DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Policies of IEA Countries Ireland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Policies of IEA Countries Ireland Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at http://www.iea.org/ termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ Energy Policies of IEA Countries Ireland 2012 Review Energy Policies of IEA Countries Ireland Ireland has suffered a significant economic downturn, but remains committed to its ambitious energy targets to bring the country towards a low-carbon economy. Ireland’s location at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean ensures one of the best wind and ocean resources in Europe, and Ireland has set the ambitious target of producing 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Ireland is highly dependent on imported oil and gas. While the push to develop renewable energies is commendable, this will result in an increased reliance on natural gas, as gas-fired power plants will be required to provide flexibility in electricity supply when wind power is unavailable. With two-thirds of Ireland’s electricity already coming from gas-fired generation, this poses concerns with regard to gas security, particularly as 93% of its gas supplies come from a single transit point in Scotland. In order to meet Ireland’s ambitious renewable targets and improve the island’s level of energy security, the country must successfully develop a range of gas and electricity infrastructure projects and market solutions while continuing to integrate its energy markets with regional neighbours. Ireland also has a pro-active energy efficiency policy, including a detailed National Energy Efficiency Action Plan outlining 90 measures and actions to be implemented in order to achieve the target of 20% energy savings in 2020. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing Ireland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for the further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future. -:HSTCQE=V\VY[[: (61 2012 03 1P1) 978-92-64-17146-6 €75 Energy Policies of IEA Countries Ireland 2012 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea (Republic of) Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2012 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden 9 rue de la Fédération Switzerland 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Turkey www.iea.org United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are available online at also participates in http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/ the work of the IEA. Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 9 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 9 Key recommendations ...............................................................................................................12 PART I POLICY ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................13 2. GENERAL ENERGY POLICY......................................................................................................................15 Overview ....................................................................................................................................15 Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................15 Institutions .................................................................................................................................18 Key policies.................................................................................................................................20 Taxation ......................................................................................................................................23 Critique .......................................................................................................................................23 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................24 3. CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................................................................25 GHG emissions and targets ........................................................................................................25 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion .........................................................................................26 Institutions .................................................................................................................................29 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................29 Critique .......................................................................................................................................33 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................35 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ...............................................................................................................................37 Overview: final consumption by sector .....................................................................................37 Institutions .................................................................................................................................40 Policies and measures ................................................................................................................40 Critique .......................................................................................................................................49 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................52 3 Table of contents PART II SECTOR ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................53 5. ELECTRICITY ...........................................................................................................................................55 Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................55 Market structure ........................................................................................................................58 Generating capacity ...................................................................................................................66 Networks ....................................................................................................................................67 Supply and retail ........................................................................................................................74 Tariffs and prices ........................................................................................................................76 Critique .......................................................................................................................................80 Recommendations .....................................................................................................................86 6. RENEWABLE ENERGY .............................................................................................................................87 Supply and demand ...................................................................................................................87 Institutions .................................................................................................................................89
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan a Framework for the Sustainable Development of Ireland’S Offshore Renewable Energy Resource
    Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan A Framework for the Sustainable Development of Ireland’s Offshore Renewable Energy Resource February 2014 Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan A Framework for the Sustainable Development of Ireland’s Offshore Renewable Energy Resource February 2014 Contents Foreword by the Minister for Communications, Energy & Natural Resources, Pat Rabbitte T.D. 5 Introduction, Vision and Goals 6 Part One – Opportunity, Policy Context and Next Steps 9 Offshore Energy Renewable Plan Development Section 1 – Opportunity and Policy Context 10 Opportunity 10 Policy Context 11 Renewable Energy 11 Environment 13 Infrastructure 14 Job Creation and Economic Growth 15 Section 2 – Next Steps 18 OREDP Principles 18 3 Policy Actions and Enablers 18 Governance 18 Job Creation and Growth 19 Environment 23 Infrastructure 24 Part Two – Strategic Environmental and Appropriate Assessment of Ireland’s Offshore Renewable Energy Potential 25 Section 1 – Overview of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Appropriate Assessment (AA) Processes 26 Section 2 – Overview of Key Findings from the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Appropriate Assessment (AA) 30 Section 3 – Plan Level Mitigation Measures 32 Section 4 – Suggested Project Level Mitigation Measures 34 Section 5 – Overview of Responses to the Public Consultation on the OREDP 54 Glossary 56 List of Figures Figure 1. Map of SEA Assessment Areas. (Source: SEAI, AECOM) 8 Figure 2. Ireland’s Offshore Territory. (Source: Geological Survey of Ireland) 10 Figure 3. Offshore Wind Turbines. (Source: IMERC) 12 Figure 4. Floating a Cable to Shore. (Source: SEAI) 13 Figure 5. Unloading Turbines at Killybegs. (Source: Killybegs Harbour Centre) 15 Figure 6. Marine Energy Supply Chain.
