Southern Africa Flood and Cyclone Update As at 1 March 2012

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Southern Africa Flood and Cyclone Update As at 1 March 2012 Mogadishu SouthernSão TAoméfrLibrcevilale Flood and Cyclone Update as at 1K aMmpalarch 2012 Nairobi Kigali In Malawi, 7 Camps were established in Nsanje district for those displaced by flooding in mid-January. Some people are still living in the camps, whilst others have returned to their homes as the flood situation in Nsanje is normalizing. Recent storms affected an Bujumbura KENYA CONGO estimated 4,118 and 3,898 households (20,590 people and 19490 people) in Thyolo and Blantyre respectively. Localized flooding has also occurred in the capital Lilongwe BrazzavilleKinshasa and 276 people (53 households) were reportedly evacuated to 2V tiectmorpiaorary shelter sites. L Congo u Mozambique is expected to be significantly affected by tropical storm Irina, which is a l a Lake Tanganyika projected to hit as a category 1 tropical cyclone in the next few days. In response to b a the impacts from Cyclone Funso and Tropical Storm Dando in January 2012, an estimated US$17 million is required to provide humanitarian assistance to 33,485 TANZANIA households (119,471 people) affected in the provinces of Zambezia, Gaza, Maputo, Lake Rukwa Inhambane and Nampula. Only US$2 million have been raised to date. Luanda Lake Mweru Wantipa DRC Karonga SEYCHELLES ANGOLA Lake Bangweulu uma Moroni Ruv COMOROS Lue na Lake Malawi ZAMBIA Mamoudzou MAYOTTE MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE Ambanja In Zambia, 4,436 people have been affected Lu Lilongwe ena Analalava C C Kabwe by flooding in Kabwe; 743 houses have been u u Lake Malombe b a Nampula a n Lusaka Gurue T damaged, of which 200 have collapsed, 783 n d Cahora Bassa Dam Province sir g o S ib i Lake Chilwa ih o Z h R in pit latrines have collapsed and 156 wells a Mogincual a l a Blantyre i u B i m r e Z z b e o e have been contaminated, according to e v a e e Thyolo Angoche t Mampikony i m z s n u O g Moma i e v k b n i b preliminary impact assessments. C a ne n l a e Lake Kariba e Nsanje u e K Pebane un u u v z S s k K M a i a u C n w n a g y M Maganja Da Costa o a Katima Mulilo a Zambezia Tropical depression Irina crossed northern n t Ruacana Dam OshEakati K i Nicoadala d Province k Oshana a MADAGASCAR Toamasina Madagascar on 26 February. Preliminary In the Cuvelai floodplains of northern Namibia, v o Harare u a P m n Mupfure Manyame un Cheringoma a new flood wave is expected to reach the g gw Chinde Antananarivo Brickaville information indicates that Irina did not Omusati a Etosha Pan e o Osborne Marromeu Cyclone Funso (Jan 2012) Antananarivo Moramanga cause major damage. Tropical cyclone Oshakati area in the next week. Responders ZIMBABWE Dam should monitor the situation and be ready to Vatomandry Giovanna hit Madagascar earlier in mid- Okavango Delta Port Louis respond. Makgadigadi Pans February, causing 28 deaths and 118 MAURITIUS Lucite injuries. An estimated 3,000 people are zi ) u 2 MAURITIUS NAMIBIA B 1 still displSaaceindt- Dine nitsemporary shelters in Save 0 2 Brickaville, Vatomandry, Antananarivo and b RÉUNION e Morombe BOTSWANA F Mampikony districts. Around 978 school Windhoek Gaza ( Province na classrooms have been damaged. Limpopo L Inhambane Iri im ne ky Humanitarian interventions are underway b o Province lo ngo e p Province p yc Ma is po o C to respond to the needs of those affected. u m p K Li o Maruleng Hardap Dam Gaborone Magude Chibuto Municipality Inc om Bilene Mandlakaze Moamba at i Xai-Xai Maputo Mpumalanga Manhica Province Province h Pretoria Tro s p i Maputo ic ) Mbabane Matutuine al 2 F Sto 1 rm Dan an 20 al SWAZILAND do (J lone Giovanna yclone Giovanna (Feb 2012 Naute Dam Va Cyc C ) Bloemhof Dam Vaal Dam (Feb 2012) In South Africa, Tropical Storm Dando in January 2012 caused heavy rains in the Oran ge Maseru provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga that resulted in the flooding of many areas. LESOTHO Vanderkloof Dam Legend Orange Main Cities Gariep Dam Main Rivers Atlantic Indian Dams and Lakes Ocean SOUTH AFRICA Ocean International Boundaries Map ID:ROSEA195v2_Southern Africa Flood Update Flood or Cyclone Creation Date: 1 March 2012 Affected Areas Data Sources: Tropical Storm Irina Path Flood Information: Humanitarian Partners on the ground Mapping Data: HYCOS, GIST, ESRI, UN OCHA, ReliefWeb, TSR Projected Path Cyclone Irina Disclaimer: Cyclone Giovanna Path The designations employed and the presentation of material on this Please note that flood areas are mapped at district level, except for South Africa, map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the Cyclone Funso Path part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal Namibia and Mozambique, where some data was provided at regional level only. 0 100 200 status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or *Average household size is estimated at 5 people. Tropical Storm Dando Path concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. km 1:23,000,000.
