Invasion Risk Associated with Invertebrates and Their Dormant Stages in Ships Entering Canadian Ports

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Invasion Risk Associated with Invertebrates and Their Dormant Stages in Ships Entering Canadian Ports University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2011 Invasion risk associated with invertebrates and their dormant stages in ships entering Canadian ports Elizabeta Briski University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Briski, Elizabeta, "Invasion risk associated with invertebrates and their dormant stages in ships entering Canadian ports" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7885. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7885 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Invasion risk associated with invertebrates and their dormant stages in ships entering Canadian ports by Elizabeta Briski A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2011 © 2011 Elizabeta Briski Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-80245-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-80245-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada Declaration of Co-Authorship / Previous Publication I. Co-Authorship Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation incorporates material that is result of joint research undertaken under the supervision of Dr. Hugh Maclsaac (University of Windsor) as follows: Chapter 2 contains material from a manuscript entitled "Use of DNA barcoding to detect invertebrate invasive species from diapausing eggs" that has been accepted to Biological Invasions. This manuscript is co-authored by Briski E., Cristescu M., Bailey S. & Maclsaac H.J. Chapter 3 contains material from the manuscript entitled "Degradation of invertebrate dormant eggs collected in ballast sediment of ships" that has been submitted to Diversity and Distributions. This manuscript is co-authored by Briski E., Ghabooli S., Bailey S. & Maclsaac H.J. Chapter 4 contains material from the paper entitled "Efficacy of 'saltwater flushing' in protecting the Great Lakes from biological invasions by invertebrate eggs in ships' ballast sediment" published in Freshwater Biology. This manuscript is co-authored by Briski E., Bailey S., Cristescu M. & Maclsaac H.J. Chapter 5 contains material from the manuscript entitled "Regional variation in colonization and propagule pressure of invertebrates and their dormant eggs transported by ships' ballast sediments" that has been submitted to Limnology and Oceanography. This manuscript is co- authored by Briski E., Bailey S. & Maclsaac H.J. In all chapters, the main ideas, primary contributions, experimental designs, data analysis and interpretation, were performed by the author, and the contribution of co-authors was primarily through provision of guidance with field and lab work. Chapters published, or accepted for publication, in the above journals have been modified slightly for consistency. I am aware of the University of Windsor Senate Policy on Authorship and I certify that I have properly acknowledged the contribution of other researchers in my thesis, and have obtained written permission from each of the co-authors to include the above material(s) in my dissertation. I certify that, with the above qualification, this dissertation, and the research to which it refers, is the product of my own work. II. Declaration of Previous Publication This thesis includes four original papers that have been previously published/submitted for publication in peer reviewed journals, as follows: in Dissertation Publication title/full citation Publication Chapter status Chapter 2 Briski E., Cristescu M., Bailey S. & Maclsaac In press H.J. (2011) Use of DNA barcoding to detect invertebrate invasive species from diapausing eggs. Biological Invasions doi: 10.1007/s 10530- 010-9892-7 Chapter 3 Briski E., Ghabooli S., Bailey S. & Maclsaac H.J. Submitted Degradation of invertebrate dormant eggs collected in ballast sediment of ships. In revision at Diversity and Distribution. Chapter 4 Briski, E., Bailey S., Cristescu M. & Maclsaac Published H.J. (2010) Efficacy of'saltwater flushing' in protecting the Great Lakes from biological invasions by invertebrate eggs in ships' ballast sediment. Freshwater Biology 55: 2414-2424. Chapter 5 Briski E., Bailey S. & Maclsaac H.J. Regional Submitted variation in colonization and propagule pressure of invertebrates and their dormant eggs transported by ships' ballast sediments. In review at Limnology and Oceanography. I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include the above published material(s) in my dissertation. I certify that the above material describes work completed during my registration as graduate student at the University of Windsor. I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, my dissertation does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my dissertation, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my dissertation. I declare that this is a true copy of my dissertation, including any final revisions, as approved by my dissertation committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this dissertation has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. IV Abstract The shipping industry has been a leading mechanism for introducing nonindigenous species (NIS) into aquatic ecosystems. Two different ballast water regulations, mid-ocean exchange (MOE) and saltwater flushing, were implemented as management practices to reduce the likelihood of new biological invasions in the Pacific, Great Lakes and Atlantic regions of Canada. There has, however, been no formal assessment of the efficacy of these regulations on invertebrates and their dormant eggs transported in the ballast sediment of ships, and current invasion risk posed by these taxa to different regions of Canada. To determine the potential risk of invasion associated with this vector after the implementation of ballast water regulations, I collected sediment samples from 135 ships entering the Pacific, Great Lakes and Atlantic ports and measured density and diversity of invertebrates as well as viability of their dormant eggs. To accurately identify dormant eggs I tested the application of DNA barcoding using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rDNA. Further, I explored survival of invertebrate dormant eggs in collected ballast sediment over a one year period to determine if they accumulate inside of ballast tanks. Subsequently,
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