da (Expo) bu organizasyonlar arasındadır. Expolar FIFA Dünya Kupası ve Olimpiyat oyunlarından sonra dünya genelinde ekonomik ve kültürel tanıtım etkisi oluşturan üçüncü büyük organizasyon olmasına rağmen, üzerine kurulduğu alanın boyutları, yatırım ve ticaret hacmi ile ziyaretçi sayısı bakımından dünyanın en büyük sosyal ve ekonomik organizasyonu olarak kabul edilmektedir (https://expo.tarimorman.gov.tr, 2020). Bu organizasyonlar ev sahibi şehirler tarafından ekonomik kalkınma, büyüme ve kentsel gelişime katkıda bulunması başta olmak üzere pek çok faydaları için bir strateji olarak düzenlenmektedir (Sun ve Lin, 2010: 134). Uluslararası fuarlar (Expo) ilk olarak 19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmıştır ve bu dönemde sanayileşme hareketinin de etkisiyle daha çok teknoloji, üretim ve ticaret odaklı olmuştur (Polat, 2019: 30). Ancak 20. yüzyılın sonları ve içinde bulunduğumuz 21. yüzyılda dünyanın karşı karşıya kaldığı küresel sorunlarla beraber sürdürülebilirlik kavramı expolarda hâkim tema haline gelmiştir. Expolara duyulan ilgide şehirlerin ve kültürlerin tanıtımı ile turizm hareketliliği oluşturarak ekonomik kazanç sağlanması önemli faktörler olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır (https://expo2021hatay.com, 2020). Bununla beraber expolar şehirler için sosyal hayat, çevre politikaları, eğitim, kültür ve altyapı yatırımları gibi birçok alanda ekolojik ve sürdürülebilir bakışa dayalı planlama ve fiziki yatırım katkıları sağlamaktadır (Sun ve Lin, 2010: 134; Polat, 2019). Bu nedenle expolar gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için hem bir prestij kaynağı olması hem de kalkınmaya katkı sağlaması bakımından önemli olmuştur. Türkiye de gerek cumhuriyet öncesi gerek cumhuriyet sonrası dönemde expo organizasyonlarına ilgi duyan ülkelerden biri olmuştur. 2016 yılında Uluslararası Botanik Sergisi’ne Antalya ilinde ev sahipliği yapan Türkiye, 2021 yılı için Botanik Sergisi’ne Hatay ilinde ev sahipliği yapacaktır (Çelik ve Aslantaş, 2018: 1068). Hatay’ın ardından ise expo adaylık sürecini tamamlayan Kahramanmaraş’ta, 2023 yılında organizasyon düzenlenecektir (Polat, 2019: 36). Bu organizasyonların başarılı bir şekilde tamamlanması kadar tamamlandıktan sonraki yönetim süreci de oldukça önemlidir. Çünkü expo organizasyonlarının ev sahibi şehirler için sağladığı sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik kazanımların devam ettirilmesi sürdürülebilir bir planlama ve yönetim anlayışıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma temelde iki amaca odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci amacı Türkiye’nin expo deneyimine ait bilgileri derlemektir. Çalışmanın ikinci amacı ise Türkiye’nin ev sahipliği yaptığı ilk expo organizasyonu olan Expo 2016 Antalya’yı sürdürülebilirliğe katkı sağlayan uygulamaları yönüyle değerlendirerek, Expo 2016 Antalya fuar alanının bundan sonraki süreçte sürdürülebilir kullanımı için önerilerde bulunmaktır. 2. TARİHSEL SÜREÇTE EXPO ORGANİZASYONLARI VE TÜRKİYE’NİN EXPO DENEYİMİ Expo, Türkçe sergi anlamına gelen, İngilizce ‘Exposition’ kelimesinin kısaltmasıdır. Expoların temelini ilkçağlardaki agora-forum, ortaçağda ise arasta ve kapalı çarşı olarak bilinen ticaret alanları oluşturmaktadır (Akyol Altun, 2003). Dünya fuarları olarak da bilinen bu organizasyonlar, 19. yüzyılda Sanayi Devrimi ile bağlantılı olarak ülkelerin kültürlerini, mimari ve teknolojik yeteneklerini sergilemelerine olanak tanıması amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Örneğin; telefon, daktilo ve asansör gibi icatlar; Eyfel Kulesi ve Özgürlük Anıtı gibi mimari yapılar expo organizasyonlarında açıklanmıştır. İlk olarak 1851 yılında Londra’daki Hyde Park’ta düzenlenen expo organizasyonunda Birleşik Krallık ve Almanya'dan gelen demiryolu ekipmanları, buhar 305 Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research 2021, 11 (2): 304-319 F. Karahan, M. Özgeriş, N. Demircan, I. Sezen, A. Karahan motorları, Amerikan çiftlik ekipmanları, Amerikalı mucit Charles Goodyear tarafından imal edilmiş kauçuk ve çelik külçeler gibi ürünler sergilenmiştir (https://www.bie-paris.org, 2020). 1928 yılına kadar herhangi bir resmi örgüt tarafından düzenlenmeyen dünya fuarları, bu tarihten sonra Uluslararası Sergiler Bürosu (Bureau International des Expositions-BIE) tarafından düzenlenmeye başlanmıştır. Expo organizasyonları World Expo (Dünya Fuarı), Specialised Expo (İhtisas Fuarı), Horticultural Expo (Uluslararası Botanik Fuarı) ve Triennale di Milano (Milan Fuarı) olmak üzere 4 ana kategoride gerçekleştirilmektedir (https://www.bie-paris.org, 2020). İhtisas Fuarları, 1936 yılından beri düzenlenmektedir ve insanlığın karşı karşıya olduğu bir zorluğa yanıt vermek için tasarlanmış küresel etkinlikleri kapsamaktadır (https://www.bie- paris.org, 2020). Uluslararası Botanik Fuarları, 1960 yılından beri, Uluslararası Sergiler Bürosu (BIE) ile Uluslararası Bahçe Bitkileri Üreticileri Birliği (International Association of Horticultural Producers-AIPH) ortaklığıyla düzenlenmektedir (Polat, 2019: 32). Uluslararası Bahçecilik Fuarları yeşil ekonomiler, sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir yaşam, eğitim ve inovasyon gibi önemli konulara odaklanarak, üreticiler arasında işbirliğini ve bilgi paylaşımını teşvik eder. Milan Fuarı ise 1933 yılından beri, her üç yılda bir Triennale di Milano tarafından modern mimari ve dekoratif sanatlar ile ilgili gerçekleştirilmektedir (https://www.bie-paris.org, 2020). Her expo organizasyonu için bir tema belirlenir ve organizasyonlar belirlenen temaya göre katılımcıları bilinçlendirmeyi, gelişimi teşvik ederek deneyimleri aktarmayı hedefler (https://expo2021hatay.com, 2020). Bunun yanında expo organizasyonlarının ev sahibi ülkeler, şehirler ve ziyaretçiler için sağladığı
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