Dispersants Technology and Benefits
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Assessment of the Use of Dispersants on Oil Spills in California Marine Waters
Assessment of the Use of Dispersants on Oil Spills in California Marine Waters by S.L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd. 200-717 Belfast Rd. Ottawa, ON K1G 0Z4 for Minerals Management Service Engineering and Research Branch 381 Elden Street Herndon, VA 20170-4817 June 2002 Summary Objective This project is a comprehensive assessment of operational and environmental factors associated with using chemical dispersants to treat oil spills in California. The project addresses spills from both transportation and production sources. It addresses four subjects: a) amenability of produced and imported oils to chemical dispersion; b) time windows (TW) for chemical dispersion in California spills; c) operational logistic and feasibility issues in California; and d) net environmental benefits or drawbacks of dispersant use for California spills. Review of Basics The report begins with a review of the basics of (a) marine spill behavior, (b) chemical dispersants, (c) factors that control dispersant effectiveness, and (d) accounts of field trials and spills. The review shows that dispersants will be effective if: (a) the response takes place quickly while the spilled oil is unemulsified, relatively thick, and low in viscosity; (b) the thick portions of the spill are treated with state-of-the art chemicals at the proper dose; and (c) sea states are light-to-medium or greater. If the spilled oil becomes highly viscous through the process of water-in-oil emulsification, dispersant use will not be effective. Likely Dispersibility of California Oils Three groups of oils are considered: a) crude oils produced in California OCS waters; b) oils imported into California ports; and c) fuel oils spilled from marine industrial activities (e.g., fuel tanks from ships, cargoes of small tankers). -
Chemical Dispersants and Their Role in Oil Spill
THE SEA GRANT and GOMRI CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS AND THEIR PARTNERSHIP ROLE IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE The mission of Sea Grant is to enhance the practical use and Larissa J. Graham, Christine Hale, Emily Maung-Douglass, Stephen Sempier, conservation of coastal, marine LaDon Swann, and Monica Wilson and Great Lakes resources in order to create a sustainable economy and environment. Nearly two million gallons of dispersants were used at the water’s There are 33 university–based surface and a mile below the surface to combat oil during the Sea Grant programs throughout the coastal U.S. These programs Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Many Gulf Coast residents have questions are primarily supported by about why dispersants were used, how they were used, and what the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration impacts dispersants could have on people and the environment. and the states in which the programs are located. In the immediate aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon spill, BP committed $500 million over a 10–year period to create the Gulf of Mexico Research Institute, or GoMRI. It is an independent research program that studies the effect of hydrocarbon releases on the environment and public health, as well as develops improved spill mitigation, oil detection, characterization and remediation technologies. GoMRI is led by an independent and academic 20–member research board. The Sea Grant oil spill science outreach team identifies the best available science from The Deepwater Horizon site (NOAA photo) projects funded by GoMRI and others, and only shares peer- reviewed research results. On April 20, 2010, an explosion on million barrels (172 million gallons), were the Deepwater Horizon oil rig killed released into Gulf of Mexico waters.1,2,3,4,5 11 people. -
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses Aluminum Beryllium The most abundant metal element in Earth’s Used in the nuclear industry and to crust. Aluminum originates as an oxide called make light, very strong alloys used in the alumina. Bauxite ore is the main source aircraft industry. Beryllium salts are used of aluminum and must be imported from in fluorescent lamps, in X-ray tubes and as Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, Guyana, etc. Used a deoxidizer in bronze metallurgy. Beryl is in transportation (automobiles), packaging, the gem stones emerald and aquamarine. It building/construction, electrical, machinery is used in computers, telecommunication and other uses. The U.S. was 100 percent products, aerospace and defense import reliant for its aluminum in 2012. applications, appliances and automotive and consumer electronics. Also used in medical Antimony equipment. The U.S. was 10 percent import A native element; antimony metal is reliant in 2012. extracted from stibnite ore and other minerals. Used as a hardening alloy for Chromite lead, especially storage batteries and cable The U.S. consumes about 6 percent of world sheaths; also used in bearing metal, type chromite ore production in various forms metal, solder, collapsible tubes and foil, sheet of imported materials, such as chromite ore, and pipes and semiconductor technology. chromite chemicals, chromium ferroalloys, Antimony is used as a flame retardant, in chromium metal and stainless steel. Used fireworks, and in antimony salts are used in as an alloy and in stainless and heat resisting the rubber, chemical and textile industries, steel products. Used in chemical and as well as medicine and glassmaking. -
