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Morphometric Analysis of Long Pepper (Piper Retrofractumvahl) in Madura Island and Its Potensial As Herbal Medicine

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Morphometric Analysis of Long Pepper (Piper Retrofractumvahl) in Madura Island and Its Potensial As Herbal Medicine International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-2, Spl. Issue-1 May-2018, http://iraj.in MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LONG PEPPER (PIPER RETROFRACTUMVAHL) IN MADURA ISLAND AND ITS POTENSIAL AS HERBAL MEDICINE 1JAMILATUS SA’DIYAH, 2RETNO MASTUTI, 3RODIYATI AZRIYANINGSIH 1,2,3BiologyDepartment Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract - Long Pepper (Piper retrofractumVahl.) is a medicinal plant from tropical regions which is an indigenous plant of Indonesia. This plant has economic values related to its benefits as herbal medicine. Madura Island has been established as one of the development area of long pepper in east Java. Ironically, the morphometric analysis of this plant in various regions and its potential as herbal medicine are not yet widely known. The aims of this study are to analyze the morphological aspects of long pepper in Madura Island and explain its potential as herbal medicine. This study was conducted on 17 long pepper production centers throughout Madura Island, while observation were made on five year old plants in each region. The data obtained are analyzed using PAST program. The results show there are two cluster of long pepper based on its morphometric proximity, i.e. long pepper cluster I is Banyuates, Kadur, Raas, Ketapang, Talango, and Gayam, while cluster II are Burneh, Bangkalan, TanjungBumi, Tragah, Kokop, Sokobanah, Bluto, Guluk-guluk, Larangan, Manding, and Blega. All dried fruit in these regions were used as the main ingredients of “Jamu Madura” for many kinds of mild and severe diseases Keywords - Herbal medicine, Madura, Morphometric analysis, Piper retrofractum. I. INTRODUCTION country. The Potential development of P. retrofractum as herbal medicine is very bright with Long pepper (Piper retrofractumVahl.) is Piperaceae the development of various herbal medicine family and belongs to a native Indonesian medicinal industries in Indonesia. plant that is potential to be developed in herbal Many kind of herbal medicine knowledge in medicine industries (Melati and Ismail, 2012; Zuchri, Indonesia was known from one generation to the next 2008). This plant also distributed mainly in the through daily rituals and oral tradition. The use of tropical region including Philippine, Vietnam, and medicinal herbs for maintaining health also extends Thailand (Jadid, 2018). In Indonesia there are several from one area to another. In Indian and Chinese areas of long pepper producing areas which include civilization even developed traditional medicine Java, Sumatra, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, and Kalimantan. systems where herbal remedies are used One of the production centers of long pepper in East therapeutically in a systematic and structured way Java is Madura Island (Haryudin and Rostiana, 2009). (Ministry of trade, 2009). The use of herbal medicine Madura Island has 5.304 km2 total area with 160 km as traditional medicine in Indonesia in a part of length which is divided into four districts with 17 national cultivation and has begun from centuries ago centers of long pepper. This plant is found along from which achieving that Indonesia is the mega-center of Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, to herbal medicines in the world, one of Indonesian Sumenepdistrict. Morphological characteristics of traditonal herbal medicines is Jamu which are based long pepper among Indonesian production centers inheritance and empirical approach. Because of that vary in leaves, fruit, stems, and branches fact P. retrofractumalso known locally in Indonesia morphology. Morphological analysis could be done as cabesolak (in Madura), cabia (in Sulawesi), by morphometric analysis. Morphometry is a method cabepuyang (in Banyuwangi) and cabejamu (in Java) for assessing phenotypic variations based on biotic all these local name reflect its medicinal use and abiotic factors. This method use size and size (Nurwenig, 2016). ratio of an organism to measure the variation of In Madura Island this dried fruit was used as biological specimen, comparing its genetic, medicine stomach ache, headache, and reproductive environmental, and phenotypic variations (Paris et al., remedies tha make it have economic values 2016).With this method can be obtained information (Haryudinand Rostiana, 2009). Vinay (2012) also about long pepper diversity and similaritythroughout stated that the dried food of long pepper was used the Madura Island. mixed with another various herbs as stimulant and maternal care. Utilization of this fruit as