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Mackerel Icefish in Net Martin White South Georgia-Plan for Progress 9/27/06 5:54 PM Page 59 South Georgia-plan for progress 9/27/06 5:54 PM Page 58 Mackerel icefish in net Martin White South Georgia-plan for progress 9/27/06 5:54 PM Page 59 Fisheries The seas around South Georgia are one Every fishing vessel must have a licence to fish within CCAMLR waters as well as a transponder of the most important commercial that automatically reports its position every four fishing areas in the Southern Ocean. hours to the country in which it is registered. The Sustainability and conservation of South Georgia Government then issues a specific licence for South Georgia waters. Government the marine environment are of vessels patrol the South Georgia Maritime Zone paramount importance, so fishing is and inspectors check licences in order to stop tightly controlled by the South pirate fishing. Georgia Government. The South Georgia Government works closely with the fishing companies, who understand that good The current management of the South Georgia fish- management of the fisheries is essential for long ery is a success story and a model for other coun- term sustainability. A substantial portion of the tries. By operating a strict regime and using good income generated by licences is spent on strict management practices the Government has virtually environmental management procedures and polic- eliminated illegal and unregulated fishing and the ing, and in some years the costs of managing the accidental death of seabirds. The fisheries manage- fishery have exceeded licence income. ment regulations and catch limits proposed interna- tionally by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) are The Convention for the fully implemented, together with additional South Conservation of Antarctic Marine Georgia Government regulations where these are Living Resources needed for local ecosystem protection. The The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Government funds a fisheries research programme Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) was negotiated and conducts regular fishery surveillance and as part of the Antarctic Treaty System in the late enforcement patrols to prevent illegal fishing. 1970s. At that time marbled rockcod had been severely over-fished and krill were becoming the Each year, the Government issues licences to vessels new target species. There was concern that a deple- to fish within the 200 nautical mile Maritime Zone. tion in krill stocks would affect other species in Currently there are three commercial fisheries: Antarctic and sub-Antarctic ecosystems, particularly • Patagonian toothfish; long-line fishery in winter birds, seals and fish. CCAMLR came into force in 1982. • Mackerel icefish; pelagic trawlers in summer/winter The aim of the CCAMLR is to conserve all the marine life of the Southern Ocean within the Polar Front, a • Antarctic krill; trawling in winter natural boundary based on sea temperature, which includes most of the South Georgia Maritime Zone In addition CCAMLR has agreed to two exploratory (see page 63). Fishing is allowed if carried out in a fisheries: rational and sustainable manner, without impacting • Stone crabs and king crabs; potting other ecosystem components. A precautionary approach is adopted to minimise risk when there • Seven star flying squid is any uncertainty. This ecosystem approach to However, there is currently little interest in the management is different from management systems exploratory fisheries. The Government remains in almost all other fisheries and is underpinned by considerable research and monitoring. keen to expand the diversity of fishing opportuni- ties within the Maritime Zone. Conservation measures adopted by CCAMLR are based on scientific advice and require enforcement Each vessel is required to report its catches and to be effective. The vast size and inhospitable position to CCAMLR throughout the fishing sea- conditions of the Southern Ocean make it extremely son. CCAMLR keep a running total of catches, and difficult for Member States to enforce or police as the total catch approaches the maximum CCAMLR measures to combat illegal, unregulated allowed they project current catch rates forward and unreported fishing. to an estimated finishing date and close the fish- For further information see www.ccamlr.org ery accordingly. Fisheries 59 South Georgia-plan for progress 9/27/06 5:54 PM Page 60 Preventing the accidental death Due to the conscientious use of these measures by vessels licensed in the South Georgia fishery, of seabirds almost no birds are now drowned on longline hooks in the fishery zone around the island. Longline fishing is an intensive, industrial-style fish- ing technique which was introduced to the South Georgia area in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It catches older, mature fish in areas where trawls cannot be used and is now the principal method for toothfish fishing around South Georgia. Baited hooks are attached to lines, which are