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Iran Vies for More Influence in Iraq at a Budget Price by Farzin Nadimi
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 3405 Iran Vies for More Influence in Iraq at a Budget Price by Farzin Nadimi Dec 3, 2020 Also available in Arabic / Farsi ABOUT THE AUTHORS Farzin Nadimi Farzin Nadimi, an associate fellow with The Washington Institute, is a Washington-based analyst specializing in the security and defense affairs of Iran and the Persian Gulf region. Brief Analysis Tehran aims to earn hard currency for its relatively cheap military hardware, ideally boosting its leverage in Baghdad at a fraction of the cost that the United States has been spending there. n November 14, a large Iraqi defense delegation began a four-day visit to Tehran as a follow-up to previous O exchanges with Iranian officials. The trip was led by Sunni defense minister Juma Saadoun al-Jubouri and included the commanders of each Iraqi military branch. According to Jubouri, its main goal was to “deepen” bilateral military and security cooperation. Three days later, the commander of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force (IRGC-QF), Brig. Gen. Esmail Qaani, reportedly paid a secret visit to Baghdad. These exchanges are all the more notable because they came after the UN ban on arms deals with Iran expired in October. Tehran is now free to market and sell its weapons abroad, and several potential customers have already shown interest—not just Iraq, but also Syria, Venezuela, and other players. To be sure, all of these governments are financially constrained, and the United States will likely continue disrupting such deals via existing secondary sanctions, most of them based on UN Security Council resolutions adopted between 2006 and 2015. -
Shirak Guidebook
Wuthering Heights of Shirak -the Land of Steppe and Sky YYerevanerevan 22013013 1 Facts About Shirak FOREWORD Mix up the vast open spaces of the Shirak steppe, the wuthering wind that sweeps through its heights, the snowcapped tops of Mt. Aragats and the dramatic gorges and sparkling lakes of Akhurian River. Sprinkle in the white sheep fl ocks and the cry of an eagle. Add churches, mysterious Urartian ruins, abundant wildlife and unique architecture. Th en top it all off with a turbulent history, Gyumri’s joi de vivre and Gurdjieff ’s mystical teaching, revealing a truly magnifi cent region fi lled with experi- ences to last you a lifetime. However, don’t be deceived that merely seeing all these highlights will give you a complete picture of what Shirak really is. Dig deeper and you’ll be surprised to fi nd that your fondest memories will most likely lie with the locals themselves. You’ll eas- ily be touched by these proud, witt y, and legendarily hospitable people, even if you cannot speak their language. Only when you meet its remarkable people will you understand this land and its powerful energy which emanates from their sculptures, paintings, music and poetry. Visiting the province takes creativity and imagination, as the tourist industry is at best ‘nascent’. A great deal of the current tourist fl ow consists of Diasporan Armenians seeking the opportunity to make personal contributions to their historic homeland, along with a few scatt ered independent travelers. Although there are some rural “rest- places” and picnic areas, they cater mainly to locals who want to unwind with hearty feasts and family chats, thus rarely providing any activities. -
The Gulf Military Balance in 2019: a Graphic Analysis
Anthony H. Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy The Gulf Military Balance in 2019: A Graphic Analysis Anthony H. Cordesman and Abdullah Toukan With the Assistance of Max Molot Working Paper: Please send comments to [email protected] REVISED December 9, 2019 Photo: ARASH KHAMOUSHI/AFP/ Getty Images Introduction 2 The military balance in the Gulf region has become steadily more complex with time. Conventional forces have been been reshaped by massive arms transfers, and changes in major weapons, technology, and virtually every aspect of joint warfare, command and control, sensors, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems. Missile warfare is changing radically as diverse mixes of ballistic and cruise missiles, UAVs and UCAVs, and missiles are deployed. Precision-guided, conventionally armed missiles are becoming a key aspect of regional forces, and so are missile defenses. The threat of nuclear pro0liferation remains, and at least one state – Iran - is a declared chemical weapons power while the Assad regime in Syria has made repeated use of chemical weapons At the same time, asymmetric forces, “proxy” forces, and various forms of military advisory and support missions are playing a growing role in local conflicts and gray area operations. So are local militia and security forces – often divided within a given Gulf state by sect and ethnicity. Terrorist and extremist forces continue pose serious threats, as do political tensions and upheavals, and the weaknesses and failures of some regional governments to meet the needs of their people. The most serious sources of Gulf conflicts are now the tensions between Iran and the Arab Gulf states, and the role played by terrorists and extremists, but civil war and insurgencies remain an additional threat - as does the links between Iran, Syria, and the Hezbollah. -
Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From
IDENTITY AND LEGITIMACY: IRAN’S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS FROM NON- TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES Pupak Mohebali Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics June 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of Iranian elites’ conceptions of national identity on decisions affecting Iran's nuclear programme and the P5+1 nuclear negotiations. “Why has the development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle been portrayed as a unifying symbol of national identity in Iran, especially since 2002 following the revelation of clandestine nuclear activities”? This is the key research question that explores the Iranian political elites’ perspectives on nuclear policy actions. My main empirical data is elite interviews. Another valuable source of empirical data is a discourse analysis of Iranian leaders’ statements on various aspects of the nuclear programme. The major focus of the thesis is how the discourses of Iranian national identity have been influential in nuclear decision-making among the national elites. In this thesis, I examine Iranian national identity components, including Persian nationalism, Shia Islamic identity, Islamic Revolutionary ideology, and modernity and technological advancement. Traditional rationalist IR approaches, such as realism fail to explain how effective national identity is in the context of foreign policy decision-making. I thus discuss the connection between national identity, prestige and bargaining leverage using a social constructivist approach. According to constructivism, states’ cultures and identities are not established realities, but the outcomes of historical and social processes. The Iranian nuclear programme has a symbolic nature that mingles with socially constructed values. There is the need to look at Iran’s nuclear intentions not necessarily through the lens of a nuclear weapons programme, but rather through the regime’s overall nuclear aspirations. -
Armenia, Republic of | Grove
Grove Art Online Armenia, Republic of [Hayasdan; Hayq; anc. Pers. Armina] Lucy Der Manuelian, Armen Zarian, Vrej Nersessian, Nonna S. Stepanyan, Murray L. Eiland and Dickran Kouymjian https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004089 Published online: 2003 updated bibliography, 26 May 2010 Country in the southern part of the Transcaucasian region; its capital is Erevan. Present-day Armenia is bounded by Georgia to the north, Iran to the south-east, Azerbaijan to the east and Turkey to the west. From 1920 to 1991 Armenia was a Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR, but historically its land encompassed a much greater area including parts of all present-day bordering countries (see fig.). At its greatest extent it occupied the plateau covering most of what is now central and eastern Turkey (c. 300,000 sq. km) bounded on the north by the Pontic Range and on the south by the Taurus and Kurdistan mountains. During the 11th century another Armenian state was formed to the west of Historic Armenia on the Cilician plain in south-east Asia Minor, bounded by the Taurus Mountains on the west and the Amanus (Nur) Mountains on the east. Its strategic location between East and West made Historic or Greater Armenia an important country to control, and for centuries it was a battlefield in the struggle for power between surrounding empires. Periods of domination and division have alternated with centuries of independence, during which the country was divided into one or more kingdoms. Page 1 of 47 PRINTED FROM Oxford Art Online. © Oxford University Press, 2019. -
Vank Cathedral : the Most Beautiful Church in Isfahan
Tomorrow is ours Don’t miss! Find the Milky Way We recommend you observing the sky with and without a telescope in Varzaneh desert. If you go in a suitable time there, i.e. when it is not cloudy and moonshine is at a minimum, then you would not need a telescope to recognize many classic objects in the sky. In this situation, you will be finding the Milky Way easily, even without NasleWednesday | 5 October 2016 | No. 5234 farda a telescope. WWW. NASLEFARDA.NET naslefardanews naslfarda 30007232 Page:23 Where to stay ? Chehel Vank Cathedral : Panjereh Hotel The Most Beautiful Church in Isfahan he beautiful All Savior’s intended to glorify the Creator. Cathedral in New Jolfa, Form the tiled lower portions Tlocally known as the Vank of the walls to the ceiling are Cathedral, at the far eastern end horizontally covered with oil of Khaghani Street, is open to paintings and gilded carving in visitors from 8 am to noon and the representation of the God’s tep into Chehel 2 to 5 PM, Monday to Saturday. revelation throughout the old and Panjereh hotel and Begun in 1606, at the time of new Testaments. Sexperience a world arrival of Armenian immigrants The exterior dome is a simple of cozy design and flawless to Esfahan, it was completed Iranian dome made of bricks service unmatched in Esfahan. between 1655 and 1664 under the with no decoration. But the Family orientation and over a supervision of Archbishop David, interior walls, arches, and dome decade of glamour combine with the encouragement of the are covered by plasterwork and to create a homely house of Safavid rulers, and is the historic richly decorated by oil paintings sophistication in the capital focal point of the Armenian and gold inlay. -