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENT and RENEWABLE ENERGY in IRELAND FLANDERS INVESTMENT & TRADE MARKET SURVEY Market Study
    ENVIRONMENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN IRELAND FLANDERS INVESTMENT & TRADE MARKET SURVEY Market study ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ENVIRONMENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN IRELAND January 2020 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com CONTENT 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. The Irish Economy ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Irish Energy Market .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Energy Policy 7 3.2 Electricity Network 9 4. Renewable Energy Technologies & Sources ............................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Bioenergy 10 4.2 Wind Energy 11 4.3 Ocean Energy 13 4.4 Hydro Energy 15 4.5 Solar Energy 15 4.6 Geothermal Energy 16 5. Related sub-sectors ................................................................................................................................................................. 16 5.1
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Wind Generation on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Ireland
    The Effect of Wind Generation on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Ireland Kernan, R., Liu, X., McLoone, S., & Fox, B. (2017). The Effect of Wind Generation on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Ireland. Paper presented at 16th Wind Integration Workshop, Berlin, Germany. http://windintegrationworkshop.org/old_proceedings/ Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright 2017 The Authors. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:01. Oct. 2021 The Effect of Wind Generation on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Ireland Ron´ an´ Kernan Xueqin (Amy) Liu Sean´ McLoone Brendan Fox Queen’s University Belfast Queen’s University Belfast Queen’s University Belfast Queen’s University Belfast Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Abstract—The integrated electricity sector on the island of where loads are controlled or encouraged to coincide their Ireland has ambitious plans for 37% penetration of wind power demand with periods of increased wind generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ireland's Transition to a Low Carbon Energy Future
    Ireland’s Transition to a Low Carbon Energy Future Ireland’s Transition to a Low Carbon Energy Future 2015-2030 2015-2030 Contents 1 Introduction Contents MESSAGE FROM AN TAOISEACH 3 FOREWORD FROM THE MINISTER 4 2 Climate Change EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 and a New Energy Policy Framework 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND A NEW ENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK 21 3 Ireland’s Energy Future: The 2.1 Introduction 22 Transition to 2050 2.2 Climate Change – A Global Imperative 22 2.3 Global Context 23 2.4 EU Context 23 4 From Passive 2.5 National Context 25 Consumer to Active Citizen 2.6 Our Energy Vision 26 2.7 Ireland’s Energy Policy Objectives 27 2.8 Implementation 27 5 Delivering Sustainable 3 IRELAND’S ENERGY FUTURE: THE TRANSITION TO 2050 29 Energy: Efficiency, Renewables, 3.1 Introduction 30 Technology 3.2 Ireland’s Climate Change Targets 30 3.3 Pathway to 2050 34 6 Energy Security 3.4 Fossil Fuels in the Energy Transition 35 in The Transition 4 FROM PASSIVE CONSUMER TO ACTIVE CITIZEN 39 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Energy Citizens 40 7 Enabling 4.3 Energy Infrastructure 42 the Transition: Regulation, 4.4 Community Energy Projects 43 Markets and 4.5 Actions 44 Infrastructure 5 DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLES, TECHNOLOGY 47 8 Energy Costs 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Energy Efficiency 48 5.3 Renewable Energy 52 5.4 Technology Choices 61 9 Innovation and Enterprise 5.5 Energy Efficiency Actions 63 Opportunity 5.6 Renewable Energy Actions 65 5.7 Actions on Technology Choices 67 Ireland’s Transition to a Low Carbon Energy Future – 2015-2030
    [Show full text]
  • Community Renewable Energy in Ireland: Status, Barriers and Potential Options