Recommended publications
  • Disasters, Climate Change and Human Mobility in Southern Africa: Consultation on the Draft Protection Agenda
    DISASTERS, CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN MOBILITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: CONSULTATION ON THE DRAFT PROTECTION AGENDA BACKGROUND PAPER South Africa Regional Consultation in cooperation with the Development and Rule of Law Programme (DROP) at Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch, South Africa, 4-5 June 2015 DISASTERS CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISPLACEMENT EVIDENCE FOR ACTION NORWEGIAN NRC REFUGEE COUNCIL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Southern Africa Consultation will be hosted by the Development and Rule of Law Programme (DROP) at Stellenbosch University in South Africa and co-organized in partnership with the Nansen Initiative Secretariat and the Norwegian Refugee Council. The project is funded by the European Union with the support of Norway and Switzerland Federal Department of Foreign Aairs FDFA CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Background to the Nansen Initiative Southern Africa Consultation ...............................................................................7 1.2 Objectives of the Southern Africa Consultation ............................................................................................................7 2. OVERVIEW OF DISASTERS AND HUMAN MOBILITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ..............................................................9 2.1 Natural Hazards and Climate Change in Southern Africa ............................................................................................10 2.2 Challenge
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambique Fieldwork Report
    Strategic Research into National and Local Capacity Building for DRM Mozambique Fieldwork Report Roger Few, Zoë Scott, Kelly Wooster, Mireille Flores Avila, Marcela Tarazona, Antonio Queface and Alberto Mavume. June 2015 Mozambique Fieldwork Report Acknowledgements The OPM Research Team would like to express sincere thanks to Roberto White from GFDRR Mozambique, Joao Ribeiro from INGC and Wild do Rosário from UN-Habitat for sharing their time and resources. We would also like to thank Joczabet Guerrero and Konstanze Kamojer for their invaluable advice and guidance in relation to the GIZ PRO-GRC project. Finally, we would like to thank all those interviewees and workshop attendees who freely gave their time, expert opinion and enthusiasm, and to Antonio Beleza who assisted the team during the fieldwork. This assessment is being carried out by Oxford Policy Management and the University of East Anglia. The Project Manager is Zoë Scott and the Research Director is Roger Few. For further information contact [email protected] Oxford Policy Management Limited 6 St Aldates Courtyard Tel +44 (0) 1865 207 300 38 St Aldates Fax +44 (0) 1865 207 301 Oxford OX1 1BN Email [email protected] Registered in England: 3122495 United Kingdom Website www.opml.co.uk © Oxford Policy Management i Mozambique Fieldwork Report Table of Contents Acknowledgements i List of Boxes and Tables 3 List of Abbreviations 4 1 Introduction and methodology 7 1.1 Introduction to the research 7 1.2 Methodology 8 1.2.1 Data collection tools 9 1.2.2 Case study procedure 10 1.2.3
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Sun Article
    South African Weather Service Watching the Weather to Protect Life and Property Strong winds and other kinds of rough weather can destroy WHOWHO WE WE ARE ARE houses and lives . THE South African Weather Service is the advanced equipment that aids us in the national provider of weather and climate-re- monitoring and prediction of weather pat- lated information. terns and the collection of climatic-related The past 10 years has seen an increase in information. weather-related natural disasters that have Our improved national weather observa- affected the lives of local communities. tion network has resulted in more accurate The deaths, injuries and damage to prop- weather and climate information, that helps erty caused have hampered sustainable de- us to provide bad weather early warning sys- velopment in both urban and rural commu- tems to the Republic of South Africa. nities, and we play an important role in The South African Weather Service is at helping the South African government to the forefront of providing weather and cli- lessen the effects of weather-related natural mate information in South Africa and we are disasters. confident that the years ahead will see even As an organisation, we are committed to more measures being developed to help pro- reducing the impact of these disasters by in- tect the South African public and keep vesting in the latest and most technologically weather related damage to a minimum. CELEBRATE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL DAY EACH year, on 23 March, the World Meteoro- a specialised agency of the United Nations. resulting distribution of water resources. community to see that that important weather logical Organisation (WMO) – a United Nations The theme for World Meteorological Day South Africa is represented at WMO by the and climate information is available and accessi- organisationwith189members–andtheworld- 2013 is “Watching the Weather to Protect Life CEO of the South African Weather Service ble for global programmes.
