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Arthroscopic Release of Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment at the Suprascapular Notch: Technique and Preliminary Results

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Arthroscopic Release of Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment at the Suprascapular Notch: Technique and Preliminary Results Arthroscopic Release of Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment at the Suprascapular Notch: Technique and Preliminary Results Laurent Lafosse, M.D., Andrea Tomasi, M.D., Steve Corbett, M.D., Gloria Baier, M.D., Karel Willems, M.D., and Reuben Gobezie, M.D. Purpose: We describe a novel all-arthroscopic technique for suprascapular nerve (SSN) decompres- sion and present our preliminary results for this procedure. Methods: A prospective series of 10 patients with preoperative electromyographic findings consistent with chronic SSN compression, posterior shoulder pain, and subjective weakness were treated with arthroscopic SSN decompression. There were 8 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 50 years. The mean follow-up was 15 months (range, 6 to 27 months). In 8 of 10 patients, we performed an electromyographic examination postoperatively to evaluate nerve recovery after decompression. The clinical outcomes measures used to assess preoperative and postoperative function were the visual analog scale for pain, the Constant score, strength testing of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus, and a subjective satisfaction question- naire. In all patients preoperative and postoperative computed tomography arthrograms were ob- tained to document the absence of a rotator cuff tear. Results: There were no complications resulting from SSN decompression. Of 10 patients, 8 had postoperative electromyography at a mean of 6 months after SSN release and 2 refused to undergo this study after surgery. Of the 8 postoperative electromyograms, 7 had complete normalization of the latency in the motor fibers of the SSN and normalization of the voluntary motor action potential for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Two of the electromyograms showed evidence of partial recovery. The preoperative and postoper- ative Constant scores for these patients were 60.3 and 83.4, respectively (P Ͻ .001). All patients returned to their normal work and sports activity at a mean of 3 weeks (range, 2 days to 3 months). The abduction and external rotation strength also significantly improved. At the time of last follow-up, 9 patients graded their clinical outcome as excellent and responded that they had complete relief of pain. One of the study subjects reported a satisfactory result with moderate relief of pain. Conclusions: Arthroscopic release of the SSN can be performed safely and effectively. All of the patients in this preliminary study had improvement in their postoperative electromyographic findings and had marked improvement in pain relief and function. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series. Key Words: Arthroscopy—Endoscopy—Suprascapular nerve—Suprascapular notch— Subacromial impingement—Rotator cuff—Shoulder portals. uprascapular nerve (SSN) entrapment occurring at Sthe transverse scapular notch was first described by Thompson and Kopell.1,2 Numerous authors have re- ported a variety of causes for SSN entrapment, including From the Alps Surgery Institute, Clinique Générale d’Annecy transverse scapular ligament (TSL) anomalies,3 com- (L.L., A.T., S.C., G.B., K.W.), Annecy, France; and Department of 4-7 Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder & Elbow Service, Case Western pression from adjacent ganglia, abnormal osseous Reserve University (R.G.), Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. morphology of the suprascapular notch,8,9 direct trauma The authors report no conflict of interest. or traction injury,10,11 rotator cuff rupture,12,13 and Address correspondence and reprint requests to Laurent 14 Lafosse, Alps Surgery Institute, Department of Shoulder, Elbow trauma. Isolated SSN compression is a relatively rare and Hand Surgery, 4 chemin de la Tour de la Reine, 74000 Annecy, phenomenon and, as such, is easily misdiagnosed. As a France. E-mail: [email protected] result, many patients with SSN compression present with © 2007 by the Arthroscopy Association of North America 0749-8063/07/2301-4306$32.00/0 more than 6 months of chronic pain and weakness. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2006.10.003 If a patient has chronic pain and electrodiagnostic 34 Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 23, No 1 (January), 2007: pp 34-42 SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT 35 evidence of SSN compression refractory to conserva- TABLE 2. Summary of Preoperative and Postoperative tive management, then surgical release of the nerve is Results in 10 Patients With Arthroscopic indicated. Open surgical release is an accepted method SSN Decompression of treatment.15-18 The open technique for decompres- P sion uses a superior incision that may be extended Preoperative Postoperative Value posteriorly if the SSN at the spinoglenoid notch also Pain 7 14.5 Ͻ.001 requires release. This superior approach either de- FCT (out of 20) 10.6 18.5 Ͻ.001 taches the trapezius from its insertion along the scap- MOB (out of 40) 38.4 39.6 .051 ular spine or uses muscle-splitting. Superior access to Strength (out of 15) 4.3 10.8 Ͻ.001 the transverse scapular notch is technically difficult Constant score 60.3 83.4 Ͻ.001 because the operative field is relatively narrow and Supraspinatus strength (kg) 2.4 4.6 Ͻ.001 Infraspinatus strength (kg) 2 4.3 .001 8 Ͻ deep and the SSN is as small as 1 mm in diameter. Supraspinatus latency (ms) 4.5375 3.175 .002 The purpose of this report is to describe a new all- Infraspinatus latency (ms) 5.14375 3.53125 .002 arthroscopic method for surgical decompression of the Supraspinatus amplitude SSN resulting from entrapment at the transverse scap- (mV) 0.6 1.0125 .279 ular notch and report our preliminary results with this Infraspinatus amplitude (mV) 1.0125 1.225 .428 technique in 10 patients. Abbreviations: FCT, function; MOB, mobility. METHODS Patient Selection and Evaluation months before surgery. A course of conservative man- agement, which included physiotherapy, had failed in Between January 2003 and December 2004, 10 all patients, and one had a subacromial injection with- consecutive patients (Table 1) who presented to the out improvement in symptoms. Three of these patients senior author (L.L.) with clinical and electrodiagnostic had associated symptomatic acromioclavicular joint findings confirming chronic SSN entrapment were arthritis, which was treated by arthroscopic distal identified. Each patient was treated with arthroscopic clavicle resection at the time of arthroscopic SSN SSN release, and none had a prior history of attempted decompression. All of the patients in this series had SSN decompression via an open technique. There visible and palpable atrophy of the supraspinatus and were 8 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 50.4 infraspinatus muscles and had weakness of abduction years (range, 36 to 73 years). The mean clinical fol- and external rotation without a limitation in active low-up was 15 months (range, 6 to 27 months). The forward flexion. The preoperative and postoperative left shoulder was involved in 4 patients. Nine cases clinical examinations consisted of manual muscle test- occurred in the dominant arm. All had pain felt in the ing on a scale ranging from 0 to 5 (where 5 indicates posterior aspect of the shoulder present at rest and normal force) by use of the Jobe test for the supraspi- exacerbated by overhead use of the arm for at least 6 natus and forced external rotation with the arm in a neutral position for testing of the infraspinatus. Pre- operative and postoperative pain scores were gener- TABLE 1. Demographics and Laterality of 10 Patients in Study ated by use of a visual analog scale and were used to calculate preoperative and postoperative Constant Age (yr) Side Follow-Up (mo) scores (Table 2). All patients also had computed to- Patient No. mography (CT) or magnetic resonance arthrography 1 46.8 R 21 preoperatively to assess the degree of fatty infiltration 2 45.5 L 27 and muscle atrophy, as well as to define any other 3 49.2 R 24 concomitant pathology (Figs 1 and 2). 4 56.2 R 19 Electromyographic (EMG) evaluation was per- 5 35.7 R 15 6 39.6 L 14 formed on all patients preoperatively and repeated at 6 7 45 L 6 months after arthroscopic release of the SSN in 8 of 10 8 58 R 9 cases. Two patients refused repeat evaluation with 9 73 L 7 electromyography postoperatively. Nerve conduction 10 54.6 R 7 velocity was evaluated by analyzing the latency of the Mean 50.36 14.9 muscle response on the electromyogram and the am- 36 L. LAFOSSE ET AL. acromial space, a lateral subacromial portal (C), and an anterolateral portal (D). We describe a new portal (G), the SSN portal, which is positioned between the clavicle and the scapular spine approximately 7 cm medial to the lateral border of the acromion. This portal is approximately 2 cm medial to the Neviaser portal. Warner et al.13 found that the suprascapular notch is 4.5 cm (Ϯ0.5 cm) from the posterolateral acromion. This portal is created under direct visual- ization via an outside-in technique. Meticulous hemostasis is required to safely perform the arthroscopic SSN release. This is achieved by maintaining an adequate pump pressure of 50 mm Hg and a systolic blood pressure of less than 120 mm Hg at all times. After inspection of the glenohumeral joint by use of the posterior portal, the arthroscope is introduced into the subacromial space through the lateral portal. A FIGURE 1. Magnetic resonance image showing atrophy of in- shaver and radiofrequency device are used through the fraspinatus muscle without fatty degeneration (arrow). posterior portal to remove the anteromedial bursa and provide access to the suprascapular notch. Because swelling during the procedure adds significantly to the plitude of the muscle contraction to determine the difficulty of gaining adequate exposure to the TSL, if degree of nerve compression proximal and distal to a distal clavicle resection or subacromial decompres- the compressive lesion (Tables 3 and 4).
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