    Comhar SDC and Trinity College Dublin Community Renewable Energy in Ireland: Status, barriers and potential options Policy Paper 1 November 2011 1 Comhar SDC policy papers contain preliminary research, analysis and findings. They are circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues of relevance. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................1 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ...........................................................................4 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN IRELAND ....................................................................5 3 WHAT IS A COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY INITIATIVE? ..........................9 4 STATUS OF COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY IN IRELAND.......................15 5 RENEWABLE POLICY MEASURES IN IRELAND ...............................................28 6 BARRIERS TO COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY .......................................31 7 POTENTIAL OPTIONS FOR COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY ..................34 REFERENCE LIST .......................................................................................................41 APPENDIX 1: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES..................................................................46 APPENDIX 2: COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP STRUCTURES .........................................47 APPENDIX 3: THE DANISH EXAMPLE .......................................................................49 APPENDIX 4: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENERGY INITIATIVES
    [Show full text]
  • ENERGY SECURITY in IRELAND 2020 Report ENERGY SECURITY in IRELAND 2020 Report
    ENERGY SECURITY IN IRELAND 2020 Report ENERGY SECURITY IN IRELAND 2020 Report ENERGY SECURITY IN IRELAND 2020 Report September 2020 Report prepared for SEAI by Byrne Ó Cléirigh. Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this report, SEAI accepts no liability whatsoever to any third party for any loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the information contained in this report, or reliance on any views expressed therein. Public disclosure is authorised. This guide may be reproduced in full or, if content is extracted, then it should be fully credited to SEAI. 1 ENERGY SECURITY IN IRELAND 2020 Report The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) is Ireland’s national energy authority investing in, and delivering, appropriate, effective and sustainable solutions to help Ireland’s transition to a clean energy future. We work with Government, homeowners, businesses and communities to achieve this, through expertise, funding, educational programmes, policy advice, research and the development of new technologies. SEAI is funded by the Government of Ireland through the Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment. SEAI is the official source of energy data for Ireland. We develop and maintain comprehensive national and sectoral statistics for energy production, transformation and end-use. These data are a vital input in meeting international reporting obligations, for advising policymakers and informing investment decisions. SEAI’s core statistics functions are to: • Collect, process and publish energy statistics to support policy analysis and development in line with national needs and international obligations; • Conduct statistical and economic analyses of energy services sectors and sustainable energy options; • Contribute to the development and promulgation of appropriate sustainability indicators.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in Ireland 2016
    ELECTRICITY & GAS PRICES IN IRELAND Annex Household Gas Prices per kWh 1st Semester (January – June) 2019 ELECTRICITY & GAS PRICES IN IRELAND 1st Semester (January – June) 2019 ELECTRICITY & GAS PRICES IN IRELAND Annex Household Gas Prices per kWh 1st Semester (January – June) 2019 November 2019 1 ELECTRICITY & GAS PRICES IN IRELAND 1st Semester (January – June) 2019 Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland SEAI is Ireland’s national energy authority investing in, and delivering, appropriate, effective and sustainable solutions to help Ireland’s transition to a clean energy future. We work with Government, homeowners, businesses and communities to achieve this, through expertise, funding, educational programmes, policy advice, research and the development of new technologies. SEAI is part-financed by Ireland’s EU Structural Funds Programme co-funded by the Irish Government and the European Union. Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit (EPSSU) SEAI has a lead role in developing and maintaining comprehensive national and sectoral statistics for energy production, transformation and end-use. This data is a vital input in meeting international reporting obligations, for advising policymakers and informing investment decisions. Based in Cork, EPSSU is SEAI’s specialist statistics team. Its core functions are to: • Collect, process and publish energy statistics to support policy analysis and development in line with national needs and international obligations; • Conduct statistical and economic analyses of energy services sectors and sustainable energy options; • Contribute to the development and promulgation of appropriate sustainability indicators. Acknowledgements SEAI gratefully acknowledges the cooperation of the all the organisations, agencies, energy suppliers and distributors that provided data and responded to questionnaires throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe Disclaimer
