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Appendix B Weight and Measures

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Appendix B Weight and Measures S0300-A6-MAN-010 APPENDIX B WEIGHT AND MEASURES Table B-1. Systems of Measures. ENGLISH SYSTEM The English system, in common use in the United States, uses base units of length, force, and time to derive all other units. The system is sometimes called the foot-pound-second system because these are the fundamental units. The word “pound” is used for unit of both force and mass, the pound mass defined as the mass that weighs (produces a downward force) of one pound force in a standard gravitational field, i.e., sea level, with the accelera- tion due to gravity, g, equal to 32.2 ft/s2. Since the variation in the earth’s gravitational field is small, using units of force to describe mass and vice versa will produce negligible errors in ordinary situations. LENGTH 1,000 mils = 1 inch (in) 12 inches = 1 foot (ft) 3 feet = 1 yard (yd) 6 feet = 1 fathom (fm) 15 fathoms = 1 shot of chain = 90 feet 120 fathoms = 1 cable's length = 720 feet 5,280 feet = 1 statute mile (mi) = 1,760 yards 6,080 feet = 1 nautical mile (NM) = 2,027 yards AREA 144 square inches (in2) = 1 square foot (ft2) 9 square feet (ft2) = 1 square yard (yd2) 43,560 square feet = 1 acre 640 acres 2 = 1 square statute mile (mi2) = 27,878,400 ft 1 square nautical mile 2 = 849 acres = 36,966,400 ft VOLUME 1,728 cubic inches (in3) = 1 cubic foot (ft3) 27 cubic feet (ft3) = 1 cubic yard (yd3) 231 cubic inches = 1 U.S. gallon (gal) 277.27 cubic inches = 1 Imperial gallon = 5.615 cubic feet 42 U.S. gallons = 1 barrel 1 cubic foot = 7.48 U.S. gallons = 6.23 Imperial gallons 1 cord of wood = 128 cubic ft (4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft) 1 acre foot = 1 acre covered to one foot depth of water = 43,560 cubic feet BOARD MEASURE board feet = Length in feet x width in feet x thickness in inches; therefore: 12 board feet = 1 cubic foot B-1 S0300-A6-MAN-010 Table B-1 (Continued). Systems of Measures. DRY MEASURE 2 pints = 1 quart 8 quarts = 1 peck 4 pecks = 1 bushel LIQUID MEASURE 4 ounces = 1 gill 4 gills = 1 pint 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon Note: English system dry measure and liquid measure quarts and pints are not equivalent volumes. The U.S. gallon and Imperial gallon are subdivided in the same manner, i.e., 4 quarts to the gallon, etc. All Imperial liquid measures are therefore larger than the corresponding U.S. measure by a factor of 277/231, or 1.2. FORCE AND WEIGHT 7,000 grains (gr) = 1 pound (lb) 16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound 2,000 pounds = 1 short ton 2,240 pounds = 1 long ton METRIC SYSTEM The metric, or SI (Systeme Internationale) system is based on units of length, mass, and, time. Because the fun- damental units are the meter, kilogram, and second, the system is sometimes called the MKS system. The units of length and mass are related by the properties of water; a kilogram is the mass of 1,000 cubic centimeters, or one liter. All metric units are decimal subdivisions or multiples of the meter, gram, and liter. The names of the units are formed by combining the basic unit name with one of the Greek prefixes listed in Table B-2. Metric mass units are commonly used to describe weights and forces, with a kilogram (force) equal to the weight, or downward force, of a one kilogram mass in a standard gravitational field (i.e., sea level, with the acceleration due to gravity, g, equal to 9.807 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2). The more proper force unit in the SI system is the Newton, defined as the force required to accelerate a one-kilogram mass at 1 m/s2, and equivalent to 0.102 kgf. LENGTH 1 meter (m) = 10 decimeter (dm) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1,000 millimeters (mm) 10 meters = 1 decameter (dam) 100 meters = 1 hectometer (hm) 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer (km) B-2 S0300-A6-MAN-010 Table B-1 (Continued). Systems of Measures. AREA 1 square meter (m2) = 1,000,000 square millimeters (mm2) = 10,000 square centimeters (cm2) = 100 square decimeters (dm2) 1 hectare = 10,000 square meters 1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 square meters VOLUME 1 liter (l) = 10 deciliters (dl) = 100 centiliters (cl) = 1,000 milliliters (ml) = 