    [Show full text]
  • Agromet Update Issue 04
    Food Security Early Warning System Agromet Update 2011/2012 Agricultural Season Issue 05 Month: January Season: 2011-2012 Release date: 21-02-2012 Highlights • Tropical cyclones, depressions and torrential rains result in flooding in several countries in the eastern parts of the region, including Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, and South Africa • Dryness negatively affects Vuli season in northern Tanzania Regional Summary Rainfall was generally below normal in many parts of the region in the month of January and in early February. Although slightly below normal (yellow colours, Figure 1) in most areas, some areas including northern Tanzania, southern Mozambique, southern Zimbabwe, and eastern Botswana received significantly below normal rains. The dryness in northern Tanzania has reportedly affected the bimodal crops. Tropical Storm Dando brought heavy rainfall and flooding that affected southern Mozambique and northern South Africa in mid-January. This was followed by dryness in the next two dekads, which would potentially allow the flood waters to recede. Shortly after, northern Mozambique and Madagascar were affected by Tropical Cyclone Funso, resulting in Figure 1. Rainfall for 1 Jan – 10 Feb 2012 as percent of average extensive flooding in some areas. Southern Malawi was also affected by flooding due to continuous heavy rains that were received since late January. The Malawi Department of Disaster Management Affairs indicated that over 5,000 households have been affected by flooding so far this season, and some cropped area had been lost. In Mozambique, a multi-sectoral assessment in February estimated that almost 33,500 households had been affected by the flooding, and Mozambique’s Ministry of Agriculture indicated that 123,000 ha of planted area had been affected, of which 6000 ha were completely lost.
    [Show full text]
  • Malawi 10-Day Rainfall & Agrometeorological Bulletin
    Malawi 10-Day Rainfall & Agrometeorological Bulletin Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services Period: 21 – 31 January 2012 Season: 2011/2012 Issue No.12 Release date: 3rd February 2012 HIGHLIGHTS • Above average rains recorded in the south and light to moderate elsewhere… • Heavy floods wreck houses, crops and livestock in lower Shire districts… • Widespread rains are expected over Malawi during first ten days of February 2012… All inquiries should be addressed to: The Director of Climate Change and Meteorological Services, P.O. Box 1808, Blantyre, MALAWI Tel: (265) 1 822 014/106 Fax: (265) 1 822 215 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: www.metmalawi.com Period: 21 – 31 January 2012 Season: 2011/12 Issue No 12 1.1 RAINFALL SITUATION relative humidity values ranged from 69% at Karonga to 87% at Makoka in Zomba. More details are on the During the last ten days of January 2012, shallow Congo Table 2. Air mass caused light and below average rainfall (yellow and brown colours on Map 1) along the lakeshore and 1.6 MEAN SUNSHINE HOURS other areas of central and northern Malawi while Tropical cyclone FUNSO in Mozambique Channel Malawi experienced cloudy to overcast skies during the caused torrential rains particularly over the catchment period under review. Reports from sampled stations area of Shire River in southern Malawi, triggering indicate that daily average sunshine hours ranged from 1.1 flooding downstream hours of bright sunshine at Bvumbwe to 4.6 hours at in the lower Shire Mzimba Met station. districts of Chikhwawa and Nsanje during the 2. AGROMETEOROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT first half of the period under review.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugarcane Contract Farming with Smallholders in Xinavane, Mozambique: Neo-Colonialism Or Development Opportunity?
