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The Sovereignty of Guano Isl~S in the Caribbean

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The Sovereignty of Guano Isl~S in the Caribbean - '1,..u. a-\.,~ TM ENT OF ST ATE -~ ,- ~T l,.1E LEGAL ADVISER· /' ( THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GUANO ISL~S . • ·J· ··.(? '~ .. IN THE CARIBBEAN··SEA. .. ,/' ,'~/"·.• . .. ~ . .. >; . •, ·.. -~ ··, . September 30, 1932. Le:ESR:ECD:SS 36{; J-2- DEPARTMENT OF STATE THE LEGAL ADVISER Table of Contents Chapter Introduction .................................. 1 Part I. Islands to which the United states has a claim . 2 V I. Navassa Island 2 a. Geography 2 b. United States Claim under the Guano Act 2 c. Subsequent Acts of Recognition by the United States, Protests of Haiti 8 d. Occupation of Navassa, Attitude of the United States 19 e. Renewed Protests by Haiti 28 II~ Petrel Island (Ba jo Nuevo) . 32 a. Geography . .. 32 b. United States claim under the Guano Act . 32 c. Assignments 3? III. Manito {Monita} Island................. 38 a. Geography . ...................... 38 ~i b. United States claim under the Guano .Act .............................. 39 c. United States claim to Manito as Part of Puerto Rico 43 3fi7 -2- Part II. Islands to which the United states has no claim ...................... 45 ? I. Islands claimed by Venezuela •...• 45 1.--- , 1. Aves {Bird) Island .......... 45 a. Geography 45 b. Claim of Shelton et al. against Venezuela •.•....• 46 c. Claim of the Atlantic and Facific Guano co. against The Netherlands .•.•....... 51 d. Claim of the Aves Guano Co. under the Guano Act ...... 54 e. Arbitration between Venezuela and The Netherlands ....... 56 f. Assignments • • . • • . • . • . • 59 2. Los Monges (The Monks) •••••• 61 a. Geography . • • . • • • • . • • 61 b. Claim of Gowen and Copeland against Venezuela 61 3. Los Roques ..........••••..•..• 65 a. Geography ................ 65 b. United States Claim under the Guano Act . 66 3Gi! -3- II. Islands claimed by the Dominican Republic . 6? 1. Alta Vela (Alto Velo) Island 6? a. Geography . 6? b. Claim of W. T. Kendall under the Guano Act..... 68 c. Claim of Patterson and MC#rguiondo under the Guano ActJand for damages against the Dominican Republic 70 d. Claim of the Alta Vela Guano Company .................. 77 e. Summary of the United States claim under the Guano Act., 79 III. Islands claimed by Great Britain... 81 1. Key Verd (Cayo or Cay Verde) .• 81 a. Geography • . • . • . • . • • • • • 81 b. United States claim under the Guano Act . 81 c. The claim of Great Britain 83 2. Morant Keys . 87 a. Geography .. 87 b. United States claim under the Guano Act .............. 88 36!) -4- c. Basis of the claim of Great Britain ••.••..•.... 95 d. Assignments .. 97 {/ 3. Pedro Keys .. 99 a. Geography . .............. 99 b. The United States claim under the Guano .Act ..... 100 C • The claim of Great Britain 102 d. Assignments . 107 4. Sombrero Island . .. 108 a. Georgraphy . ............ 108 b. The United States claim under the Guano .Act ..... 108 C • The claim of Great Britain 110 IV. Islands claimed by Mexico ....... 117 1. The Triangles (El Triangulos), Alacrans Key (Chica, Perez, Pajaros) and Arenas Key •.•.•. 117 a. The Triangles (El Trian- gulos) . 117 1. Geography 117 2. United States claim under the Guano Act ... 117 370 -5- b. Alacrans Keys (Chica, Perez, Pajaras) • . • . • 119 1. Geography............... 119 2. United States claim under the Guano Act •......••. 120 c. Arenas Key . 121 1. Geography .............. 121 2. United States claim under the Guano Act • . • • . • . 121 d. The claim of Mexico to the Triangles, Alacrans Keys, and Arenas Key ••••.••.•..••.••• 125 e. Assignments •.•.••.••.•..••• 134 1. The Triangles •......... 134 2. Alacrans Keys 135 3. Arenas Key ............. 137 2. Areas Keys ••..•......•.......•• 140 a. Geography ••.......•••...... 140 b. United States claim under the Guano Act .................. 140 c. The claim of Mexico •....•..• 144 d. Assignments ................ 147 3. Great Island .. 152 a. Geography . 152 b. United States claim under the Guano Act .................. 152 37J -6- V. Islands claimed by Honduras and Nie aragua . 154 1. Vivaria (Vivorilla) ••.•..•... 154 a. Geography . 154 b. United States claim under the Guano Act ................ 154 2 • Go rd a Ke y • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 16 O a. Geography . • . • • • • . • 160 b. United States claim under the Guano Act . .. 160 C • The claim of Honduras ..... 161 VI. Non-Existent Islands . 162 1. Geography of "Booby" and "Woody" Islands . 162 2. "Booby" Island • . • . • 162 a. United States claim under the Guano Act . 162 b. Assignments .............. 164 3. "Woody'' Island ......•.•...... 165 a. United States claim under the Guano Act ............ 165 b. Assignments .............. 166 37~: -7- Page Conclusions ........................... 167 I. Islands to which the United States has a claim . 167 1. Navassa Island . ........... 167 2. Petrel Island 167 3. Moni to Island 168 II. Islands to which the United states has no claim . 