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Performance of Protective Perimeter Walls Subjected to Explosions in Reducing the Blast Resultants on Buildings

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Performance of Protective Perimeter Walls Subjected to Explosions in Reducing the Blast Resultants on Buildings Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-30-2015 12:00 AM Performance of Protective Perimeter Walls Subjected to Explosions in Reducing the Blast Resultants on Buildings Fada Casi F Alsubaei The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Ashraf El Damatty The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Greg Kopp The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Fada Casi F Alsubaei 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Structural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Alsubaei, Fada Casi F, "Performance of Protective Perimeter Walls Subjected to Explosions in Reducing the Blast Resultants on Buildings" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2976. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2976 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PERFORMANCE OF PROTECTIVE PERIMETER WALLS SUBJECTED TO EXPLOSIONS IN REDUCING THE BLAST RESULTANTS ON BUILDINGS (Thesis format: Integrated Article) by Fada Casi Alsubaei Graduate Program in Engineering Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Fada Alsubaei 2015 Abstract The existing methods to predict the blast effects on structures located behind blast walls are based on plane rigid walls and the results of small-scale studies, which are not validated by the results of full-scale experiments. Hence, they are only valid for a very limited range of scaled parameters. Also, they do not account for the impact of non-spherical charges or for different ignition points; they also put their emphasis on mid-and far-field overpressures. The current thesis investigates blast wave propagations created by cuboid charges and their effects on structural members at close-in and nearby ranges. First, a preliminary numerical study using the ProSAir finite element program is performed to investigate the effectiveness of a plane and canopied rigid blast wall, which is subjected to a close-in explosion. It was found that, when a canopy was used with the wall, the wall was more effective in reducing the blast wave resultants on the building located behind the wall. As a part of this study, a High Speed Data Acquisition System was developed along with an in-house LabVIEW program to test the response of reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry walls, which were subjected to blast loading, and to measure the blast wave parameters. Half-scale blast experiments are conducted to investigate the effectiveness of reinforced concrete perimeter walls of different shapes in reducing the blast wave resultants along the height of a target building located behind a blast wall a wall as well as to determine the maximum damage that the wall could suffer without fragmentation. The effectiveness of reinforced concrete and walls coupled with a reduction in the street elevation adjacent to a wall’s perimeter in reducing the blast wave resultants along the height of a target building located behind the wall was also investigated. It was found that changing the shape of the RC walls or erection of a plane blast wall combined with the lowering of adjacent street elevation could markedly reduce the blast wave resultants on structures located behind the walls. Full-scale blast experiments were also conducted to investigate the effectiveness of reinforced canopied walls as well as the effectiveness of double fully-grouted reinforced masonry walls infilled with polyurethane foam. The walls were tested both with and without aluminum foam retrofitting and tested using both close-in and nearby explosions. In addition, ii the reduction level of the blast wave resultants along the height of a target building located behind these walls was investigated. It was found that in addition to adding a canopy to the top of a reinforced concrete wall, or using a double reinforced masonry wall infilled with polyurethane foam, and retrofitting the walls with aluminum foam reduced the blast wave resultants on structures located behind these walls. iii Keywords: Reinforced concrete wall, fully grouted double reinforced masonry wall, Canopy wall, Full-Scale blast tests, Half-Scale blast tests, Aluminum foam, and Data Acquisition system. iv Co-Authorship Statement This thesis has been prepared and written in accordance to the rules for a sandwich thesis format required by the faculty of graduate studies at Western University. All the analytical and the experimental work were performed by Fada Alsubaei. Chapter 2 and 3 of this thesis were published in conferences. Chapters 4-6 of this thesis will be submitted to scholarly journals as manuscripts co-authored by Fada Alsubaei and Ashraf El Damatty. v Acknowledgments First of all, praise and thank you to Allah for his grace and mercy in giving me the opportunity to complete this work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Ashraf El Damatty for his support, advice, and encouragement throughout my studies at Western University in London, Ontario. In addition, I would like to thank my colleagues for their friendship. To Prince Mohammed bin Naif bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the Deputy Crown Prince, First Deputy Premier and the Minister of Interior of Saudi Arabia, I will always be most deeply grateful. For without the financial support provided by the Ministry of Interior, Saudi Arabia, it would not have been possible to complete this work. I would like also to thank all of my colleagues in the Special Security Forces in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for their assistance in conducting the field testing. On a more personal level, I would like to thank both my parents for their support, and encouragement during my studies. I would also like to thank my lovely children as well as my brothers, and my sisters for their encouragement. Most of all, I would like to express my most profound and sincere gratitude to my dearest wife, Modi, for her loving support, patience, and understanding during my years of study. vi Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Co-Authorship Statement.................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xvi List of Abbreviations, Symbols, and Notation............................................................... xxiv Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of Problem .................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Scope of Research ...................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Organization of Thesis ............................................................................................... 14 1.6 References .................................................................................................................. 19 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 21 2 Review of Literature - Effectiveness of Blast Walls Designed for Blast Shielding .... 21 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 21 2.2 The Effectiveness of Blast Walls ............................................................................... 23 2.3 Approaches to the Evaluation of the Effect of Blast Loads on Structures ................ 24 2.4 Prediction of Airblast Loads on Single Structures .................................................... 26 2.5 Prediction of Airblast Loads on Structures behind a Protective Blast Wall .............. 29 2.6 Effective Perimeter Wall Shape to Mitigate Blast Loads .......................................... 32 2.7 Summary .................................................................................................................... 38 2.8 Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................... 39 vii 2.9 References .................................................................................................................
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