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The University of Chicago Persistent Providence

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The University of Chicago Persistent Providence THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PERSISTENT PROVIDENCE: HEALING THE BODY AND SOUL IN EARLY AMERICA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVINITY SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY PHILIPPA ROSE KOCH CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 For my parents, Margaret & Gary Koch Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..…..……………………………….iv Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………..………………………............ix Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1. Wholesome Words: Narratives of Sickness in Protestant Pastoral Manuals..............................................................................................................................20 Chapter 2. Writing Sickness, Witnessing Providence: Letters and Journals of the Atlantic World….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..61 Chapter 3. Experience and the Soul in Eighteenth-Century Medicine...........................110 Chapter 4. Providence and Benevolence in Philadelphia’s Yellow Fever.......................158 Chapter 5. Missions, Slavery, and Providence in Colonial Georgia……...........................211 Epilogue…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….245 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………250 iii Acknowledgements In the development, research, and writing of this dissertation, I received generous support from many individuals and institutions, who I am pleased to acknowledge here. I would like to thank, first, my doctoral advisor, Catherine Brekus, and readers, W. Clark Gilpin and Richard Rosengarten. Their comments, criticisms, conversations, and advice have sharpened my analysis and strengthened my prose. In their scholarship and teaching, they have shaped my career in ways I will likely only fully appreciate in retrospect, but I do appreciate, even now, that my time in graduate school was marked less by the typical anxiety and more by the respect and humanity they exemplified in their interactions with students. I would also like to express my gratitude for the following financial support: the Charlotte W. Newcombe Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Dissertation Fellowship of the McNeil Center for Early American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, the Fritz-Thyssen Fellowship of the Francke Foundations in Halle, Germany, the Graduate Fellowship of the Nicholson Center of British Studies at the University of Chicago, the Junior Dissertation Fellowship of the Martin Marty Center for the Advanced Study of Religion at the University of Chicago Divinity School, the Kate B. and Hall J. Peterson Fellowship of the American Antiquarian Society, the Mellon Fellowship of the Virginia Historical Society, and a travel grant from the Divinity Students Association at the University of Chicago Divinity School. iv With this financial support came a great many experts, mentors, colleagues, and friends. I would like to thank librarians and archivists at the American Antiquarian Society, the Archive of the Francke Foundations, the Bodleian Library of Commonwealth & African Studies at Rhodes House, Oxford, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Lambeth Palace Library, the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Lutheran Archives Center at Philadelphia, and the Virginia Historical Society. In particular, I would like to thank Jürgen Gröschl, the archivist at the Francke Foundations, whose knowledge and careful cataloging of the documents associated with Ebenezer, Georgia, were crucial to my research and engagement with challenging materials. Fellow researchers have also been invaluable sources of support. In Halle, Antje Schlooms, Wolfgang Flügel, Holger Trauzettel, and Viktoria Franke not only welcomed me to Kaffeeestunde, but also shared meals, beers, movies, wine festivals, hikes, Handschriften expertise, and patience with my German. Wolfgang’s knowledge of the Halle pastors in Pennsylvania, in particular, proved vital when I made my way to Philadelphia. Britta Klosterberg, Pia Schmid, and Christian Soboth fostered an excellent scholarly community; the feedback I received during a presentation at the Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Pietismusforschung was helpful as I embarked on the early stages of writing. At the American Antiquarian Society, I likewise benefited from the expertise and collegiality of a fine group of fellows and scholars, both in day-to-day conversations and in research presentations over lunch. I would like to thank in particular Paul Erickson, Sari Altschuler, Zara Anishanslan, Lindsey DiCuirci, Neil Kamil, Chris Lukasik, Derek Pacheco, and Sean Trainor. v My fellowship year at the McNeil Center