IRAN to GEORGIA VIA ARMENIA 17 Day – 16 Night Type: Discover / Historical / Caltural / Religious
IRAN TO GEORGIA VIA ARMENIA 17 Day – 16 Night Type: Discover / Historical / Caltural / Religious Shira 2N/Isfahan 3N/Tehran 1N/Tabriz 2N/Kapan 1N/Jermuk 1N/Yerevan 3N/Tbilisi 3N HIGHLIGHTS Discover an Iran beyond the fake media portrayals of a repressive and dour regime – this is a country full of warm, lively and friendly people. Visiting several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Iran, Armenia and Georgia. Discover Isfahan, the old capital and the 'Jewel of Islamic countries'. Visit Kashan, including Abyane and the historical houses of Brojerdis and Tabatabais. Discover Iranian, Armenian and Georgian cuisine. Do not forget to eat Chelo kabab, Shampours, Khingali and…, you will never forget the taste of this foods. Walk in the Tabriz indoor bazaar and drown in colors and smells and beauties. Explore one of the greatest cities of antiquity, Persepolis. The relief carvings and towering columns will leave you in no doubt that this was once the centre of the known world. Soak up the sights and atmosphere of the jewel in the crown of Persia, the beautiful town of Esfahan. Visit Lake Sevan, Geghard Cave Monastery and the holy city of Echmiadzin. Explore Fascinating cities of Tehran, Tbilisi & Yerevan. ITINERARY Day 1: Welcome to Iran-Shiraz Salam! You will fly to Shiraz with flight TK884 Turkish Airlines via Istanbul. Your flight will land at 02:05 o'clock at Shiraz International Airport. After your welcome, the tour guide will transfer you to the hotel. Since you arrived in Shiraz in the morning, all your check-in have already been done. Have a good rest and collect your energy for the next morning. -
IRGC Navy Leadership Change May Not Signal Imminent Behavior Change | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 3011 IRGC Navy Leadership Change May Not Signal Imminent Behavior Change by Farzin Nadimi Sep 5, 2018 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Farzin Nadimi Farzin Nadimi, an associate fellow with The Washington Institute, is a Washington-based analyst specializing in the security and defense affairs of Iran and the Persian Gulf region. Brief Analysis Despite the appointment of a radical anti-American commander, Iran’s naval forces are unlikely to resume frequent provocations without a strategic shift at the very top of the regime. n August 23, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei promoted the acting commander of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary O Guard Corps Navy (IRGCN), Alireza Tangsiri, to full commander, replacing Ali Fadavi, who was appointed as the wider IRGC’s deputy commander for coordination. In his appointment letter, Tangsiri was instructed to build an “agile and growing naval arm on par with [the demands of the] Islamic Republic” by carrying out three main objectives: making use of “religious manpower,” improving the navy’s “training, skills, intelligence dominance, and interoperability with other IRGC branches,” and “expanding its arsenal even further.” Yet his promotion does not necessarily signal a shift back to tense naval provocations in Persian Gulf waters, depending on how Khamenei decides to respond to forthcoming oil sanctions. WHO IS TANGSIRI? A naval brigade commander during the Iran-Iraq War, Tangsiri headed the IRGCN’s 1st Naval District in Bandar Abbas before becoming Fadavi’s deputy in 2010. He is known for his staunchly anti-American views and his vocal support for detaining Western naval personnel whose vessels stray into Iranian waters. -
Iran's Foreign and Defense Policies
Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies Updated May 8, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44017 SUMMARY R44017 Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies May 8, 2019 Iran’s national security policy is the product of many overlapping and sometimes competing factors such as the ideology of Iran’s Islamic revolution, perception of threats Kenneth Katzman to the regime and to the country, long-standing national interests, and the interaction of Specialist in Middle the Iranian regime’s factions and constituencies. Iran’s leadership: Eastern Affairs x Seeks to deter or thwart U.S. or other efforts to invade or intimidate Iran or to bring about a change of regime. x Has sought to take advantage of opportunities of regional conflicts to overturn a power structure in the Middle East that it asserts favors the United States, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and other Sunni Muslim Arab regimes. x Seeks to enhance its international prestige and restore a sense of “greatness” reminiscent of ancient Persian empires. x Advances its foreign policy goals, in part by providing material support to regional allied governments and armed factions. Iranian officials characterize the support as helping the region’s “oppressed” and assert that Saudi Arabia, in particular, is instigating sectarian tensions and trying to exclude Iran from regional affairs. x Sometimes disagrees on tactics and strategies. Supreme Leader Ali Khamene’i and key hardline institutions, such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), oppose any compromises of Iran’s national security core goals. Iran’s elected president, Hassan Rouhani, and Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif support Iran’s integration into regional and international diplomacy. -
