FISH TERMINOLOGIES
Building Materials Thesaurus
Report Format: Hierarchical listing - alpha
Notes: Main construction material types for indexing monuments.
Date: February 2021 ABERDEEN GRANITE ARTIFICIAL STONE UF Balmoral Granite Rubislaw Granite UF Bradstone SN Medium grained, dark bluish-grey stone. Quarried Empire Stone mainly from the Rubislaw Quarry. Imitation Stone CL STONE SN Synthetically manufactured stone made from BT GRANITE natural stone aggregate or reconstituted ceramics or clay, and made to appear natural. Adamelite Used as solid stone for masonry or for sculptural USE SHAP GRANITE and architectural ornament. CL MAN MADE MATERIAL ALABASTER NT COADE STONE SN Fine grained, whitish, granular variety of PULHAMITE STONE Gypsum. Suitable for carving. RT SCAGLIOLA CL STONE STONE RT MARBLE ARTIFICIAL TIMBER Alps Grey Granite SN Synthetic fibres and reconstituted materials USE GNEISS imitating, or in the form of, timber created by a Alta Quartzite man-made process. Use carefully - do not confuse with mock and sham timber work. SCHIST USE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Altazite ASBESTOS SCHIST USE UF Asbestos Slate ALUMINIUM Corrugated Asbestos SN A mineral crystal of thin, tough fibres which can UF Corrugated Aluminium be woven. Used for high temperature insulation SN Lightweight, strong metal with good corrosive or as reinforcement in asbestos cement building resistance, normally used as an alloy. board and corrugated roofing. If used to imitate CL METAL slate, use artificial slate also. NT ANODIZED ALUMINIUM CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Amberley Stone Asbestos Slate USE CHALK USE ARTIFICIAL SLATE Ammonite ASBESTOS
USE FOSSIL Ashburton Marble Ancaster Stone USE DEVONIAN LIMESTONE USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE MARBLE SN Use both terms. ANIMAL ASHLAR SN Pertaining to or deriving from a living organism. See ANIMAL Class list for narrow terms. SN A square, hewn or worked, high class freestone CL ANIMAL which can be 'freely' cut and is laid in horizontal NT BONE courses with vertical joints. FOSSIL CL MATERIAL
2 Ballachulish Slate Baveno Granite USE SCOTTISH SLATE USE GRANITE Balmoral Granite BEER STONE USE ABERDEEN GRANITE SN Coarse, hard Chalkstone, light grey to white coloured, containing shell fragments. BAMBOO CL STONE SN Tropical giant grass with hollow stem used BT CHALK structurally or as a covering material. CL VEGETAL BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE BT WOOD UF Bembridge Stone Binstead Stone Bardiglio Marble Isle Of Wight Stone USE CARRARA MARBLE Quarr Stone BARGATE STONE SN Generic name for the hard, white/cream coloured, freshwater limestone. Quarried on the UF Burgate Stone Isle of Wight. SN Hard, coarse grained, calcareous sandstone, CL STONE coloured by iron oxide. Quarried in the Guildford BT TERTIARY LIMESTONE and Godalming area of the South East. CL STONE Bembridge Stone BT SANDSTONE USE BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE Barge Quartzite Berwyn Slate USE SCHIST USE WELSH SLATE Barnack Stone Bethersden Marble USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE USE CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE BASALT MARBLE SN Use both terms. UF Hurdwick Stone Killerton Stone Binstead Stone Volcanic Stone USE BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE Volcanic Trap SN Basic, black coloured, fine grained, igneous rock. Biotite Granite CL STONE USE GRANITE RT GREENSTONE Birchover Stone RHYOLITE SERPENTINE USE GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) WHINSTONE Birshover Gritstone Base Bed USE GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) USE PORTLAND STONE BITUMEN Basebed SN A semi solid mixture of complex hydrocarbons USE PORTLAND STONE derived from coal or petroleum. Used as a waterproof binder or protective coating. BATH STONE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL UF Box Ground NT ASPHALT Box Rubblestone TAR Bradford Stone TARMACADAM Combe Down Stone BITUMINOUS FELT Corsham Stone Hartham Park Stone UF Roofing Felt Hazlebury Stone SN A material made of felted fibres bonded by Monks Park Stone bitumen. Often used as a roofing material. St Aldhelm Stone CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Stoke Ground Stone Black Granite Westwood Stone DIORITE Winsley Ground USE SN Even grained, poorly fossiliferous, light Bladon Cotswold Stone brown/cream coloured, oolitic limestone. Quarried USE COTSWOLD STONE in the Bath area. CL STONE Blaxter Stone BT OOLITIC LIMESTONE USE SANDSTONE Battscombe Stone Bletchingdon Marble USE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE USE JURASSIC LIMESTONE MARBLE
3 SN Use both terms. CL STONE RT CONGLOMERATE Blue Grey Slate HERTFORDSHIRE PUDDINGSTONE USE WELSH SLATE PUDDINGSTONE BLUE LIAS Breche Rose SN Hard white/grey coloured liassic limestone. USE MARBLE Quarried on the Devon-Dorset border. CL STONE BREEZE BLOCK BT LIAS UF Thermalite NT KEINTON STONE SN Lightweight building block traditionally made with coke breeze from gas works combined with sand Blue Peterhead Granite and cement. Use this term generally to denote a USE PETERHEAD GRANITE light, modern concrete building block with man Blue Welsh Slate made characteristics. CL MAN MADE MATERIAL USE WELSH SLATE BT CONCRETE Bluestone RT RESIDUE USE WEST COUNTRY SLATE BRICK Bognor Rock UF Fletton Brick Flint Lime Brick USE SUSSEX STONE Malm (Brick) Bolsover Moor Ruabon Brick USE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE Staffordshire Blue Brick Vitrified Brick Bolton Wood Stone SN Standard rectangular block or tablet bonded on USE YORK STONE mortar joints in a regular arrangement or pattern for strength or decoration. Made from clay or Bon Accord Red Granite brick earth which may contain varying quantities USE GRANITE of chalk, lime or iron oxide which effect colour or BONE density. CL MATERIAL
4 Bunter Stone Deepdale Fossil USE SANDSTONE Derbydene Derbyshire Fossil Burgate Stone Dukes Red Limestone USE BARGATE STONE Frosterley Marble Burlington Blue Grey Hadene Stone Hoptons Wood Stone LAKE DISTRICT SLATE USE Orton Scar Limestone Burlington Slate Penmon Limestone Pennon Marble USE LAKE DISTRICT SLATE Salterwath Bursting Stone Swaledale Fossil USE LAKE DISTRICT SLATE SN Limestones formed during the Carboniferous period. Many are cut, polished and used as Burwell Stone marble. USE CLUNCH CL STONE BT LIMESTONE Buttermere Slate RT MARBLE USE LAKE DISTRICT SLATE SANDSTONE CAEN STONE SHALE SN Fine grained limestone, yellow or yellow/white in Cardeston Stone colour. Imported from France, mainly for USE SANDSTONE ecclesiastical use. CARRARA MARBLE CL STONE BT CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE UF Arabescato Marble Bardiglio Marble Caerbwdy Stone Cipollino Marble USE SANDSTONE Pavonazzo Caithness Flagstone SN Imported Italian marble varying in colour from green, blue, purple to white. SANDSTONE USE CL STONE Calcareous Spar BT MARBLE USE LIMESTONE CARSTONE Calverley Stone UF Car Stone Ginger Bread Stone USE SUSSEX STONE SN Coarse hard sandstone often coloured with iron CAMPAN MARBLE oxide creating its characteristic brown shades. UF Campan Melange CL STONE Campan Rose BT SANDSTONE Campan Vert RT IRONSTONE SN White coloured marble. Imported from