A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India's Wall Paintings
heritage Review A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India’s Wall Paintings Anjali Sharma 1 and Manager Rajdeo Singh 2,* 1 Department of Conservation, National Museum Institute, Janpath, New Delhi 110011, India; [email protected] 2 National Research Laboratory for the Conservation of Cultural Property, Aliganj, Lucknow 226024, India * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Iron-containing earth minerals of various hues were the earliest pigments of the prehistoric artists who dwelled in caves. Being a prominent part of human expression through art, nature- derived pigments have been used in continuum through ages until now. Studies reveal that the primitive artist stored or used his pigments as color cakes made out of skin or reeds. Although records to help understand the technical details of Indian painting in the early periodare scanty, there is a certain amount of material from which some idea may be gained regarding the methods used by the artists to obtain their results. Considering Indian wall paintings, the most widely used earth pigments include red, yellow, and green ochres, making it fairly easy for the modern era scientific conservators and researchers to study them. The present knowledge on material sources given in the literature is limited and deficient as of now, hence the present work attempts to elucidate the range of earth pigments encountered in Indian wall paintings and the scientific studies and characterization by analytical techniques that form the knowledge background on the topic. Studies leadingto well-founded knowledge on pigments can contribute towards the safeguarding of Indian cultural heritage as well as spread awareness among conservators, restorers, and scholars. -
Dispersant Additives and Additive Concentrates and Lubricating Oil Compositions Containing Same
(19) TZZ¥_ __T (11) EP 3 124 581 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 01.02.2017 Bulletin 2017/05 C10M 163/00 (2006.01) C10M 169/04 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 16179973.9 (22) Date of filing: 18.07.2016 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Oberoi, Sonia AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB Linden, NJ New Jersey 07036 (US) GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO • Hu, Gang PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Linden, NJ New Jersey 07036 (US) Designated Extension States: •HOBIN,Peter BA ME Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB (GB) Designated Validation States: • STRANGE, Gareth MA MD Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB (GB) • CATANI, Alessandra (30) Priority: 30.07.2015 US 201514813257 17047 Savona - Liguria (IT) • FITTER, Claire (71) Applicant: Infineum International Limited Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB (GB) Abingdon, • MILLINGTON, James Oxfordshire OX13 6BB (GB) Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB (GB) (72) Inventors: (74) Representative: Goddard, Frances Anna et al • Emert, Jacob PO Box 1 Linden, NJ New Jersey 07036 (US) Milton Hill Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 6BB (GB) (54) DISPERSANT ADDITIVES AND ADDITIVE CONCENTRATES AND LUBRICATING OIL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING SAME (57) A lubricant additive concentrate having a kine- cinic anhydride (SA) functionality (F) of greater than 1.7 matic viscosity of from about 40 to about 300 cSt at and less than about 2.5; and a detergent colloid including 100°C,containing a dispersant-detergent colloid mixture, overbased detergent having a total base number (TBN) including -
Additive Components
Performance you can rely on. Additive Components InfineumInsight.com/Learn © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved. 2015006e . © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved. 2015006e . Performance you can rely on. What happens without lubrication? © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved. 2015006e . Performance you can rely on. Outline • The function of additives – What do they do? • Destructive processes in the engine – What are these processes? – How do additives minimize them? • Types of additives – Which additives are commonly used? – How do they work? © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved. 2015006e . Performance you can rely on. The function of additives Why do we add additives? – Enhance lubricant performance – Minimise destructive processes in the engine – Extend oil life time © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved. 2015006e . Performance you can rely on. Destructive processes in the engine What destructive process are present in the engine? • Mechanical – Wear of engine parts – Shear affecting lubricant properties • Chemical – Corrosion of engine parts – Oxidation of lubricant © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2017. All Rights Reserved. 2015006e . Performance you can rely on. Destructive processes in the engine Friction and wear • Both are caused by relative motion between surfaces • Friction is the loss of energy – dissipated as heat – Types – sliding, rolling, static on i t c • Wear is loss of material i r – Types – abrasion, adhesion, -