weighted and lowered into the sea behind the fish- ing vessel. Lines can be tens of kilometres long and carry thousands of baited hooks deep into the ocean. When the hooks and bait go overboard behind the trawler they are visible near the surface and attract crowds of seabirds that try to take the bait. Many, especially albatross, used to get caught on the hooks and were drowned. Researchers have come up with many practical steps which can be used to reduce the number of seabirds killed by longlining. These are now CCAMLR Conservation Measures and include: Albatross caught in longline • Setting lines at night, as most albatross feed by Graham Robertson day • Weighting lines so they sink immediately on entering the water Marine Stewardship Council • Not discharging offal during longline deployment; The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) aims to reverse the continued decline in fish stocks around Discharging offal on the side of the fishing ves- • the world by using consumer purchasing power to sel opposite to the longline hauling position promote environmentally responsible fishery man- • Using bird scaring devices such as streamers to agement and practices. The MSC is an independ- frighten birds away from baited lines ent, non-profit making organisation taking into account the views of all those seeking to secure a • Use of thawed, rather than frozen bait as it sustainable future. sinks more quickly The MSC has developed an environmental stan- • Closing the toothfish fishery during the alba- dard for sustainable and well-managed fisheries tross breeding season. and uses a product label to identify those fisheries which meet this standard. Consumers concerned about overfishing and issues such as the killing of seabirds by longlining will increasingly be able to choose seafood products which meet the MSC standard. The MSC logo on South Georgia toothfish in the shops will show that the fish is caught by ‘environmentally friendly’ means. For more information see www.msc.org Measuring bird streamer line on fishing vessel Pat Lurcock 60 Fisheries South Georgia-plan for progress 9/27/06 5:54 PM Page 61 Patagonian toothfish ers are arrested and prosecuted. To counter pirate fishing CCAMLR now requires that trans-shipment The Patagonian toothfish is found throughout the or unloading of the toothfish catch may only be sub-Antarctic oceans generally near to the sea carried out after the issue of an authorization bottom. It is one of the largest fish species in the code entered into a catch document which then region, with an average length of around provides legal accreditation to market the fish. 90–100cm when mature. It grows slowly, reaching The South Georgia fishery for toothfish has spawning condition at 10–12 years. Spawning recently been certified by the Marine Stewardship takes place during July–September at around Council (MSC) as an internationally recognised sus- 1,000m depth and the eggs rise and hatch around tainable fishery. It is currently the only sub- 3 months later near to the surface. The young fish Antarctic fishery with this accreditation. remain in the surface waters for around 6 months and then gradually go into deeper waters. Patagonian toothfish feed mainly on smaller fish, squid and prawns. They have a potential lifespan of over 40 years. Patagonian toothfish were originally caught acci- dentally in the 1970s in a bottom trawl fishery for Antarctic cod. They have black skin and firm white flesh containing high levels of Omega 3 fatty acids, which have known health benefits. They are now caught by longline fishing and are very much in demand, the total allowable catch (TAC) being taken each year. This means that stock assess- ments must be conducted very carefully and catch Total licensed catch of Patagonian toothfish and mackerel rates continually monitored during the fishing icefish for 1999/2000 to 2004/05 in the South Georgia season. Maritime Zone The South Georgia Government has invested con- siderable resources in managing its toothfish stock Mackerel icefish to ensure long-term sustainability. A very tough stance is taken on illegal fishing and pirate longlin- Mackerel icefish is found throughout the sub- Antarctic and the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula ranging to depths up to around 500m. It feeds mainly on krill and amphipods, growing to a maximum length of around 40–60cm and liv- ing for up to 8–10 years. Icefish were initially caught in mid and bottom trawls and the first major catches were reported in the late 1970s. Stocks were severely depleted in the 1980s but have now partly recovered. The mackerel icefish fishery uses mid-water trawls, which means that large nets are towed behind the vessel, close to the sea bottom, but not dragging along it. The fish are white, with firm flesh. They are not headed or gutted on the trawlers, but are frozen whole. Icefish is not as valuable as toothfish. The actual catch of mackerel icefish was low dur- ing 2004/05 season (see figure), much less than the TAC.
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