France. Cary Stone CL STONE USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE BT MARBLE CAST IRON Campan Melange SN Dating from the 15th century, it is a hard alloy of USE CAMPAN MARBLE iron and carbon, melted and shaped into various Campan Rose moulded forms. USE CAMPAN MARBLE CL METAL BT IRON Campan Vert Casterton Stone USE CAMPAN MARBLE USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE Campden Stone Catacleuse USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE USE ELVAN CANVAS CEDAR SN An unbleached cloth of hemp, flax or other coarse yarn. SN Durable wood from a non-native, evergreen CL MATERIAL
5 SN Originally obtained by burning limestone to Chatwell Stone produce quicklime. Now a fine grey powder made USE SANDSTONE from a mixture of limestone and clay used with Cheddar Stone water and sand to make mortar or with water, sand and aggregate to make concrete. USE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL CHERT BT CEMENT MIX UF Knapped Chert NT PORTLAND CEMENT Lyddite RT CONCRETE SN A hard, silica rich rock, black or brown coloured, LIME commonly found in nodular form. MORTAR CL STONE SAND NT FLINT SLURRY WOODWOOL SLAB Chilmark Stone CEMENT MIX USE PORTLAND STONE SN A binder combined with various aggregates Chinley Moor Stone which sets and holds together into a mass which USE GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) then hardens and gains strength. CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Chudleigh Stone NT BUNGAROOSH USE DEVONIAN LIMESTONE CEMENT CONCRETE Cipollino Marble MORTAR USE CARRARA MARBLE ROMAN CEMENT Clashach Stone SLURRY USE SANDSTONE Cement Render CLAY USE CEMENT RENDER UF Clay Tile SN Use both terms. SN A fine grained earth which becomes more plastic when water is added and can be moulded and Cement Tile dried to make bricks, tile, pottery, etc. USE CEMENT CL EARTH MIX TILE RT BRICK SN Use both terms. CERAMIC LIAS CERAMIC PANTILE SN Designating or pertaining to hard, brittle TILE substances produced by strong heating of clay. CL MAN MADE MATERIAL CLAY LUMP NT MAJOLICA SN Large, moulded, unburnt blocks of clay type soil TERRACOTTA laid in a similar way to brick, but bedded in lime RT CLAY and clay 'mortar'. The walls produced are TILE characteristically thinner than those of cob and pise. CHALK CL EARTH MIX UF Amberley Stone SN A soft, porous, white to light grey coloured Clay Tile limestone. USE CLAY CL STONE TILE BT CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE SN Use both terms. NT BEER STONE CLINKER CLUNCH SN Fused ash from furnaces used as aggregate. Channel Isle Granite CL MAN MADE MATERIAL USE GRANITE BT RESIDUE Charlbury Stone Clipsham Stone USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE Charlwood Stone Clob USE CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE USE COB MARBLE CLUNCH SN Use both terms. UF Burwell Stone Charnwood Stone Totternhoe Stone USE FOREST STONE (LEICESTERSHIRE) SN A hard, gritty, grey/green coloured form of chalk. CL STONE
6 BT CHALK TILE SN Use both terms. COADE STONE CONGLOMERATE SN Durable artificial stone consisting of china clay, sand and finely ground stoneware cast from UF Brandon Hill Grit Rubble moulds and fired in a kiln. Commonly used for Dolomitic Conglomerate architectural ornament and facings. SN Sedimentary rock consisting of rounded pebbles CL MAN MADE MATERIAL naturally cemented together. BT ARTIFICIAL STONE CL STONE NT PUDDINGSTONE COB SEPTARIA UF Clob RT BRECCIA SN Walls composed of clay, earth, straw, lime and CONNEMARA MARBLE sand, mixed with water. Constructed without shutters in layers upon a stone or brick plinth and SN One of only three 'true' British marbles, green and usually covered with protective limewash. white in colour, predominantly used in large public CL EARTH MIX buildings. NT WICHERT CL STONE BT MARBLE COBBLE RT SERPENTINE SN Naturally occurring glacial rock fragments (diameter 64-256mm) larger than pebble and COPPER smaller than boulder. SN Metal used primarily for roofing and ornamental CL MATERIAL