    World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 Europe Disclaimer Copyright © 2019 by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Center on Small Hydro Power. The World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 is jointly produced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide development information about small hydropower. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in signed articles are the responsibility of the authors and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO or ICSHP. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither UNIDO, its Member States nor ICSHP assume any responsibility for consequences that may arise from the use of the material. This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as ‘developed’, ‘industrialized’ and ‘developing’ are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. This document may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Energy Resources Interim Update 2009
    Survey of Energy Resources Interim Update 2009 World Energy Council 2009 Promoting the sustainable supply and use of energy for the greatest benefit of all Survey of Energy Resources Interim Update 2009 Officers of the World Energy Council SER Interim Update 2009 World Energy Council 20099 Pierre Gadonneix Chair Copyright © 2009 World Energy Council Francisco Barnés de Castro Vice Chair, North America All rights reserved. All or part of this publication may be used or Norberto Franco de Medeiros reproduced as long as the following citation is included on each Vice Chair, Latin America/Caribbean copy or transmission: ‘Used by permission of the World Energy Council, London, www.worldenergy.org’ Richard Drouin Vice Chair, Montréal Congress 2010 Published 2009 by: C.P. Jain World Energy Council Chair, Studies Committee Regency House 1-4 Warwick Street London W1B 5LT United Kingdom Younghoon David Kim Vice Chair, Asia Pacific & South Asia ISBN: 0 946121 34 6 Mary M’Mukindia Chair, Programme Committee Marie-José Nadeau Vice Chair, Communications & Outreach Committee Abubakar Sambo Vice Chair, Africa Johannes Teyssen Vice Chair, Europe Elias Velasco Garcia Vice Chair, Special Responsibility for Investment in Infrastructure Graham Ward, CBE Vice Chair, Finance Zhang Guobao Vice Chair, Asia Christoph Frei Secretary General Survey of Energy Resources Interim Update 2009 World Energy Council 2009 i Contents Contents i 3. Oil Shale 17 Foreword v Australia 17 Introduction vi Brazil 17 China 18 1. Coal 1 Estonia 18 Israel 18 Australia 1 Jordan 18 Chile 1 Morocco 18 Colombia 1 Thailand 19 India 2 United States of America 19 South Africa 2 United States of America 3 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in Ireland 1990 – 2010 2011 Report
    Energy in Ireland 1990 – 2010 2011 Report 1 Energy in Ireland 1990 – 2010 2011 Report Report prepared by Martin Howley, Emer Dennehy, Mary Holland and Dr. Brian Ó Gallachóir Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit December 2011 Energy in Ireland 2011 (Final).indd 1 28/11/2011 17:06:06 2 ENERGY POLICY STATISTICAL SUPPORT UNIT Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland was established as Ireland’s national energy authority under the Sustainable Energy Act 2002. SEAI’s mission is to play a leading role in transforming Ireland into a society based on sustainable energy structures, technologies and practices. To fulfil this mission SEAI aims to provide well-timed and informed advice to Government, and deliver a range of programmes efficiently and effectively, while engaging and motivating a wide range of stakeholders and showing continuing flexibility and innovation in all activities. SEAI’s actions will help advance Ireland to the vanguard of the global green technology movement, so that Ireland is recognised as a pioneer in the move to decarbonised energy systems. SEAI’s key strategic objectives are: • Energy efficiency first – implementing strong energy efficiency actions that radically reduce energy intensity and usage; • Low carbon energy sources – accelerating the development and adoption of technologies to exploit renewable energy sources; • Innovation and integration – supporting evidence-based responses that engage all actors, supporting innovation and enterprise for our low-carbon future. The Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland is financed by Ireland’s EU Structural Funds Programme co-funded by the Irish Government and the European Union. Energy Policy Statistical Support Unit (EPSSU) SEAI has a lead role in developing and maintaining comprehensive national and sectoral statistics for energy production, transformation and end use.