    Sugarcane contract farming with smallholders in Xinavane, Mozambique: Neo-colonialism or development opportunity? A case study in association management, day-to-day interactions and livelihood strategies MSc. Thesis by Ernst Sonneveld February 2012 Irrigation and Water Engineering Group i ii Sugarcane contract farming with smallholders in Xinavane, Mozambique: Neo-colonialism or development opportunity? A case study in association management, day-to-day interactions and livelihood strategies Master thesis Irrigation and Water Engineering submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science in International Land and Water Management at Wageningen University, the Netherlands Ernst Sonneveld February 2012 Supervisors: Dr.ir. Alex Bolding Dr.ir. Gert Jan Veldwisch Irrigation and Water Engineering Group Centre for Water and Climate Wageningen University The Netherlands www.iwe.wur.nl/uk iii iv ABSTRACT Rising food prices and the demand for fossil fuel alternatives have resulted in large scale land acquisitions by foreign investors in developing countries. Especially Mozambique has become an interesting partner, given its favourable trade agreements, its cheap labour reserve and its enormous agricultural potential. As a result, colonial estates have been rehabilitated and even extended, in particular by the sugar sector. With stimulating measures from the government, the Açucareira de Xinavane, now owned by South African’s largest sugar producer is turning to contract farming as a means to involve the local population while extending their agricultural potential and increasing Mozambican’s sugar exports. Contract farming can be regarded as a way to lift the poor out of poverty by providing them with loans, infrastructural (irrigation technology) and know-how support and income security, but this does not happen unconditionally.
    [Show full text]
  • Study & Master Geography Grade 12 Teacher's Guide
    Ge0graphy CAPS Grade Teacher’s Guide Helen Collett • Norma Catherine Winearls Peter J Holmes 12 SM_Geography_12_TG_CAPS_ENG.indd 1 2013/06/11 6:21 PM Study & Master Geography Grade 12 Teacher’s Guide Helen Collett • Norma Catherine Winearls • Peter J Holmes SM_Geography_12_TG_TP_CAPS_ENGGeog Gr 12 TG.indb 1 BW.indd 1 2013/06/116/11/13 7:13:30 6:09 PMPM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Water Club, Beach Road, Granger Bay, Cape Town 8005, South Africa www.cup.co.za © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 ISBN 978-1-107-38162-9 Editor: Barbara Hutton Proofreader: Anthea Johnstone Artists: Sue Abraham and Peter Holmes Typesetter: Brink Publishing & Design Cover image: Gallo Images/Wolfgang Poelzer/Getty Images ………………………………………………......…………………………………………………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Photographs: Peter Holmes: pp. 267, 271, 273 and 274 Maps: Chief Directorate: National Geo-spatial Information: Department of Rural Development and Land Reform: pp. 189, 233–235 and 284–289 ………………………………………………......…………………………………………………………… Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Analysis for Mangroves for the Future: Understanding the Resilience of Coastal Systems
    Situation analysis for Mangroves for the Future: Understanding the resilience of coastal systems Melita Samoilys1, George Waweru Maina1, Julie Church1, Brigid Mibei1, Marta Monjane2, Abdulla Shah2, Doris Mutta3 and Mine Pabari2 1. CORDIO East Africa 2. IUCN 3. Nairobi Convention Secretariat (UNEP) March 2013 1 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction and background The purpose of this situation analysis is to better understand ecological and social coastal systems in Eastern Africa with a view to identifying key areas and effective strategies through which MFF can contribute to the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of coastal ecosystems as key natural infrastructure which support human well-being, resilience and security (see Fig.1). More specifically, the analysis has attempted to address the following questions: A. To what extent are coastal systems1 able to be resilient2 to global change (eg. climate) so as to enable sustainable development3? B. What are the key factors affecting the resilience (illustrated in Fig. 1) of coastal systems?; C. How effective are current responses to vulnerability at local, national and regional levels? The approach of this study was largely a desk based review but was framed within an resilience-based analytical framework (Figure 1). Thus published papers and reports were interrogated using this framework to try and distil the most relevant information to a) understand the resilience of the coastal systems, both ecological and socio- economic, and b) help direct attention and focus on key areas to which MFF-WIO can contribute, either geographically or through socio-political processes. Global change is defined here for this review as changes caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions resulting in a high CO2 world and the direct and indirect changes that ensue.