medicinal Based on national food and drug agency (2012) report material in Madura related to bioactive compounds in that the need of long pepper in domestic market or the fruit (Jamal et al.2013).The identification of long export market is very large. Some countries such as pepper morphology diversity in all production centers Singapore, Malaysia, Europe, Middle East, America, in Madura Island has not been reported and its and China have been known as long pepper importing potential as herbal medicine not yet widely known. Morphometric Analysis of Long Pepper (Piper Retrofractumvahl.) in Madura Island and its Potensial as Herbal Medicine 87 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-2, Spl. Issue-1 May-2018, http://iraj.in Based on these facts this study conducted to Madura Island include Blega, TanjungBumi, Burneh, analyzemorphological aspect and explain long pepper Tragah, Bangkalan, Kokop, Banyuates, Ketapang, potential as herbal medicine. Sokobanah, Larangan, Kadur, Bluto, Talango, Kalianget, Gayam, Raas, and Guluk-gulukas in Fig.1, II. RESEACRH METHODOLOGY identification of morphological characters was perfomed at Plant Taxonomy Laboratory Brawijaya 2.1. Time and Place Unversity. This study was conducted from August to December 2018. Plant samples were obtained from 17 areas of Fig.1. Sampling area on Madura Island 2.2. Material and Procedure 2.3. Data analysis Measurements were conducted on five plants from Long Pepper leaf and fruit morphometric each sub-district with total 85 plants at least five measurement results were tabulated and compiled years old. The morphometric character was measured using Microsoft Excel. Furthermore, the data used to from long pepper leave and fruit in fig.2. Characters determine the kinship long pepper by using software morphometric measurement includes, Leaf Length PAST 3 with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (LL), Leaf Width (LW), Leaf Size Index (LL x includes the analysis with dendrogram and Biplot LD/100), Leaf Thick (LT), Grain Length (GL), Grain analysis. PCA analysis with dendrogram Bray-Curtis Diameter (GD), Grain Size Index (GL x GD / 100), similarity scale can determine kinship, while Biplot Grain Stem Length (GSL), Leaf Shape (LS), Leaf analysis to determine the character that supports the Base Form (LBF), Leaf Edges (LE), Leaf Tip (LT), grouping of long pepper. Its potential as herbal Fruit Shape (FS), Fruit Length (FL), Fruit Diameter medicine was explain with descriptive method based (FD), Young Leaves Color (FLC), Adult Leaf Color on some research on it. (ALC) , Young FruitColor (YFC), Ripe FruitColor (RFC) (Modified from Ravindran et.al 1997). III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Morphometric Analysis Morphometric characters in this study was determined by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to see morphometric characters that have relevance to other characters. Based on the analysis of the PCA program, obtained a major component that is able to retain most of the information which was measured using the total diversity by using a bit of the main components only (Ariawan, 2013). In this study, the Fig.2. The successively change of P. retrofractum fruit Morphometric Analysis of Long Pepper (Piper Retrofractumvahl.) in Madura Island and its Potensial as Herbal Medicine 88 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Vol-6, Iss-2, Spl. Issue-1 May-2018, http://iraj.in PCA method is done by using dendrogram analysis Tragah, Kokop, Sokobanah, Bluto, Guluk-guluk, and biplot analysis.Based on the dendrogam analysis Manding,Larangan and Blega (from cluster II). Biplot obtained measurement results morphometric (P. analysis shown that long pepper from Larangan retrofractum) were get from different regions in characterized by GLand FL.The differences between Fig.3, which showed that with similarity Bray Curtis long pepper character in the cluster I and II could be index, there are two clusters with similarity of 95% influenced by the difference environmental where cluster I consists of Long Pepper from conditions of four districts on the Madura Island such Banyuates, Kadur, Raas, Ketapang, Talango, and as rainfall, altitude, and soil pH (Haryani et al., 2010). Gayam. Cluster II with 93% similarity consist Burneh, Bangkalan, TanjungBumi, Tragah, Kokop, 3.2. Long Pepper Potential as Herbal Medicine Sokobanah, Bluto, Guluk-guluk, Larangan, Manding, The long Pepper dried fruit was mix with various and Blega. other traditional herbal medicine as bacterial treatmentinfections, asthma, stomach cramps, and Based on Fig.3 it’s also seen that there are two sub- weak orgasm (Jamal et al., 2013). Long Pepper also cluster in cluster I between Raas, Kadur, Banyuates has a lot of effects, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, with 97% similarity, and Ketapang, Talango,
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