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Parenting Between Cultures: Competing Perspectives And PARENTING BETWEEN CULTURES: COMPETING PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES OF CHINESE FAMILIES IN TEMPORARY TRANSITION IN THE UNITED STATES QINGLING YANG Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature Chuxiong Normal University July 1992 Master in Law Capital Normal University July 2000 Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN URBAN EDUCATION at the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY December 2015 We hereby approve the dissertation of Qingling Yang Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Education degree This Dissertation has been approved for the Office of Doctoral Studies, College of Education and Human Services and CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY College of Graduate Studies by ______________________________________________________ Dissertation Chairperson: Brian E. Harper, Ph.D. Curriculum and Foundations_____________________ Department & Date ______________________________________________ Methodologist: Joanne E. Goodell, Ph.D. Teacher Education _____________________ Department & Date _______________________________________________ Xiongyi Liu, Ph.D. Curriculum and Foundations _____________________ Department & Date ________________________________________________ Graham Stead, Ph.D. Curriculum and Foundations _______________________ Department & Date ________________________________________________ Mittie D. Jones, Ph.D. Urban Studies _____________________________ Department & Date November 30, 2015 Student’s Date of Defense ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This researcher would like to acknowledge the following important people that have helped to make this dissertation possible: To all those who graciously helped me through the completion of this research and my doctoral program course of study, including my encouraging professors, Dr. Brian Harper, my committee chair, Dr. Joanne Goodell my methodologist, and my dedicated committee members, Dr. Graham Stead, Dr. Xiongyi Liu and Dr. Mittie Jone, my generous cohort peers, and my supportive family, and to all students, parents, teachers, and educational professionals who have worked hard, and continue to work hard to improve the educational system in the United States. PARENTING BETWEEN CULTURES: COMPETING PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES OF CHINESE FAMILIES IN TEMPORARY TRANSITION IN THE UNITED STATES QINGLING YANG ABSTRACT This research improved understanding of the parenting practices of Chinese parents who temporarily lived in the United States. Through a qualitative research design, using interviews and observations, and this ethnographic study gave this unique parent group the opportunity to give voice to their current parenting preferences and practices, including how they navigated between the values of two cultures that often opposed one another. Through a constructivist lens, this researcher co-created an understanding of the culture with participants. The purpose of the study was to gain an awareness of and improve understanding about how and why this unique group chose specific parenting practices, how they implemented parenting practices in daily life, and whether or not these practices changed throughout their transition time in the United States. This research helped make some connections and drew some conclusions about the impact of traditional Chinese heritage and temporary United States residential status on parenting preferences, practices, and the familial struggles associated with these unique circumstances. The findings gave voice to a unique population by illuminating their personal experiences with a different culture, in an effort to construct meaning. In addition, the findings added to the lack of current research and helped inform future research about an expanding population of people that face the ongoing challenge of finding balance between the opposing values of culture in which they live. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER I. GIVING VOICE TO PARENTS ..................................................................... 1 A Chinese Voice of Tradition, Academic Achievement, and Social Success ........................................................................................................ 1 American Voice of Individual Freedom and Independence ........................ 2 A Reflection of Values: Parenting Practices .............................................. 3 Problem Statement: Struggling to Blend/Balance/Integrate OR Navigating Cultural Transition ...................................................................................... 4 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................... 4 Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 5 Research Questions ..................................................................................... 6 Hypothesis Statements ................................................................................ 7 Definition of Terms ..................................................................................... 8 Summary ................................................................................................... 10 II. EXISTING VOICES ..................................................................................... 11 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................. 11 Parenting Practices versus Parenting Styles .............................................. 13 Parenting in Immigration .......................................................................... 15 “Tiger Mother’s” Parenting ....................................................................... 17 Traditional Chinese Parenting Practices ................................................... 17 v Traditional White-American Parenting Practices .................................... 25 Summary ................................................................................................... 29 III. LISTENING TO THE VOICES ................................................................... 30 Research Questions .................................................................................. 32 Research Design ........................................................................................ 32 Research Participants ............................................................................... 35 Data Collection Instruments ...................................................................... 36 Analysis of the Data .................................................................................. 44 Quality Criteria .......................................................................................... 46 Summary .................................................................................................. 52 IV. VOICES ON PARENTING PRACTICES .................................................... 53 Parental Control ......................................................................................... 56 Use of Shaming ............................................................................. 57 Guan ............................................................................................. 60 Authoritative or Authoritarian Parenting ..................................... 61 Parenting Differences between Fathers and Mothers ................... 66 Parenting Differences to Sons and Daughters ............................... 67 Parenting Transformations from the First Child to the Second Child ............................................................................................. 69 Parenting Belief and Practices Transformation from Generation to Generation ..................................................................................... 71 Parenting Practices Changes over the Extended Period of Time in the US ............................................................................................ 72 vi Interdependence Within and Outside Family ........................................... 73 Parental Authority, Respect, Caring and Responsibility .............. 74 Children’s Filial Piety and Obligations to Parents and Family .... 77 Chinese Root v.s. Acculturation ................................................... 80 Chinese Parenting Practices and American Social Relations and Social Institutions ......................................................................... 83 Educational Achievement ........................................................................ 87 The Importance of Effort and Determination in Educational Achievement .................................................................................. 89 Parental Expectations and Aspiration for Education .................... 91 Parental Involvement in School ................................................... 93 Summary .................................................................................................. 96 V. CONCLUSION, DISCUSSIONS AND NEGOTIATION ON PARENTING PRACTICES .................................................................................................. 98 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 98 Significance of the Research ................................................................... 109 Discussions and Implications .................................................................. 113 Limitations of the Research ....................................................................
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