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Hindu-Muslim Religious Encounter in Bangladesh: a Case Study of Dhaka

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Hindu-Muslim Religious Encounter in Bangladesh: a Case Study of Dhaka HINDU-MUSLIM RELIGIOUS ENCOUNTER IN BANGLADESH: A CASE STUDY OF DHAKA BY MD. ASADUR RAHMAN A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Phlosophy in UÎËl al-DÊn and Comparative Religion Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia AUGUST 2016 O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise each other). Verily the most honoured of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And Allah has full knowledge and is well-acquainted (with all things). Al-×ujurÉt 49: 13 ABSTRACT This study investigates the present condition of Hindu-Muslim relations in Bangladesh, a multi religious country in South Asia with Muslim majority. It is based on in-depth interview with 18 Hindu and 18 Muslim respondnets in Dhaka, the capital city. Among these 18 from each category, the type of the respondents the researcher has selected is religious scholars, cultural activists, and educationists cum community representatives. The study aims to justify the propagations and sense of Hindu-Muslim confrontation as reflected in many narratives and literatures where an attempt to portray the felt absence of interreligious harmony. The in-depth interviews emphasize religious issues, includes religio-cultural and socio-political mtters which manifested in the relationships. As such, the study explores the current scenario of relations between these two communities which opposes present-day literatures and narratives which depict friendship and intimacy among those who are living peacefully and harmoniously. In the study, special attention is given to issues relating to commonly held causes for the decline of the Hindus in Bangladesh as widely believed by Hindu and Muslim alike. Both Hindu and Muslim respondents are asked to describe what they think are causes for the decrease of their number. Surprisingly the data analyzed, nullifies the common supposition that torture of Hindu is reason for the decrease. It is therefore found to be a myth or a mere speculation. Denying this, the study shows that the widely believed assumption of Hindu decline has been challenged. Most importantly, it indicates that the Bangla language, spoken by both Hindu and Muslims in their daily lives, –as the study has examined- has played a fundamental role in the process of Islamization to its speakers irrespective of their ethnic backgrounds. And last but not least, it is found through their narratives that religion is an inevitable element for peace and stability for in the context of Bangladesh, religion, as such, significantly contributes to the making of good citizens, an essential element for co- existence and interreligious harmony. ii خﻻصة البحث Abstract in Arabic هذا البحث يُعىن بدراسة العﻻقات املعاصرة بني اهلندوس واملسلمني يف دولة بنغﻻديش وهي دولة متعددة اﻷداين يف جنوب آسيا ذات أغلبية مسلمة. وقد بُنيت الدراسة على مقابﻻت شخصية معمقة ومتميزة مشلت 18 من اهلندوس و18 من املسلمني على السواء يف العاصمة دكا.من بني اجملتمعني اليت أجريت معهما املقابﻻت علماء الدين، والناشطون يف جمال الثقافة، ورجال التعليم وذلك ﻻستقصاء مواضع املواجهة واحلراك أو التعايش السلمي بني اهلندوس واملسلمني. وقد ركزت املقابﻻت على القضااي الدينية على وجه اﻹمجال واليت مشلت املسائل الثقافية، واﻻجتماعية، والسياسية. وقد أفضت هذه املقابﻻت بيان أبعاد اللسانية احلميمة بني اهلندوس واملسلمني على عكس ما هو سائد من صورة قائمة روجتها اﻷحباث واﻷدبيات الرائجة يف هذا اجملال. وقد أولت هذه الدراسة عناية خاصة مبوضوع تناقص أعداد اهلندوس يف بنغﻻديش، وحماولة معرفة اﻷسباب وراء ذلك اﻷمر، ولع ّل السائد يف اﻷوساط السياسية أن ذلك بسبب اﻻضطهاد الديين الذي يتعرض له اهلندوس ولكن ابلنظر يف وجهات نظر َم ْن أُجريت معهم املقابﻻت سواء كانوا من املسلمني أم اهلندوس يتضح لنا أن مثة أسباابً أخرى بعيدة كل البعد عن أمر اﻻضطهاد الديين. وهي استخدام لغة البنغﻻ بواسطة املسلمني واهلندوس للتعبري عن أنفسهم يف كل اجملاﻻت ومن بينها اجملال الديين، وبسبب تعرض هذه اللغة إىل اﻷسلمة التدرجيية فقد أاتحت فرصة أفضل وأكرب للتفاعل اﻹجيايب بني املسلمني واهلندوس وكل ذلك قد أسهم بنصيب وافر يف خلق جّو من اﻻستقرار، والتعايش يف العﻻقات بني اهلندوس واملسلمني يف بنغﻻديش وقد بينت هذه الدراسة أيضاً أن الدين يؤدي دوراً فعّاﻻً يف خلق املواطن الصاحل الذي هو اﻷساس يف بناء جّو سلمي من التعايش الديين يف اجملتمع. iii APPROVAL PAGE The dissertation of Md. Asadur Rahman has been approved by the following: ______________________ Ibrahim Mohamed Zein Supervisor ________________ Md. Yousuf Ali Co-Supervisor _________________ Haslina Ibrahim Internal Examiner _______________ Tahira