169 ' 1. Islands claimed by Venezuela: Aves, The Monks (Los ltonges), Los Roques . .. 169 2. Islands claimed by the Dominican Republic: Alta Vela 169 3. Islands claimed by Great Britain: Key Verd, Morant Keys, Pedro Keys, Sombrero Island .. 169 4. Islands claimed by Mexico: The Triangles, Alacrans (Chica, Perez, Pajaras), Arenas Key, Areas Keys, Great Islands ...•• 170 5. Islands claimed by Honduras and Nicaragua: Vivorilla Keys (Vivario), Gorda Key . 171 6. Non-Existent Islands: Booby, Woody ........................ 171 '7 '! 3 C L -8- Maps .. .. 172 I. Eastern Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico . .. .. 172 II. Western Caribbean Sea............ 173 III. Island of Haiti and Vicinity .... 174 Index of Islands . .. 175 37 .: DEPARTMENT OF STATE THE LEGAL ADVISER INTRODUCTION The islands included in this report, with the exception of The Monks, a.re those in the Caribbean Sea. named by Ameri­ can citizens applying for the recognition of those islands 1 by the United States under the Gua.no Act of August 18, 1856. The Monks were said to contain guano, and were occupied by American citizens, but before the passage of the Guano Act, and no claim was made to them under that Act. However, Judge Moore 11 sts them as guano isla.nds and for that reason Swal' a,-,d. they have been described herein. The~islande1 e4'~Roncador, Qui to Bueno, Serrana, and Serranttlla, which fa.11 within the scope of this report, are not included because their histories have been fully described in Ji sepa.ra te memorandim-. For the same rea.son a discussion of the Guano Act and 1 ts interpreta­ tion has been omitted. It is to be hoped that the information here set forth will enable the United States to determine the islands in the Caribbean Sea over which it now claims or may legally claim, sovereignty, and the ba.ses for such claims. § 5570 - 5578 Rev. Stat; 48 u.s.o.A. § 1411 - 1419. 7 ;.. 3 • • 1 -2- PART sI. ISLANDS TO WHICH THE UNITED STATES HAS A CLAIM. I. NAVASSA ISLAND !°i• Geography. Navassa Island, latitude 1so 24' N, longitude 75° 01' W., lies at the southern end of the Windward Passage. It is 36 miles west southwest of Cape Dame Marie, Haiti, and 74 miles east northeast of Morant Point, Jamaica. The Island is about a by 1 miles square, and from 130 to 250 V feet high. It is of volcanic origin, composed largely of limestone, lined with veins of iron pyrites, the crevasses between the rocks being filled up with guano, making the surface nearly level. The summit is covered with stunted palm trees and cactus and is inhabited by igua.nas ( tree lizards) and numerous sea birds. All sides of the Island are steeP-sloping, white cliffs, except for Lulu Bay, at a the southwest side, where small vessels may anchor. b! United states Olaim under the Guano Act. On December 3, 1857, a declaration of the -discovery of guano by Peter Dunca.n on Navassa. I eland was filed in the Department of state. Duncan's deposition, dated October 18, 1857, stated that the discovery was made on July 1, 1857, and that possession was taken September 29. He prayed that his a West Indies Pilot (Washington, 1927) Vol I, H. O. 128, ~---­ pages :§59 - 359. -3- 37fi hie rights under the Guano Act be recognized, and that the Island be considered as appertaining to the United States. An analysis of the guano found on the Island was enclosed, and showed that it consisted of a concentrated phosphatic 3 manure, 70.63 per cent bone phosphate of lime. On April 24, 1858, a "Certificate of Peaceable Possession" was forwarded to the Department. This consisted of the deposition of John L. Lewis, mariner, dated March 15, 1858, stating that Lewis, as Duncan's agent had been in peaceable, uninter- 4 rupted possession of Navassa since September 18, 1857. In December 1857, the Department received a deed of assign­ ment, dated November 18, 1857, from Peter Duncan to Edward O. Cooper of all the former's right, title, and interest in the 5 guano on Navassa Island. In June and July of 1858 one J. H. Whitehurst wrote the Secretary of State that he had discovered guano on Navassa in 1855; that he found the Island in the possession of Haiti; that he entered into negotiations with the Haitian Government 3. John H. Philip, Attorney for Duncan, to Lewis Cass, Secretary of State, December 3, 1857, and enclosures. Sen. Ex Doc. 37, 36 Cong, 1 Sees. page 2. 4. do. to do. April 24, 1858, and enclosure, Ibid page 6. 5. Deed filed in 5 MS Misol. Let. re Guano, Navassa; See R. W. Bliss, Ass. Sec.~ to staples, Cocke, and Hazlegrove, July 27, 1922 (811.0l41/32J. -4- 377 Government in the winter of 1855-56 for a lease, but that this was not completed. He concluded by protesting against the claim of others (not named), and against considering the Island as one which falls within the provisions of the 6 Guano Act. Apparently these protests were ignored, as no reply to them has been found. The United states first recognized and in fact approved Duncan's and Cooper's interest in Navassa Island in 1858.
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