Sunder Nursery: Conservation and Landscape

Sunder Nursery: Conservation and Landscape Restoring the historic lime plaster in the tomb of Mirza Muzaffar Hussain, Batashewala complex, Delhi, India. " DELHI SUNDER NURSERY: CONSERVATION AND LANDSCAPE #$( Ratish Nanda and Mohammad Shaheer Sunder Nursery Conservation Ratish Nanda Sunder Nursery, earlier known as Azim Bagh or the “great garden”, was established in the twentieth century to experiment and propagate plants for New Delhi during British colonial times. Within Sunder Nursery and its adjoining Batashewala complex stand seven Mughal-era garden-tombs. # The Landscape Master Plan now being implemented at Sun- der Nursery aims to link the conservation effort on the standing monuments to create a major landscape space of truly urban scale, deriving inspiration from the traditional Indian concept of congruency between nature, garden and utility, coupled with environmental conservation. In addition to the formal landscape in the setting of the Mughal-era monuments, a biodiversity park is being created for +lora that occupies Delhi’s ridge, river edge, plains and other specialized zones such as desert and marshy areas. Sunderwala Burj and Sunderwala Mahal Two early Mughal-era tombs stand north of Isa Khan’s tomb in the adjoining Sunder Nursery. Archival records reveal that these were, until the early twentieth century, grouped within a single % enclosure entered through a lofty gateway on the south. A century later, no evidence of the enclosure walls nor of the gateway have survived. The larger tomb, known as Sunderwala Mahal, has a central chamber enclosed with eight rooms forming a circumambula- tory passage. The structure had largely collapsed and the west- ern facade was reconstructed in 3113–1>, but to inappropriate design, with arches built instead of half-domed chambers. In 3116–19, the collapsed portions were reconstructed as per | @ | Sunderwala Burj in Sunder Nursery, Delhi, India. | V | Micro-habitat zones at Sunder Nursery showcasing Delhi’s diverse ecology for educational and recreational purposes. | [ | An /641s view from the roof of Humayun’s Tomb looking towards Sunder Nursery and the Purana Qila. #"$ PART III TRACES OF THE MUGHAL WORLD TODAY: REVALORIZED HERITAGE the original design, matching the northern facade that had newly created gardens are inspired by the traditional Persian remained intact. In 31/; the inappropriately reconstructed west- carpet layout. ern facade was dismantled and rebuilt to its original pro+ile, and conservation works aimed at ensuring long-term preservation Lakkarwala Burj through the use of traditional materials continue. To the north-west of Sunderwala Burj stands a contemporary yet The signi+icance of the adjacent Sunderwala Burj lies in its much larger mausoleum. It is not known who it was built for and, ornamental ceiling with incised plaster patterns, much of which as with many of the tombs – Nila Gumbad, Sabz Burj and Sun- was intact but subject to deterioration due to water ingress derwala Burj, among others – it is simply known by a local name, from the roof. The star-pattern ceiling is reminiscent of decor- Lakkarwala Burj. Strangely, Lakkarwala Burj does not follow the ative wood ceilings seen from Iran to Kashmir. The pattern is north-south alignment of all the other tombs and is on a slight also a development of the designs seen on the lower arcade at diagonal, which in view of several earlier structures present in Emperor Humayun’s mausoleum. the area is dif+icult to understand. Cracks in the dome and roof were repaired prior to careful Conservation works here were very similar to those under- removal of lime-wash layers from the decorative ceiling and taken at Sunderwala Burj: removal of inappropriate past layers restoration of the minor portions of missing incised plaster. and replacement with traditional materials prepared by master Sandstone lattice screens were restored to the arched openings craftsmen, and sensitive landscaping of the immediate setting. above the doorways and lime plaster to the wall surfaces. The The incised plasterwork in geometric and +loral motifs has been red-white contrast was achieved here by the Mughal builders restored where this has been lost, thus reviving some of the through the use of polychromy over the lime plaster. structure’s original grandeur. The immediate setting of both Sunderwala Mahal and Sun- derwala Burj have been treated as formal gardens – replacing Batashewala Complex the tarmacked road network that had reduced these monu- To the immediate east of the Sunderwala tombs stands another ments to traf+ic roundabouts. North of the Sunderwala Burj, the garden-tomb enclosure in which the principal tomb is that of & * | \ | Sunderwala Mahal, a /4th-century tomb structure, required partial reconstruction as portions had collapsed