General Assembly Distr.: General 14 August 2017
United Nations A/72/322 General Assembly Distr.: General 14 August 2017 Original: English Seventy-second session Item 73 (c) of the provisional agenda* Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran Note by the Secretary-General** The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 34/23. * A/72/150. ** The present report was submitted after the deadline as a result of consultations with the Islamic Republic of Iran. 17-13925 (E) 230817 *1713925* A/72/322 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran Summary During its thirty-third session, the Human Rights Council appointed Asma Jahangir as Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present report outlines the activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur since the issuance of her first report to the Council (A/HRC/34/65), examines ongoing issues and presents some of the most recent and pressing developments in the area of human rights in the country. Contents Page I. Introduction ................................................................... 3 II. Charter on Citizens’ Rights ....................................................... 4 III. Civil and political rights ......................................................... 4 A. Right to take part in the conduct of public affairs ................................ 4 B. Rights to freedom of expression, opinion, information and the press ................. 6 C. -
13683 Wednesday JUNE 10, 2020 Khordad 21, 1399 Shawwal 18, 1441 Lavrov Calls U.S
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 12 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13683 Wednesday JUNE 10, 2020 Khordad 21, 1399 Shawwal 18, 1441 Lavrov calls U.S. attempts Why COVID-19 claims fewer Payam Niazmand a Bonhams to offer to impose arms embargo lives in Iran compared to dream can come true works by Iranian on Iran ‘ridiculous’ 2 many other countries? 9 for Persepolis 11 artists 12 CIA spy faces death for gathering intel on Qassem Soleimani: Iran TEHRAN — Iranian Judiciary spokesman provided them with intelligence on se- Iranian Gholamhossein Esmaeili announces a CIA curity issues such as the Guards Quds spy who was gathering intelligence about Force and the location of martyr Qassem the IRGC Quds Force and martyr General Soleimani in exchange for U.S. dollars was Qassem Soleimani has been sentenced sentenced to death by the Revolution Court, to death. and the verdict has been confirmed by the “Recently, a person named Seyed Supreme Court and will be implemented economy Mahmoud Mousavi-Mojed, who had soon,” Esmaeili announced during a press connections with Mossad and CIA and conference on Tuesday. 3 to get back Memoirs of Koniko Yamamura, mother of martyr Mohammad Babai, ready for publication TEHRAN – Iranian writer Hamid He- er whose son was martyred during the sam, the Islamic Revolution Artist of the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war, and this book on track in Year in 2018, plans to publish memoirs of will cover the memories of the mother Koniko Yamamura, the mother of martyr of the martyr. -
13706 Thursday JULY 9, 2020 Tir 19, 1399 Dhi Al Qada 17, 1441 U.S
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 12 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13706 Thursday JULY 9, 2020 Tir 19, 1399 Dhi Al Qada 17, 1441 U.S. bases might Aircraft engine repair NOC president asks UWW Artists making children’s be shut down center to be set up at to accelerate Ghasemi’s day at Mahak by in future 3 Payam Airport 4 medal reallocation 11 storytelling 12 Iran-EAEU trade taskforce holds first meeting online Iran, Syria sign military TEHRAN — The first meeting of Iran-Eur- remove the barriers existing in the way asian Economic Union (EAEU) trade task- of bilateral trade through mutual coop- force, which was set up to expand trade eration.” between the two sides after they inked a Having the annual trade of over $800 preferential agreement in October 2019, billion, the EAEU members play some was held online. significant role in the global trade, and and security agreement The meeting was participated by the expansion of trade with these countries is head of Iran’s Trade Promotion Organ- very important for Iran, he added. ization (TPO), and Iranian ambassador Iran-EAEU trade stands at over $2 See page 2 to Russia, as well as some other Iranian billion for the moment, which could be and EAEU officials, IRIB reported. increased to $5 million in the short-term Addressing the meeting, TPO Head and to $10 billion in the long-term period, Hamid Zadboum said, “We are trying to Zadboum noted.