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) 1 kiloliter (kl) = 1,000 liters = 1 cubic meter (m3) 1 milliliter (ml) = 1 cubic centimeter (cc) MASS 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams (g) 1 gram (g) = 1,000,000 micrograms (mg) = 1,000 milligrams (mg) = 100 centigrams (cg) 100 kilograms = 1 quintal (q) 1,000 kilograms = 1 metric ton (tonne) FORCE 1 kilogram forge (kgf) = 9.807 newtons (N) 1 newton (N) = 0.102 kgf 1 kilonewton (kN) = 1,000 newtons = 102 kgf 1 meganewton (MN) = 1,000,000 newtons = 102,000 kgf = 102 tonnes force (tonnef) CIRCULAR OR ANGULAR MEASURE 60 seconds = 1 minute of arc 60 minutes = 1 degree 90 degrees = 1 quadrant or right angle 4 quadrants = 1 circumference = 360 degrees 2π radians = 1 circumference π 1 radian = 180/ ≈ 57.3 degrees 1,000 mils = 1 radian B-3 S0300-A6-MAN-010 Table B-2. Prefixes. Prefix Symbol Factor by which unit is multiplied exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 =1018 peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 =1015 tera T 1,000,000,000,000 =1012 giga G 1,000,000,000 =109 mega M 1,000,000 =106 kilo k 1,000 =103 hecto h 100 =102 deca da 10 =101 deci d 0.1 =10-1 centi c 0.01 =10-2 milli m 0.001 =10-3 micro µ 0.000 001 =10-6 nano n 0.000 000 001 =10-9 pico p 0.000 000 000 001 =10-12 femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 =10-15 atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 =10-18 The Greek prefixes and symbols are most often associated with the metric (SI) system, but can be used with other units or by themselves as a convenient shorthand, e.g., “kilopound” (kp), “K” for 1000, M for 1,000,000, etc. Table B-3. Basic Metric/English Equivalents. MEASURES OF LENGTH 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 inch = 0.0254 meter 1 meter = 3.281 feet 1 foot = 0.0348 meter 1 kilometer = 0.62 mile 1 mile = 1.6 kilometers 1 kilometer = 0.54 nautical mile 1 NM = 1.85 kilometers 1 kilometer = 1,094 yards 1 mile = 1609 meters 1 kilometer = 3,281 feet 1 nm = 1853 meters MEASURES OF AREA 1 square mm (mm2) = 0.0155 square inch 1 square inch = 645.2 square millimeters 1 square cm (cm2) = 0.155 square inch 1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters 1 square meter = 10.76 square feet 1 square foot = 0.0929 square meter 1 square meter = 1.196 square yards 1 square yard = 0.836 square meter 1 hectare = 2.471 acres 1 acre = 0.405 hectare 1 hectare = 107,637 square feet 1 acre = 4,047 square meters 1 hectare = 0.00386 square mile 1 square mile = 259 hectare 1 square kilometer = 0.386 square mile 1 square mile = 2.59 square kilometers B-4 S0300-A6-MAN-010 Table B-3 (Continued). Basic Metric/English Equivalents. MEASURES OF VOLUME 1 cc or ml = 0.061 cubic inch 1 cubic inch (in3) = 16.39 cc or ml 1 cubic meter (m3) = 35.3 cubic feet 1 cubic foot (ft3) = 0.0283 cubic meter 1 cubic meter = 1.31 cubic yards 1 cubic yard (dy3) = 0.764 cubic meter 1 liter = 61.023 cubic inches 1 cubic foot (ft3) = 28.32 liters 1 liter = 0.0353 cubic foot LIQUID MEASURE 1 liter (l) = 1.057 U.S. quarts 1 U.S. quart (qt) = 0.946 liter 1 liter (l) = 0.264 U.S. gallons 1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.79 liters 1 cubic meter = 264.17 gallons 1 U.S. gallon = 0.0038 cubic meter DRY MEASURE 1 liter (l) = 0.908 dry quarts 1 dry quart = 1.101 liters 1hectoliter (hl) = 2.8375 bushels 1 bushel = 0.353 hectoliter MEASURES OF WEIGHT AND MASS 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.205 pounds force 1 pound force (lbm) = 0.454 kilograms = 454 grams 1 tonne = 1.1023 short tons 1 short ton = 0.9072 tonne = 2205 pounds = 907.2 pounds 1 tonne = 0.9842 long tons 1 long ton = 1.016 tonne = 1016 pounds 1 milligram = 0.154 grain 1 grain = 64.8 milligrams 1 gram = 15.432 grains = 0.0648 gram 1 newton = 0.225 pounds force 1 pound force (lbf) = 4.448 newtons 1 meganewton = 100.4 long tons 1 long ton = 0.009964 MN = 112.4 short tons 1 short ton = 0.008897 MN = 224,799 pounds Table B-4. Common (Approximate) Pressure Conversions. Multiply By To Obtain Inches of seawater 0.037 psi Feet of seawater 0.445 psi Inches of fresh water 0.036 psi Feet of fresh water 0.434 psi Psi 2.25 feet of seawater Psi 2.3 feet of fresh water Inches of mercury 0.49 lb/in2 Lb/in2 2.04 inches of mercury Atmospheres 14.7 lb/in2 Lb/in2 0.07 atmospheres Atmospheres 10.0 meters of seawater B-5 S0300-A6-MAN-010 Table B-5.
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