    [Show full text]
  • FATHUM Policy Brief
    FATHUM Policy Brief April 2020 FbF - A mechanism for improved Disaster Preparedness in Mozambique Who should read this? • Disaster Risk Management, Water resources management and Meteorology policy makers and planners in government and humanitarian practitioners in institutions Key messages • FbF improves disaster preparedness. • FbF is founded on good forecast capacity. • FbF implementation requires good communication and mobilization capacity at local level. • FbF must be informed by local risk context Executive Summary This policy brief summarizes the results of a study designed by a transboundary three-party team of researchers and conducted from 2017-2019 in flood-prone districts of the Gaza Province in Mozambique. Led by UDM’s Centro de Investigação e Extensão from 2017 to 2019, the study’s purpose was to examine the relevance of the biophysical drivers of risk (disaster risk profile and history), the local disaster risk management capacity and institutional arrangements as well as the established early warning systems in the implementation of Forecast based Financing (FbF) Findings: • Communities are aware of flood risk. • Communities have primary dwellings in higher grounds whilst keeping another abode in the flood prone fertile lowlands. • Communities know escape routes to move their cattle to safe grounds. • Local EWS are in place. • Central and local DRM entities are in place but do not seem to know about FbF. • Early Action Protocols are signed for floods. • In country forecast capacity needs modernization. • Vertical communication needs improvement Recommendations: • Central and local DRM institutions must be made aware of FbF mechanism. • Meteorological and Water Resource Management authorities must use state of art technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Membrane Fouling and Visualisation Studies
    AN INTEGRATED EARLY WARNING FORECAST SYSTEM FOR WET SEASONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO FLOODING EVENTS: A PREDICTABILITY STUDY IN SUPPORT OF HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Report to the Water Research Commission by LE Mpheshea; FA Engelbrecht; AF Beraki; R Maisha; R Nkoana and J van der Merwe Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) WRC Report No. 2522/1/18 ISBN 978-0-6392-0044-6 September 2018 Obtainable from: Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina, 0031 [email protected] or download from www.wrc.org.za DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Printed in the Republic of South Africa © WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Southern Africa, defined here as the landmass area enclosed between 22–35° S and 12–36° E, receives the bulk of its rainfall during the austral summer. Moreover, the region exhibits pronounced interannual rainfall variability linked to the teleconnected influence of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In events where anomalously positive (negative) SSTs are observed over the domain between 5° N and 5° S and between 120° W and 170° W, which is commonly referred to as the Niño 3.4 region, there tends to be higher (lower) than normal rainfall conditions over southern Africa. For the purpose of this project, the sub-region located in north-eastern South Africa [2–28° S; 24–33° E] is considered as the main focus area.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment for the Schools Sector in Mozambique
    Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment for the Schools Sector in Mozambique Christophe Briere João de Lima Rego Andreas Burzel Conceição Leite Dana Stuparu Maaike Maarse Mark de Bel 1230818-002 © Deltares, 2018, B Deltares Title Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment for the Schools Sector in Mozambique Clienl Projecl Reference Pages World BanklGFDRR 1230818-002 1230818-002-ZKS-0008 89 Keywords Safe schools, earthquakes, coastal flooding, river flooding, cyclones, landslides, risk assessment, retrofitting options, awareness raising Summary To address the issue of school safety globally, the World Bank / Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (WB/GFDRR) launched the Global Program for Safer Schools. As part of this initiative in Mozambique, the WB/GFDRR has given an assignment to Deltares to better understand the risk to the school sector through a multi-hazard (riverine floods, coastal floods, cyclone winds, earthquakes, landslides) disaster risk assessment. A cost-benefit analysis of retrofitting options is also conducted for each identified building typology. In this assignment, hazard, exposure and vulnerability information is available from previous studies such as the R5 project and the Safer Schools project itself. The execution of the multi• hazard risk assessment is done with the Delft-FIAT model. At national level, the annual expected damage is estimated to be 2,125,000 $/year and 39,000 $/year for conventional and unconventional classrooms, respectively. For conventional classrooms, the highest contribution is from coastal flooding (43%), followed by river flooding (37%), cyclone wind (16%) and earthquakes (3%). For unconventional classrooms, the contribution of cyclone wind is more significant and increases to 29%. Further, coastal flood is responsible for 36% of the annual damages, the riverine flood for 29% and the earthquakes for 6%.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Proceeding
    Presenter Name_ Name_La OfThePres PresentationPre ConferenceThemeSelectOne Prefix Name_First st Email Affiliation TitleOfPresentation CoAuthors entation ference Abstract Asi Zhang, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat‐ sen University, Guangzhou,510275,China Troposphere ozone is one of the most important pollutants in the atmosphere, which seriously affect the utilization ratio of light energy of crop leaves . In aims to study the ozone stress on winter wheat Youfei Zheng,School of damage, an open‐top chamber(OTC) was used to conduct the field experiment. The trial setted up three treatment groups, which ozone concentration were: CK(40ppb) 、T1(80ppb) and T2(120ppb). In order to Environmental Science and quantify the different growth stages of OTC internal and external temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) differences in stomatal Engineering, NUIST, conductance of winter wheat, amendments of ozone stress on stomatal conductance model of environmental stress function parameters, using measured Jarvis nonlinear algorithm factorial type model , Nanjing,210044,China analysing variation of winter wheat stomatal conductance, obtained relationship between stomatal conductance simulated and measured values of the three treatment groups, to test simulation results of the Shaojia Fan,School of model. The study reached the following conclusions: With the increase of photosynthetically active radiation, OTC and external temperature are increased, the relative humidity
    [Show full text]