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OCCASION This Publication Has Been OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] 1.0 IM ¡M IHÜ ! 2.2 • I.I 'il 12.0 HHH • is IM IH 1¿¿ MICROCOPY RFSOLUTION ItSI CHARI NSlmN'M MIHI ill m -UNI'AM • • I'» ' '*' M^k^HMaM^MaMAMMMMMMhMAMWMiM«IWHÌMMI 01% \ JAMAICA SUGAR INDUSTRY SURVEY PHASE ONE PREPARED TOR THE UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION July 1971 SANDERSON fc PORTER, INC. N«w York, N. Y. m CONTENTS P»I< PREFACE INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS SYNOPSIS RECOMMENDED PLAN OF ACTION 10 Amalgamation li Processing 11 Crop Duration 12 Factory Employment 14 Central End-Factory 14 Transportation and Storage 16 Cane Supply /Mechanization 16 Jamaica Machinery Cooperative 17 Crop Diversification IS AGRICULTURAL ASPECTS 21 Transportation 24 TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS 26 CURRENT STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 2» Economics 28 29 The Rural Population 31 Training/Wages 34 Cost of Spare Parts and Equipment Repair! 35 Condition of Machinery 37 Causes of Machinery Failure Assessment of Outside Repair Facilities 39 tue CONTENTS (Continued) 42 FACTORY PROFILES Appleton 45 54 Bernard Lodge 63 Bybrook 72 F rome •2 Gray's Inn 89 Hampden 97 Holland 105 Innswood 113 Investigation Technique! 122 Jamaica Estate« 131 Long Pond 139 Monymusk 148 New Yarmouth 156 Serge Island 163 Sevens 172 Worthy Park 181 CENTRAL END-FACTORY 193 THE JAMAICA MACHINERY COOPERATIVE 193 Purpose 197 Formation and Operation 200 Maintenance and Training 203 Inventory Control of Parti 204 Safety STORAGE TECHNIQUES AND 205 TRANSPORTATION OF SYRUP 208 BY PRODUCT UTILIZATION aâg£MftKJtA/Mt. Jk. ft/IAXX JV tlH£ CONTENTS f Continued ) ESTIMATED INVESTMENT AND WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 213 Improvements to Sugar Processing Facilities 213 Conversion to Syrup Producing Units 214 Central End-Factory 215 215 Syrup Storage Jamaica Machinery Cooperative 215 Cane Transportation Sector 215 Working Capital Requirements 215 Summary- Estimated Capital Investment 217 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS 218 223 BENEFITS 226 CONCLUSIONS 229 PROGRAM CONTINUITY jgMRrmanta, a FQATIWiHiC» EXHIBITS Letter PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SECTORS TO GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AT FACTORY COST (CURRENT PRICES) 1965-1969 ($000) B SUGAR PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS: 1965-1969 C AVERAGE EXPORT PRICE OF SUGAR: 1964-1969 ($ PER TON) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: 1966-1969 CURRENT ACCOUNT ($ MILLION) HOURS LOST IN GRINDING DUE TO FAILURE OF MA- CHINERY DURING 1970 COMPARISON OF RANGES FOR DAILY WAGE RATES BETWEEN THE SUGAR AND OTHER INDUSTRIES, JAMAICAN DOLLARS, 1969 WAGE RATE STRUCTURE WITHIN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY 1969 (JAMAICAN DOLLARS) BIBLIOGRAPHY IM.INC. -_1 PREFACE The first phase - the fact finding mission of the Jamaican sugar industry - has been completed. This study, undertaken by Sanderson fi, Porter, Inc. for the United Nations Industrial D« - velopment Organization has re.ulted in a comprehensive plan of action together with concrete recommendations for program con- tinuity. Sanderson fi. Porter is pleased to have been a part of this molt worthwhile endeavor. JU unrnnnH A PQWJ1HI.JBC INTRODUCTION Previous studies undertaken by various Government appointed Commissions in 1959, 1962, 1964. and 1966 have reported the recent decline of sugar production in Jamaica. All have employed a common approach. They have been almost unanimous in attri- buting the decline either to the cost of production, to the decline in cane quality and tonnage per acre, to the reduction of skilled and unskilled workers available to the sugar industry, to the reve- nue realized from marketing of domestically consumed and ex- ported sugar or to a combination of these factors. The most note- worthy undertaking wa. that of the Sugar Industry Enquiry Com- mission, more commonly known as the "Mordecr ^^'^ named after the Chairman of the Committee which executed this study in 1966. The report wa. very well presented, contains a great deal of in- formation, and covers in detail the cross section «Í •^*£« mentioned. A. a result the problem, of the 3••***?^"' are well defined and formulated. However the definitivact on program to correct these conditions and to increase the ""*« production to its former annual output is not offered by any of the published studies. implantation of a r.vit.Uzation program for the .uga,• lnd«.tr» ,. a complicated t«k. An integrated approach mu.t be °««««| one that Uclude. «he field, of agriculture, of technology -^ to a modern "heavy" indu.try. and o. human '.