7 Corsehill Stone RT LATH USE SANDSTONE LIME PLASTER Corsham Stone WATTLE USE BATH STONE Davie Blocks Stone Cosgrove Stone USE SANDSTONE USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE Deal Cotswold Slate USE TIMBER USE COTSWOLD STONE DECORATIVE PLASTER COTSWOLD STONE SN Ornate or patterned decoration, carved into or UF Bladon Cotswold Stone moulded from plaster. Cotswold Slate CL MATERIAL
8 DIORITE piling up of earth, such as ice houses. Earth may UF Black Granite be used in combination with other materials. SN Coarse grained, dark coloured, igneous rock. CL EARTH MIX CL STONE RT PEAT TURF Doddington Stone USE SANDSTONE EARTH MIX SN Unbaked clays and/or soil material often mixed DOLERITE with, or performing the function of an aggregate SN Medium grained, intrusive, black or dark green or binder. See EARTH MIX Class List for narrow coloured, igneous rock. terms. CL STONE CL EARTH MIX RT GREENSTONE NT BRICKEARTH RHYOLITE CLAY WHINSTONE CLAY LUMP DOLOMITE COB DAUB UF Dolomitic Conglomerate EARTH SN Soft, often white, but may be transparent. MARL Dolomite can be found on its own, but may also MUD occur as a replacement mineral found in some PISE rocks, particularly limestone, formed after action SAND by magnesium-rich fluids. CL MINERAL Efte Foil RT MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE USE ETHYLTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FOIL Dolomitic Conglomerate Elland Edge Flagrock USE CONGLOMERATE USE YORK STONE DOLOMITE SN Use both terms. Elland Edge Stone USE YORK STONE DOUBLE ROMAN TILE ELM SN A large rectangle roof tile with an upstand on one side, a roll in the centre and another roll on the SN Deciduous wood from the native elm tree, other side, which fits over the upstand of the commonly used for framing or cladding of lesser adjacent tile. The name does not denote a timber framed structures due to its poorer relationship with the Roman period. weathering qualities as compared to oak. CL MATERIAL
9 Fletton Brick ENGINEERING BRICK USE BRICK SN A dense, high strength, low absorption brick of uniform size, employed predominantly in industrial FLINT structures such as railway viaducts. UF Knapped Flint CL MATERIAL
10 sedimentary rock. Index with specific stone type GRANITE where given. CL STONE UF Baveno Granite Frosterley Marble Biotite Granite Bon Accord Red Granite USE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Channel Isle Granite MARBLE Cornish Granite SN Use both terms. Correnie Granite Gaisby Stone Devon Granite USE STONE Drewsteignston Stone Dundee Marble Galvanised Iron Dunleary Stone USE GALVANIZED IRON Granolithic Concrete Graphic Granite Galvanised Steel Grey Royal Granite USE GALVANIZED STEEL Hornblende Granite Imperial Mahogany GALVANIZED IRON Isle Of Man Granite UF Galvanised Iron Kemnay Granite SN Iron coated in zinc, giving good protection against Muscovite Granite weathering. Newham Stone CL METAL Pink Granite BT IRON Raddon Stone GALVANIZED STEEL Rose Swede Granite Ross Of Mull Granite UF Galvanised Steel Scotch Granite SN Steel coated in zinc, giving good protection Scottish Granite against weathering. Virgo Granite CL METAL SN A hard, coarse grained, durable igneous rock. BT STEEL Can be used decoratively or as a main material. Gatton