Prolific Pigmentfinal4.19.20 Copy
Proliic pigment Create your own unique color! Summary: Throughout history, people have used pigment to express them- selves. How do you make a pigment and what could you use it for? What kind of paint can you create using pigments found at home? Guiding Questions: What are pigments? Where do pigments come from? What could you use pigments for? Experience Goals: • Explore how pigments are made and used. • Make your own pigment and turn it into paint. Supplies: • Pigment Info Sheet • Fresh or Freeze-dried Blueberries (pigment material) • Water (binding material) • Coloring sheet (page 5) • Paintbrush and paint cup • Mortar and Pestle (or another grinding tool, like a bowl and large spoon) • A space you can get messy in! 1. Steps: 1. Explore Pigments a. Explore the Pigment Info Sheet to learn about pigment and how it is used. b. Think about what could create pigment in your home. Is there anything in your kitchen? How about colorful plants outside? c. We will use blueberries to make our color! You can ind the recipe in Step 3. What other colors could you create? What would you paint with them? 2. Make Your Pigment a. Gather your pigment material. Usually a pigment used in painting will be powdered, but can also be in juice form. Crushed up freeze dried fruits like blueberries make for an excellent pigment powder! b. Grind or mash up your pigment material. If using fresh blueberries, mash them then strain out the juice using a kitchen strainer. With frozen or freeze dried blueberries, use a mortar and pestle (or similar items like a bowl and large spoon) to grind them into a ine powder. -
Technological Features of the Chalcolithic Pottery from Târpești (Neamț County, Eastern Romania)
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry Vol. 19, No 3, (2019), pp. 93-104 Open Access. Online & Print. www.maajournal.com DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3541108 TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM TÂRPEȘTI (NEAMȚ COUNTY, EASTERN ROMANIA) Florica Mățău*1, Ovidiu Chișcan2, Mitică Pintilei3, Daniel Garvăn4, Alexandru Stancu2 1Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Science Department-ARHEOINVEST Platform, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Lascăr Catargi, no. 54, 700107, Iasi, Romania 2Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 3Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 4Buzău County Museum, Castanilor, no. 1, 120248, Buzău, Romania Received: 11/10/2019 Accepted: 14/11/2019 *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The technological parameters of representative pottery samples attributed to Precucuteni (5050-4600 cal BC) and Cucuteni (4600-3500 cal BC) cultures identified at Târpești (Neamț County, Eastern Romania) were determined using a complex archaeometric approach. The site is located in the north-eastern part of the present-day Romania occupying a small plateau situated in a hilly region. In order to evaluate the raw materials and the firing process we have used optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and magnetic measurements. Further on, the XRPD data were statistically treated using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) taking into account position and peak intensity, the Euclidian distance as metric and the average linkage method as a linkage basis for gaining a more refined estimation of the mineralogical transformations induced by the firing process and for defining homogenous group of samples. -
Analysis of Pigments and Structural Materials on Roman Terracotta
ANALYSIS OF PIGMENTS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ON ROMAN TERRACOTTA APPLICATION NOTE RAMAN-015 (US) Author: A.J.R.Bauer, Ph.D. Abstract This application note documents a pigment analysis on a decorative mirror plaque from late Roman times performed with a TSI ChemLogix EZRaman-NP. Sample Description The spectral and ID data in this application note is based on Raman analysis of the pigments in a sample of Roman pottery, 100 to 300 AD, found in Jerusalem. It is in the collection of an anonymous private collector. The terracotta disk has been decorated with a sun design Figure 1. Roman terracotta piece, likely and has a central circular hole that is partially occupied by a an architectural mirror. fragment of glass. It is unclear whether the odd shape of the glass is original or reflects a breakage or loss (presumably in antiquity). The interior circle nearest the glass insert has a raised rim. Around the interior edge (over the glass), there is a layer of white material, possibly plaster. It is unclear whether this is original. Around the interior circle are molded triangles with dots at the peaks that create a sunburst design. These are painted red and in between each are a black dot and a red stripe. The outside edge is slightly irregular as is the essentially flat back. The back has fingerprints from the artist who pressed the clay into a mold to create the front. There is one small hole that originally went through the piece near one of the black painted dots. It is now blocked with clay. -