«••»£ R»"1 "8 th.. and in order to effect .uch 'P^^t- the Jamaican Government reque.ted the "»•'""J" ' oroaram Nation. Indu.trial Development Org.nUat.on <UN'D°>;Jhe ^«g developed by UNIDO and it. original .peof.cat.on.have a h project goa, improvement of the per^«. *». .--», ^ D u reducing production costs, AIIO i"» « was a two phase program: (ANOCMON * ^°"TJL",1.N-C Phase One: A fact-finding mission of two months duration in Jamaica. Findings gathered during this period would result in positive recommendations to the Jamaican Government for an action program to revitalize the national sugar industry. Phase Two: This phase would last for an undetermined duration" The recommendations generated in the first phase would be implemented to ensure optimum operations. The first phase of the Jamaica Sugar assistance program demanded a multi-disciplined approach. The range of talents included sugar technology, sugar chemist ry, and mechanical engine« ring in terms of sugar processing equipment. AH had to be coordinated and in- tegrated to develop viable answers to this agri-industrial economic segment. The team provided by Sanderson & Porter, Inc. , to execute this assignment included: R. L. Steere Officer-in-charge Sugarcane Agronomist/Project F. le Grand Director E. Delden Sugar Technologist D. Haggerty Mechanical Engineer Coordinator/Editor K. J. Skoog The team was augmented by the extensive technical and personnel resource of the home office. The combined efforts are presented in this report. Thi«, report I. organised in traditional divi.ion. "* •"•£>£ l" keeping with the .ugge.ted report outhne of the Unit. '""»»•• Since a trem.ndou. .mount of ». data wa. ••••«*£'^"" • . that thi. would be the mo.t conci.« and orderly manner ,n pre.ent ing our findings. Throughout the report, w. have u.ed Jamaican dollar., in«¡J ""£ used as they are the standard in Jamaica. • * * <? « " • ° 1 *_ .Ü? wT» *»JJ^C- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would indeed be remi.s if we did not gratefully acknowledge the tremendous cooperation we received from all sector, during the course of the assignment. Special thanks must be extended to: Hon. Robert Lightbourne, Minister of Trade and Industry O. J.M. P. Mr. W. D. Roberts, C. D., Chairman. The Sugar Industry Authority J. P. Mr. Lloyd Perkins, LL. B Secretary, The Sugar Industry Authority Board (Lond.) Dr. Ian Sang s ter, B.S.C., Chief Sugar Technologist, The Sugar Industry Authority Dr. RER, Nat. Secretary/Stenographer, The Mrs. Cynthia Hunt Sugar Industry Authority Vice Chairman, The Sugar Mr. R. D. C. Henriques Manufacturers' Association {of Jamaica) Ltd. Manager, The Sugar Manufacturers' Mr. C. S. Robert» Association (of Jamaica) Ltd. Director, Research Department, Mr. T. Chinloy The Sugar Manufacturers' Asso- ciation (of Tamalea) Ltd. Chairman, The All-Island Jamaica Mr. R. P. Lord Cane Farmers' Association • ANOCMON » P»OWTC«. IMC. Mr. Cecil Abrahams Director of Productivity Centre Jamaica Industrial Development Corporation Mrs. Pinkie Bower• Administrative Officer, Productivity Centre, Jamaica Industrial Develop- ment Corporation Mr. Warren Cornwell United Nations Representative, Kingston, Jamaica In addition, the study could not have been made without the support of the General Managers, the Factory Managers, the Engineers and the Chemists of every sugar factory in Jamaica The total effort is appreciated as it facilitated the progress of the work and made it more meaningful and effective. This was a true team effort in that all parties involved were vitally concerned with "doing something for Jamaica" MNOISION » POMTCM.INC. CLOSSARY OF TERMS A short Glossary oí frequently used termi if provided for the con« venience of the layman who is unfamiliar with sugar technology: Bagasse: The fibrous residue from cane after juice extraction in the milling tandem, and utilized for steam generation which in turn is used for sugar processing. Brix: Brix is the percentage by weight of solids in a puTe" sucrose solution as determined by the Brix hydro- meter. Cane: The part of the cane plant which is used for sugar •pToductlon and consisting of the cane stalk with the tops removed. Adherent foreign matter such as soil, leaves and other non-millable cane matter is included in the gross weight of cane to be processed.
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