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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities of Aqueous Extract of Diploknema Butyracea (Roxb.) H.J

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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities of Aqueous Extract of Diploknema Butyracea (Roxb.) H.J Hindawi e Scientific World Journal Volume 2020, Article ID 6141847, 6 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6141847 Research Article Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities of Aqueous Extract of Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam Bark Sumit Bahadur Baruwal Chhetri , Deepa Khatri , and Kalpana Parajuli Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara 33700, Nepal Correspondence should be addressed to Sumit Bahadur Baruwal Chhetri; [email protected] Received 24 June 2020; Revised 29 September 2020; Accepted 11 November 2020; Published 2 December 2020 Academic Editor: Antonio M. Rabasco Copyright © 2020 Sumit Bahadur Baruwal Chhetri et al. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam is a multipurpose tree used by the Nepalese indigenous people for medicinal purposes such as rheumatism, asthma, and ulcer and other purposes such as cooking and lighting. However, there is no scientific evidence for the medicinal uses of this plant. )e present study aimed to explore the phytochemical constituents, estimate the total phenolic content, evaluate antioxidant activity, and investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of aqueous extract of Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam bark (ADBB). Phytochemical screening was performed using standard methods. )e total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. )e in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. For the in vivo studies, the plant extract was given in three different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight) to male albino Wistar rats. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic studies were carried out using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and the hot plate method, respectively. Results revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and carbohydrates together with a considerable amount of phenolic compounds. Antioxidant assays indicated the potent antioxidant activity of the plant extracts. )e higher dose of D. butyracea (200 mg/kg) exhibited a maximum and significant inhibition (53.20%) of rat hind paw edema volume at 4 h and showed a greater increment in latency time (12.15 ± 1.81 sec) in the hot plate test at 120 min. )e present study demonstrated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic potential of ADBB, which supports its traditional medicinal use. 1. Introduction and mental capabilities and thus, has a negative impact on the quality of life [5]. Inflammation is a crucial part of the host defense mechanism in Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the human body, which helps to remove harmful stimuli such as effective in treating a variety of pain and inflammatory pathogens and toxicants and restore the damaged tissue [1]. )e conditions. However, the long-term use of NSAIDs is inflammation can be categorized as acute and chronic in- becoming highly controversial due to their association flammation. Acute inflammation is a short-duration inflam- with serious side effects such as gastrointestinal ulcers, matory condition characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, hemorrhage, and renal damage. In comparison to these and loss of tissue function. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged synthetic drugs, herbal medicines are in greater demand inflammatory condition characterized by concurrent tissue because of their affordability, accessibility, and safety destruction and repairment with fibrosis [2]. It leads to several profile. )erefore, nowadays, people are more focused on chronic diseases including cancer, arthritis, obesity, diabetes, the use of ethnobotanical knowledge to discover herbal cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases [3]. medicine [6]. Pain is a displeasing sensation, which often shows the Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam (synonyms: indication of various health-related disorders and injuries in Aesandra butyracea (Roxb.) Baehni, Madhuca butyracea (Roxb.) the human body [4]. It interferes with a person’s physical J.F. Macbr., Illipe butyracea (Roxb.) Engl., Mixandra butyracea 2 )e Scientific World Journal (Roxb.) Pierre ex L. Planch., Vidoricum butyraceum (Roxb.) Table 1: Treatment protocols in different groups of rats for anti- Kuntze and Bassia butyracea Roxb.; family: Sapotaceae; Nepali inflammatory and analgesic activities. name: Chiuri; English name: Indian-butter nut; Hindi name: Groups (n � 6) Treatment protocols Phalwara; Chinese name: Zang lan) is a deciduous tree about Group I (control group) Distilled water 20 m tall, growing in the sub-Himalayan range at an altitude of Group II (standard group) Diclofenac (50 mg/kg body weight) 300 to 1500 m. It is widely used among tribal communities of Group III ADBB (50 mg/kg body weight) Nepal, India, Tibet, and Bhutan. Chepang, an indigenous Tibeto- Group IV ADBB (100 mg/kg body weight) Burman ethnic group of Nepal, uses various parts of Group V ADBB (200 mg/kg body weight) D. butyracea for medicinal and other purposes. Fruits are used as Note. ADBB: aqueous extract of D. butyracea bark. dietary supplements, whereas seed fats are used for various purposes such as cooking, lighting lamps, and manufacturing soap, candles, and hair oils [7, 8]. Seed fat is also used as an 2.4. Animals and Experimental Design. Male albino Wistar ointment in rheumatism, boils, pimples, and burn, and as an rats (150–180 g) were purchased from )e Science House, emollient for chapped hands and feet in winter. )e bark of the Pokhara, Nepal. Rats were randomly divided into five tree is used in the treatment of asthma, indigestion, ulcers, groups, each containing six rats (Table 1). Each group of rats itching, hemorrhage, contraction of limbs, wounds, rheumatic was housed individually in polypropylene cages under pain, inflammation of the tonsils, leprosy, and diabetes [8–10]. controlled environment conditions (25 ± 3°C temperature, D. butyracea has been used for various medicinal purposes 55 ± 5% humidity, and 12 :12 h light-dark cycle). Rats were by different tribal groups of Nepal since the ancient period, but acclimatized in the laboratory of Pokhara University for 3 there is limited scientific exploration. To our knowledge, there weeks prior to the study and fed with food and water ad are no previous scientific studies on the antioxidant, anti-in- libitum. All rats were fasted for 14 h before the conduction of flammatory, and analgesic activities of D. butyracea. )erefore, the experiment. to explore the medicinal uses of this plant scientifically, our study focused to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of aqueous extract of D. butyracea bark 2.5. Ethical Statement. Ethical clearance was obtained from (ADBB) of Nepal. Furthermore, the phytochemical constituents the Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of Pokhara and total phenolic content of ADBB were assessed, which help to University (Reference number: 130-073-074), and all ac- support these biological activities. tivities were conducted according to Ethical Guidelines for the Care and Use of Animals in Health Research in Nepal. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Chemicals. Carrageenan was obtained from HiMedia 2.6. Phytochemical Screening. Preliminary phytochemical Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India. Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and screening of the plant extract was performed as described ascorbic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. previously [11, 12] to detect the presence of phytocon- DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and gallic acid were stituents such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, gly- purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., cosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, proteins, and amino Osaka, Japan. All other chemicals used were of analytical acids in ADBB. grade. 2.7. Determination of Total Phenolic Content. )e total 2.2. Plant Material. )e bark of D. butyracea was collected phenolic content in ADBB was determined using the from Pokhara, Kaski district, Nepal, in September 2016 and was Folin–Ciocalteu method as described previously [11]. Gallic identified and authenticated by botanist Dr. Radheshyam acid was used as a standard in the determination of total Kayastha. )e voucher specimen (PUCD–2017–01) was de- phenolic content. )e quantitative estimation was per- posited at the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Health formed with the help of the equation (y � 0.013x – 0.164) and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara, Nepal. obtained from the standard curve. )e total phenolic content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry extract weight. 2.3. Extraction and Yield Percent Calculation. )e dried bark of D. butyracea (25 g) was macerated twice with distilled water in the sample to solvent ratio 1 : 7 (w/v) for 48 h at 2.8. Antioxidant Activity room temperature. )en, the extract obtained was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary 2.8.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. )e DPPH radical evaporator (Buchi¨ Rotavapor, Germany) to obtain the dried scavenging assay was carried out according to the method extract for further study. )e percentage of extract yield was described earlier [13] with slight modification. Ascorbic acid calculated by using the following formula: was taken as standard. In brief,
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