in the late 31th century. | ] | The ornamental incised plaster ceiling of Sunderwala Burj is unique among Delhi monuments and required careful conservation and protection. ' ! ) | ^ | The central axis of Sunder Nursery, inspired by Persian garden design, will serve as the heart of the new garden. | _ | The /4th-century Sunderwala Burj is one of several Mughal-era structures standing within Sunder Nursery. | { | As with other monuments, the conservation of Lakkarwala Burj was also coupled with the landscaping of its immediate setting. ( "$ % m | 9 | The restored interiors of Mirza Muzaffar Hussain’s Tomb, which were found covered in soot, algae and lime wash, thereby dis+iguring the historic appearance and accelerating the decay process. | @ | Architectural documentation of Mirza Muzaffar Hussain’s Tomb. | @@ | The architectural integrity of Mirza Muzaffar Hussain’s Tomb restored to the original builder’s intentions. DELHI SUNDER NURSERY: CONSERVATION AND LANDSCAPE #"% Mirza Muzaffar Hussain, who traced his descent from both Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation was received and a his father’s and his mother’s side to Timur and was married to four-year conservation initiative has thus far been undertaken. Emperor Akbar’s eldest daughter. The tomb is elevated and its Works commenced with demolition of over a hundred ‘tem- interiors profusely ornamented with incised plasterwork as well porary’ structures that were intended to stand for a six-month as the red-white contrast in polychromy. period but had remained there for twenty years, during which Only a few metres east and within the walled enclosure the metal framework of the geodesic domes had been replaced stands another tomb structure. Known as Chotta Batashewala, with reinforced concrete. Clearance of earth revealed the this tomb is an unequal octagon standing on a high plinth. The foundations of missing portions of both the walled enclosures, arcaded enclosure wall of the Batashewala complex tomb had which were then reconstructed as standing portions and over mostly been lost, with large sections demolished in /969 when their original foundations, thus restoring the signi+icant garden temporary geodesic dome structures were built to house groups enclosures. Efforts continue to request ASI to expand protection camping here, destroying the historic landscape of the enclos- to the entire enclosed gardens rather than only the monument ure as well. structures. A few metres further east from Chotta Batashewala is an - All three monuments in this setting required signi+icant other Mughal-era tomb structure, within its own garden enclos- conservation, including reconstruction of collapsed portions of ure, pre-dating the Batashewala complex and almost in align- the “Batashewala” monuments. As with Sunderwala Mahal, the ment with the northern pavilion of the Humayun’s Tomb enclos- southern facade of Mirza Hussain’s tomb had also been recon- ure. Following the Lodi-era typology of a square domed tomb, structed to an inappropriate pro+ile in 311;–1>, with arches this early Mughal structure contains a striking ornamental ceil- built in lieu of collapsed half-domes. This recent reconstruction ing and decorative incised plasterwork on its southern facade. was demolished to restore the original pro+ile. The ornamentation on the parapet is similar to Lakkarwala Burj. The geometric and +loral patterns of the incised plasterwork Since /999 the Aga Khan Trust for Culture ( AKTC ) has made on the interior surface and the kangura patterns on the parapet, efforts, through regular discussions with government authori- including the glazed tiles, were restored where missing. ties, to restore land to the ownership of the Archaeological On the completion of conservation works and the landscape Survey of India ( ASI ) in order to undertake major conservation restoration, access will be established from Sunder Nursery, works on monuments of national importance as well as the sen- thus integrating six Mughal garden-tombs, all dating from the sitive landscaping of the immediate setting of the monuments. sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These efforts bore fruit when the complex was ‘sealed’ on orders of the Supreme Court of India for illegal use by the Bharat Azimganj Serai Scouts and Guides and subsequent to this, in 3119, the land The sixteenth-century Grand Trunk Road passed through the reverted to ASI. Shortly thereafter, funding support from the US Nizamuddin area. Rest houses or serais for pilgrims, travellers "" #"& PART III TRACES OF THE MUGHAL WORLD TODAY: REVALORIZED HERITAGE "# and traders were built at regular intervals on this medieval road. Landscaping the Setting Here vaulted chambers, surrounding a central open court, pro- Mohammad Shaheer

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