Stone Found throughout the country. CL STONE USE REIGATE STONE NT ABERDEEN GRANITE Ginger Bread Stone MOORSTONE USE CARSTONE MOUNTSORREL GRANITE PETERHEAD GRANITE GLASS SHAP GRANITE SN Transparent, hard substance made by fusing RT ELVAN soda-silica which solidifies from a molten state. GNEISS CL MAN MADE MATERIAL GREENSTONE NT SOLAR CONTROL GLASS PORPHYRY GNEISS Granolithic Concrete UF Alps Grey Granite USE CONCRETE Ematita Granite GRANITE Madreperla SN Use both terms. Verde Ematita Graphic Granite SN Coarse grained, metamorphic rock in which the colour is dependent upon the predominant USE GRANITE mineral. GRASS CL STONE SN Ground-covering herbage, some varieties of RT GRANITE which can be used, especially when dried and in Godstone Stone large quantities, as a construction material. USE REIGATE STONE CL VEGETAL BT PLANT GOLD GRAVEL SN A precious metal characterised by its yellow colour and resistance to tarnishing. SN Grains of rock fragment larger than coarse sand CL METAL and finer than pebbles (diameter 2-4mm). CL MATERIAL
11 Green Ventnor Stone Hadene Stone USE MALMSTONE USE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Greenmoor Stone Hailes Stone USE YORK STONE USE SANDSTONE Greensand Stone Hall Dale Stone USE SANDSTONE USE GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) Greenslate HAM HILL STONE USE LAKE DISTRICT SLATE UF Ham Stone SN Shelly, gold/brown, coloured liassic limestone GREENSTONE containing large quantities of crystalline calcite. SN Geologist's term for any dark coloured, slightly CL STONE metamorphosed igneous rock. Index with specific BT LIAS stone type where given. CL STONE Ham Stone RT BASALT USE HAM HILL STONE DOLERITE Hard Rock GRANITE USE YORK STONE Grey Royal Granite Hard York USE GRANITE USE YORK STONE Greyweathers Hard York Freestone USE SARSEN STONE USE FREESTONE Grinshill Stone YORK STONE USE SANDSTONE SN Use both terms. GRITSTONE (LIMESTONE) Hardboard SN Specific English quarryman's term for any USE FIBREBOARD limestone abundant in shell fragments. Use this Hardwhite term with care. When only Gritstone is mentioned, unless otherwise specified, assume it to be USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE Gritstone (Sandstone), since this is the most Hartham Park Stone common usage. USE BATH STONE CL STONE BT JURASSIC LIMESTONE Hatherleigh Stone GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) USE SANDSTONE UF Birchover Stone Hazlebury Stone Birshover Gritstone USE BATH STONE Chinley Moor Stone Darley Dale Stone Headington Stone Derbyshire Grit Stone USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE Hall Dale Stone Matlock Stone HEATHER Millstone Grit SN A dwarf shrub of the heath family used as an Revidge Grit alternative to straw as a roof covering in Stancliffe Stone moorland regions. Cut while in bloom and laid with Watts Cliff Stone the roots carefully entwined. The covering turns Wattscliffe Stone a characteristic black colour with age. Whatstandwell Stone CL VEGETAL SN Carboniferous sandstone varying in grain size BT PLANT from coarse to fine and in colour from white, RT THATCH yellow, pink to brown. When only Gritstone is Heathstone mentioned, unless otherwise specified, assume it to be Gritstone (Sandstone), as this is the more USE SARSEN STONE common usage. Heavitree Stone CL STONE BT SANDSTONE USE SANDSTONE Growan HERTFORDSHIRE PUDDINGSTONE USE ELVAN SN A conglomerate rock comprising well rounded flint pebbles in a very hard matrix of fine pale Guiting Stone coloured sand, bound together by hard natural USE COTSWOLD STONE silica cement. The pebbles are usually coloured ochre or red and have black rims.