The Effect of Copolymer and Iron on the Fouling Characteristics of Cooling Tower Water Containing Corrosion Inhibitors
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Abdullah A. Abu-Al-Saud for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering, presented on August 15, 1988. Title: The Effect of Copolymer and Iron on the Fouling Characteristics of Cooling Tower Water Containing Corrosion Inhibitors. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. James G. Knudsen Various antifoulant treatment programs and the considerations necessary for the effective use of such programs were examined. Two different groups of tests, with and without iron contamination, have been carried out on the effectiveness of several of the state-of-the-art copolymers (PA, HEDP, AA/HPA, AA/MA, SS/MA and AA/SA) in the inhibition of the fouling of high hardness cooling tower water containing phosphate corrosion inhibitors (polyphosphates and orthophosphates). The tests were conducted on metal surfaces (SS, CS, Adm, and Cu/Ni), using simulated cooling water in a specially designed cooling tower system. For each group of tests at various pH values (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5), the effects of flow velocity (3.0, 5.5, 8.0 ft/sec) and heat transfer surface temperature (130, 145, 160°F) on thefouling characteristics of cooling tower water havebeen investigated. During the course of each test, the water quality was kept constant. For the iron tests, the effects of iron presence (2, 3 and 4 ppm Fe) on the fouling characteristics of the cooling tower water havebeen investigated and discussed for three different situations: 1. High hardness cooling tower water and iron. 2. High hardness cooling tower water, iron and phosphate corrosion inhibitors. -
Dispersant Effectiveness Testing on Water-In-Oil Emulsions at Ohmsett
DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TESTING ON WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS AT OHMSETT For U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Herndon, VA By SL Ross Environmental Research Limited Alun Lewis Consultancy And MAR Inc. September 2006 Acknowledgements This project was funded by the U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS). The authors wish to thank the U.S. Minerals Management Service Technology Assessment and Research Branch for funding this study, and Joseph Mullin for his guidance in the work. Thanks also go to Ed Thompson and Mike Bronson of BP Exploration Alaska and Lee Majors and Ken Linderman of Alaska Clean Seas, for providing the Endicott crude oil for the testing; and to Jim Clark of ExxonMobil, for providing the Corexit 9527 and 9500 dispersants used in the study. Disclaimer This report has been reviewed by U.S. Minerals Management Service staff for technical adequacy according to contractual specifications. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations contained in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Minerals Management Service. The mention of a trade name or any commercial product in this report does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Minerals Management Service. Finally, this report does not contain any commercially sensitive, classified or proprietary data release restrictions and may be freely copied and widely distributed. i Executive Summary The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of chemical dispersants when applied to water-in-oil emulsions and to determine if similar viscosity limits exist for successful dispersion of emulsions as for un-emulsified crude oils. -
The Chemistry and Function of Lubricant Additives
WEBINARS Debbie Sniderman / Contributing Editor The chemistry and function of lubricant additives Their effectiveness depends on the base oil and how they interact with other chemicals. KEY CONCEPTS • AdditivesAdditives comppensateensate fforor thethe deficiencies inherently ppresentesent inin basib c basebase oiloil ssystems.ystems. • AdditivAdditivee effectiveness deppends on the ooil.il. AnAn additive thathatt works welwelll in one oiloil mighmight notnot inin LUBRICANTS ARE USED TO REDUCE FRICTION AND WEAR, dissipate heat aanothenother. from critical parts of equipment, remove and suspend deposits that may affect performance and protect metal surface damage from deg- • It’sIt’s importantimportant to understaunderstandd radation and corrosion. They serve a diverse range of applications, hhowo addaadditives t es maymay interactinteract each requiring a different combination of base oils and additives. wiwithth each ototheher in With such a complex industry, there are many challenges to devel- oping effective lubricants. synerggisticistic oror antaantaggonisticnistic Base oils themselves perform most of the functions of lubricants. ways whene creatingcreating But they can only do part of the job. Additives are needed when a additive packagges.es. lubricant’s base oil doesn’t provide all the properties the applica- tion requires. They’re used to improve the good properties of the 18 Snakes have two sets of eyes—one set to see and the other to detect heat and movement. No eyelids for snakes, just a thin membrane covering the eye. MEET THE PRESENTER This article is based on a Webinar originally presented by STLE Education on June 17, 2015. The Chemistry and Function of Lubricant Additives is available at www.stle.org: $39 to STLE members, $59 for all others.