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Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol Pigment & Resin Technology Composites of styrene butadiene rubber/modified clay: mechanical, dielectric and morphological properties Salwa H. El-Sabbagh, Doaa Samir Mahmoud, Nivin M. Ahmed, A.A. Ward, Magdy Wadid Sabaa, Article information: To cite this document: Salwa H. El-Sabbagh, Doaa Samir Mahmoud, Nivin M. Ahmed, A.A. Ward, Magdy Wadid Sabaa, (2017) "Composites of styrene butadiene rubber/modified clay: mechanical, dielectric and morphological properties", Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. 46 Issue: 3, pp.161-171, doi: 10.1108/PRT-03-2016-0034 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/PRT-03-2016-0034 Downloaded on: 18 April 2017, At: 15:52 (PT) References: this document contains references to 34 other documents. To copy this document: [email protected] The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 52 times since 2017* Users who downloaded this article also downloaded: (2017),"Antibacterial evaluation of cotton fabrics by using novel sulfonamide reactive dyes", Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. 46 Iss 3 pp. 210-217 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/PRT-08-2015-0080 (2017),"Multi-objective optimisation on end milling of hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer composites using GRA", Pigment & Resin Technology, Vol. 46 Iss 3 pp. 194-202 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/PRT-09-2015-0085 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:614218 [] For Authors If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Downloaded by EKB Data Center At 15:52 18 April 2017 (PT) Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download. Composites of styrene butadiene rubber/modified clay: mechanical, dielectric and morphological properties Salwa H. El-Sabbagh, Doaa Samir Mahmoud and Nivin M. Ahmed Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt A.A. Ward Department of Microwave Physics and Dielectrics, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, and Magdy Wadid Sabaa Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to study the role of organobentonite (OB) as a filler to improve the mechanical strength of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Organoclay was first prepared by modifying bentonite with different concentrations of N-cetyl-N, N, N-triethyl ammonium bromide. A series of SBR composites reinforced with OB were prepared using master-batch method. Design/methodology/approach – The curing characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal behavior, dielectric properties and morphology of SBR/OB composites were investigated. Findings – The elastic modulus and tensile strength of composites were increased by inclusion of OB, while the elongation at break was decreased, due to the increase in the degree of cross-linking density. Thermal gravimetric analysis revealed an improvement in the thermal stability of the composite containing 0.5 cation exchange capacity (CEC) OB, while the scanning electron micrographs confirmed more homogenous distribution of 0.5CEC OB in the rubber matrix. Also, SBR/0.5CEC OB showed low relative permittivity and electrical insulating properties. Research limitations/implications – Bentonite has been recognized as a potentially useful filler in polymer matrix composites because of their high swelling capacity and plate morphology. Practical implications – OB improves the cured rubber by increasing the tensile strength and the stiffness of the vulcanizate. Social implications – Using cheap clay in rubber industry lead to production of low cost products with high efficiency. Originality/value – The clay represents a convenient source because of their environmental compatibility. The low cost and easy availability make the modified clay used as fillers in rubber matrices, and the resultant composites can be applied in variety industrial of applications such as automobile industries, shoe outsoles, packaging materials and construction engineering. Keywords Composites, Mechanical properties, Fillers, Rubber, Hardness measurement Paper type Research paper Downloaded by EKB Data Center At 15:52 18 April 2017 (PT) Introduction reinforcing agent, and its possibility of being dispersed as individual particles in the rubber matrix is high (Chakraborty The reinforcement of rubber composites involved et al., 2010), but the hydrophilic nature of Na-bentonite create incorporating of reinforcing filler-like layered silicate clay, incompatibility with the hydrophobic rubber matrix (Das carbon black (CB) and silica in rubber matrix to create useful et al., 2011). product after vulcanization (Gujel et al., 2014), but still CB Most earlier efforts were concentrated on promoting the remains the most necessary reinforcing filler in rubber compatibilization rubber matrix and bentonite; it was proved manufacture. However, its black color and polluting nature that through cation exchange reactions, the clay mineral can caused researchers to look out for alternative “white” filler. react with a positively charged surfactant such as N-cetyl-N, Clay has been used in rubber manufacture for many years N, N-triethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) to form because of its cheap and white color. It behaves as a good organically modified bentonite or organobentonite (OB). In these reactions, the metal cations are displaced by CTAB achieving sufficient organophilicity and rendering the OB more compatible with the rubber matrix (Das et al., 2011; The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Mclauchlin et al., 2011). Emerald Insight at: www.emeraldinsight.com/0369-9420.htm Pigment & Resin Technology 46/3 (2017) 161–171 Received 13 December 2015 © Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 0369-9420] Revised 24 July 2016 [DOI 10.1108/PRT-03-2016-0034] Accepted 27 August 2016 161 Composites of styrene butadiene rubber/modified clay Pigment & Resin Technology Salwa H. El-Sabbagh et al. Volume 46 · Number 3 · 2017 · 161–171 Recently, researchers succeeded in intercalating small using flame photometer in the extracted solution (Zawraha amounts of well-dispersed OB layers into rubber matrix and et al., 2014). CEC can be calculated from the following preparing rubber clay composites with challenging new equation: “white” fillers to exchange CB (either wholly or partially) in rubber products to provide composites with efficient CEC (meq/100g) ϭ meq/L Na ϫ A/Wt ϫ 100/1000(1) reinforcement, functional properties and colored (Maity et al., 2008; Sinha and Okamoto, 2003). where A is the total volume of extract (ml) and Wt. is the This reinforcing effect of OB is caused by the high modulus weight of air dry sample (g). of the clay platelets which have relative to modulus of the ● In total,5gofNa-bentonite was first dispersed in 500 ml rubber matrix that facilitates its dispersion by lowering the of deionized water with mechanical stirring for about 24 h. surface energy of bentonite using chemical modification ● A pre-dissolved stoichiometric amount of CTAB solution (Mclauchlin et al., 2011). was slowly added to the bentonite suspension at 80°C. Generally, rubber/clay composites are classified into three ● Concentrations of used CTAB are 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 groups according to their structures, i.e. intercalated, mEq/100 gm CEC of the bentonite, respectively. exfoliated or both of these structures. The exfoliated ● The reaction mixtures were stirred for6hat80°C using composites are more required due to that their layers exhibit mechanical stirring. the greatest reinforcement (Yang et al., 2011). ● All products were washed several times with deionized The present work focuses on rubber/organoclay water until no bromide anions were detected. composites that were prepared using master-batch method ● The presence of bromide anions was tested using 0.1 N with different concentrations of OB that is used as a AgNO3 solution. reinforcing filler (able to improve strength and hardness of ● The products were dried at 90°C, ground and sieved rubber composites). This study includes the investigation of through 230 meshes and then stored in vacuum curing characteristics, mechanical properties, dielectric desiccators (Zawraha et al., 2014; El-Sabbagh et al., 2015). properties, thermal behavior and morphology of rubber/OB composites. Preparation of styrene butadiene rubber composites The first step includes the mixing of SBR with its various Experimental ingredients (Table I) in a two-roll mill (diameter 470 mm Materials and width 300 mm) at a standard sequence. Then, rubber Sodium bentonite with 78.42 mEquiv/100 g cation exchange was mixed with the ingredients including OB with different capacity (CEC) which was obtained from Alfa Aesar GmbH loadings (3, 6, 9 and 12 phr) under careful control of and Co. (Karlsruhe, Germany). The CTAB used as a modifier temperature.
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