Basharat External Examiner ___________________________ Mohd. Abdur Rahman Anwari External Examiner ________________________________ Ismaiel Hassanein Ahmed Mohamed Chairman iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Md. Asadur Rahman Signature ........................................................... Date ......................................... v INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA COPYRIGHT page DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH HINDU-MUSLIM RELIGIOUS ENCOUNTER IN BANGLADESH: A CASE STUDY OF DHAKA I declare that the copyright holders of this dissertation are jointly owned by the student and IIUM. Copyright © 2016 Md. Asadur Rahman and International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy. Affirmed by Md. Asadur Rahman ……..…………………….. ………………….. Signature Date vi Dedication Dedicated in humble gratitude to Professor Ibrahim Mohamed Zein My parents Late M. M. Fazlur Rahman (AllÉh yarÍamu-hË) Fatimah Begum My wife Shahnaj Parvin My children Maryam and Faatimah vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises be to Allah the almighty for giving me the strength and guidance for completing this study. It is a product of four years study completed at the International Islamic University Malaysia. Here, I would like to single out number of individuals who have rendered their tangible and intangible form of assistance throughout this study. First and foremost, I owe a particular debt of gratitude and deep appreciation to my Supervisor, Prominent Professor Dr. Ibrahim Mohamed Zein for his fatherly love and notable generosity, patience, interest and commitment not only in guiding this academic work but also providing me financial aid to survive during this long journey of research including the expenses of conducting interviews even, I do not find suitable words that can express my gratitude for his contribution to me. I take this opportunity to acknowledge it once again, with warmest thanks and humble regards. My special thanks also go to my co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Md. Yousuf Ali for his valuable comments, suggestions and guidance towards completing the dissertation. I also would like to extend my warm appreciation to my Internal Examiner Assoc. Prof. Dr. Haslina Ibrahim for her valuable suggestions, observation and constructive comments. With the same recollection of pleasure and gratitude I also would like record my warm gratitude to my External Examiners, Prof. Dr. Tahira Basharat from the University of Punjab, Pakistan and Prof. Dr. Mohd. Abdur Rahman Anwari from the Islamic University Kushtia, Bangladesh for their fair evaluation, valuable suggestions and constructive comments. My appreciation also goes to the Thesis Examination Committee Chairperson, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismaiel Hassanein Ahmed Mohamed. My appreciation also goes to the International Islamic University Malaysia for giving me the opportunity to complete my doctoral studies and particularly to its Library, for providing the required data and materials, which made it easy to complete my dissertation. I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to my friend Abdullah al- Mahmud, a teacher in the Department of World Religions at the University of Dhaka and a PhD candidate at IIUM who made it possible for me to complete the research work providing me a group of trained students from his Department for conducting interview, namely Md. Faisal Bin Ashik, Nazmul Haque and Md. Amanul Haque; without their support, the writing of this dissertation would have been much more difficult if not impossible, I am really indebted to them. In the same manner, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my friend, Md. Ruhul Amin, also a PhD candidate at the IIUM, who helped me greatly with technical support into the shape of this dissertation, truly I am indebted to him. viii This acknowledgement will remain incomplete unless I extend my heartfelt gratitude towards thirty six respondents from both Hindu and Muslim communities in Bangladesh who willingly gave their valuable time to talk about their experiences and who are the core ingredients in building my confidence and to complete this project. Above all, I should like to place my special thanks to my late father, M. M. Fazlur Rahman and mother Fatimah Begum, for their continuous spiritual and material support, encouragement and love that I have received. I must thank my enduring wife, Shahnaj Parvin for her kind support and for not demanding many things from a poor Ph.D. student.
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