fundamentally transformed my research and writing and expanded my scholarly community. Thanks, especially, to the generosity and guidance of Dan Richter, I was challenged to speak not only to religious studies scholars but to realize my work has relevance for a wide-ranging community of early Americanists. For sharing their research and passion for early America, I particularly acknowledge Noelani Arista, Michael Blaakman, Sara Damiano, John Dixon, Claire Gherini, Matt Goldmark, Brenna Holland, Don Johnson, Peter Kotowski, Lyra Monteiro, Mairin Odle, Sarah Rodriguez, Sean Trainor, and Lindsay Van Tine. My final year of graduate school was a bit of a homecoming. After several years away from Hyde Park, I have been privileged to participate in the Marty fellowship seminar, exploring the diversity of topics that makes religious studies such an exciting and rewarding discipline. My thanks, in particular, to Bryce Rich for his response to chapter 4, as well as to Ryan Coyne, Emily Crews, Nancy Frankenberry, Timothy Gutmann, Willa Lengyel, Daniel Schultz, and Maria Josefa Velasco. The feedback I received at various conferences and talks strengthened this dissertation. For their invitations, hospitality, and conversation, I would like particularly to thank the Institute for Studies of Religion at Baylor University and the McNeil Center for Early American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. The Religions in America Workshop at the University of Chicago has been an important intellectual home and community for many years. I thank the faculty and students who made it so, including Catherine Brekus, Curtis Evans, W. Clark Gilpin, Richard Rosengarten, Dan Sack, Paul Chang, Alison Davis, Cooper Harriss, John Howell, Sarah Imhoff, Monica Mercado, Seth Perry, and Kyle Wagner. vi For sharing unpublished work and research, I would like to acknowledge and thank Catherine Brekus, Wolfgang Flügel, Bruce Hindmarsh, Thomas Kidd, and Richard Rosengarten. In the end, friends and family are what make this whole enterprise worthwhile and enjoyable. For all the yarn, conversations, coffee, advice, meals, runs, walks, and hospitality, I thank Jessica Andruss, Mandy Burton, Kelsey Cabrera, Matt Cabrera, Brian Campbell, Kristel Clayville, Sara Damiano, Allison Gray, Molly Hallenberger, Cooper Harriss, Sarah Harriss, Kristine Johanson, Don Johnson, Stephanie Jose, Mairin Odle, Lauren Osborne, Elizabeth Palmer, Seth Perry, Elizabeth Ross, Jeff Stackert, Erika Tritle, and Alissa Wardwell. My family has been an endless source of encouragement and generosity. I thank Dieter, Julie, and Freya Koch for the music, camping, phone calls, and love. I thank the Bonsall and Swartz families for their welcome and kindness. I remember with fondness Nancy Koch, Judy Evener, Jacquelyn Luers, and Helen Bonsall—women who shaped my family and life and who I have lost since beginning this project. The example and memory of their grace, wit, humanity, and perseverance stay with me always. John and Dawn Koch gave us a home when we weren’t sure where to go, and for that I will be forever grateful. My parents, Margaret and Gary Koch, have supported me with ceaseless compassion, optimism, and faith, and for those reasons—and others too numerous to list here—I dedicate this work to them. Vince Evener knows who I am and who I long to be. He has challenged and supported me every day for over ten years. He has shared the joys and trials of travel, new languages, perfect games, perilous hikes, too-many moves, and too-sudden losses. vii Above all, he shares Casper, and with them both I cherish a life filled with memories, love, and hope. viii Abbreviations Archival Collections AAS American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts AFSt/H Hauptarchiv der Franckeschen Stiftungen, Halle (Saale), Germany AFSt/M Missionsarchiv der Franckeschen Stiftungen, Halle (Saale), Germany HSP The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LAC Lutheran Archives Center at Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania LCP Library Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Stab/F Francke-Nachlaß der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin VHS Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia Publications JMB, Letters Boltzius, Johann Martin. The Letters of Johann Martin Boltzius: Lutheran Pastor in Ebenezer, Georgia. Edited and translated by Russell Kleckley in collaboration with Jürgen Gröschl. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2009. Urlsperger, DR Urlsperger, Samuel, ed. Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants who Settled in America, trans. and ed. George Fenwick Jones, et. al. 17 vols. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1968-1995. (Footnotes include volume number and year of publication.) People GAF Gotthilf August Francke JMB Johann Martin Boltzius ICG Israel Christian Gronau ix Introduction This
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