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflicts Between Energy Policy Objectives and the National Climate Change Strategy in Ireland
    EPA STRIVE Programme 2007–2013 Conflicts Between Energy Policy Objectives and the National Climate Change Strategy in Ireland (2001-EEP-MS1-M2) STRIVE Report End of Project Report available for download on http://erc.epa.ie/safer/reports Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency by Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork Authors: Brian Ó Gallachóir, Giulia Guidi, Katya Korneyeva, Shane McCarthy ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY An Ghníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil PO Box 3000, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland Telephone: +353 53 916 0600 Fax: +353 53 916 0699 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.epa.ie © Environmental Protection Agency 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report has been prepared as part of the Environmental Research Technological Development and Innovation (ERTDI) Programme under the Productive Sector Operational Programme 2000– 2006. The programme was financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006. The ERTDI programme 2000–2006 has been replaced by the Science, Technology, Research and Innovation for the Environment (STRIVE) programme 2007–2013. This report is published as part of the STRIVE Programme 2007–2013. The programme is financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2007–2013. It is administered on behalf of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government by the Environmental Protection Agency which has the statutory function of co-ordinating and promoting environmental research. DISCLAIMER Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material contained in this publication, complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Neither the Environmental Protection Agency nor the author(s) accept any responsibility whatsoever for loss or damage occasioned or claimed to have been occasioned, in part or in full, as a consequence of any person acting, or refraining from acting, as a result of a matter contained in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • References.Pdf
    SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW 2016 REFERENCES Apprenticeship Council (2015) Report on New Apprenticeship Programme Proposals. Dublin: Apprenticeship Council. Behan, J., J. McNaboe, C. Shally & N. Burke (2014) National Skills Bulletin 2014 . Dublin: Expert Group on Future Skills Needs. Carneiro, P and Heckman, J (2003) Human Capital Policy. NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Council of the European Union (2011) Council Resolution on a renewed European Agenda for adult learning . 20 December 2011. (2011/C 372/01) Bank for International Settlements (2013) Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity . Basel: BIS. Barrett, A. and Wall C. (2005) The Distributional Impact of Ireland’s Indirect Tax System. Dublin: Combat Poverty Agency. Bennett M., D. Fadden,. D. Harney, P. O’Malley, C. Regan and Sloyan L. (2003) Population Ageing in Ireland and its Impact on Pension and Healthcare Costs - Report of Society of Actuaries Working Party on Population Studies. Dublin: Society of Actuaries in Ireland. Bergin, A., J. Cullen, D. Duffy, J. Fitzgerald, I. Kearney and McCoy D. (2003) Medium-Term Review: 2003-2010 . Dublin: ESRI. Bristow, J. (2004) Taxation in Ireland: an economist’s perspective . Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. Browne, D, Caulfield, B and O’Mahony, M (2011) Barriers to Sustainable Transport in Ireland. Climate Change Research Programme (CCRP) 2007-2013 Report Series No. 7 : Dublin: EPA. Brown, C. and Scott, C. (2010) ‘Regulation in Ireland: History, Structure, Style and Reform’ UCD Geary Institute Discussion Paper Series, September 2010. Dublin: UCD. Burke, S., Thomas, S., Barry, S., Keegan, C., (2014). Measuring, Mapping and Making Sense of Irish Health System Performance in the Recession.
    [Show full text]