12 CL STONE NT CAST IRON BT PUDDINGSTONE GALVANIZED IRON RT BRECCIA WROUGHT IRON HIGH TENSILE STEEL IRONSTONE SN A strong alloy of steel. UF Northamptonshire Stone CL METAL SN Collective name for any stone that has become BT STEEL impregnated with iron oxide. Index with specific stone type where given. Hollington Stone CL STONE USE SANDSTONE RT CARSTONE Hoptons Wood Stone FIRESTONE LIAS USE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE MALMSTONE HORNBLENDE MARLSTONE OOLITIC LIMESTONE SN Medium hard, green/black coloured. Found in SANDSTONE many igneous and metamorphic rocks. CL MINERAL Isle Of Man Granite Hornblende Granite USE GRANITE USE GRANITE Isle Of Wight Stone HORNTON STONE USE BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE SN Compact grained, brown/yellow/green/grey blue, Istrian Stone coloured liassic limestone. USE CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE CL STONE MARBLE BT LIAS TERTIARY LIMESTONE Horsham Slab SN Use all terms. USE HORSHAM STONE Italian Quartzite HORSHAM STONE USE SCHIST UF Horsham Slab Jaune Lamartine SN Hard, fissile sandstone which weathers to a dark USE MARBLE brown colour. Mainly used as a stone roofing material (stone slate) throughout Sussex and JURASSIC LIMESTONE Surrey. UF Bletchingdon Marble CL STONE Forest Marble BT SUSSEX STONE Hovingham Stone Pink Verona Marble Hovingham Stone Verde Fraye USE JURASSIC LIMESTONE Verona Marble Huddlestone Stone Walling Stone Yeovil Marble USE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE SN Limestone formed during the Jurassic period. Hurdwick Stone Provides many widely used building stones. USE BASALT CL STONE BT LIMESTONE Imitation Stone NT GRITSTONE (LIMESTONE) USE ARTIFICIAL STONE LIAS OOLITIC LIMESTONE Imperial Mahogany KEINTON STONE USE GRANITE SN Hard, white/grey coloured liassic limestone. Industrial Waste Quarried near Somerton in Somerset. USE RESIDUE CL STONE BLUE LIAS IONA MARBLE BT SN One of only three 'true' British marbles, pale Kemnay Granite green and white in colour. USE GRANITE CL STONE Kentish Rag BT MARBLE USE KENTISH RAGSTONE IRON KENTISH RAGSTONE UF Corrugated Iron SN A malleable, ductile ferromagnetic metal widely UF Kentish Rag used for structural and decorative purposes. Tonbridge Stone CL METAL SN Sandy, rough blue to green/grey coloured
13 limestone. Quarried in Kent and widely used Langton Freestone throughout the South East. USE FREESTONE CL STONE PURBECK STONE BT CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE SN Use both terms. Kerridge Stone Large Paludina Marble USE SANDSTONE USE CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE Ketton Stone MARBLE USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE SN Use both terms. LATH Keuper Stone USE SANDSTONE SN Narrow strips of wood which can form the groundwork for slates, panels or plaster work. KILLAS CL MATERIAL
14 CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Longford Rustic Slate BT RESIDUE USE SLATE RT CEMENT Lower Greensand DAUB MORTAR USE SANDSTONE PLASTER Lyddite ROMAN CEMENT USE CHERT Lime Mortar Madreperla USE LIME GNEISS MORTAR USE SN Use both terms. MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE LIMESTONE UF Anston Stone Bolsover Moor UF Calcareous Spar Huddlestone Stone Devon Marble Mansfield Woodhouse Stone Membury Stone Roche Abbey Stone Moolham Stone Steetly Stone Todber Stone Tadcaster Stone SN Sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium SN Permian limestones which have had their carbonate. Varying in grain size, colour and chemical composition naturally altered with the hardness, quarried and used throughout the calcium content being replaced by magnesium. country. Fine grained and varying from yellow/brown to CL STONE cream in colour, although they weather to a dark NT CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE grey. CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE CL STONE DEVONIAN LIMESTONE BT LIMESTONE JURASSIC LIMESTONE RT DOLOMITE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE TERTIARY LIMESTONE MAJOLICA TUFACEOUS LIMESTONE SN Fine earthenware with raised patterns of RT MALMSTONE coloured decoration in the form of an enamel or MARBLE coloured opaque glaze. Use for decorative wall REIGATE STONE facings. SHALE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE BT CERAMIC UF Ancaster Stone Malm (Brick) Barnack Stone USE BRICK Casterton Stone Clipsham Stone Malm (Stone) Collyweston Slate USE MALMSTONE Cosgrove Stone Freebed MALMSTONE Hardwhite UF Green Ventnor Stone Ketton Stone Malm (Stone) Stamford Stone SN A soft, grey to white coloured, sandstone formed Weatherbed during the Cretaceous period, whose sand grains Weldon Stone are cemented together with lime. SN Generic term for the oolitic limestones quarried in CL STONE Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire and Rutland. BT SANDSTONE Varying in grain size from medium to coarse, and RT IRONSTONE colour from cream to pale brown. LIMESTONE CL STONE MAN MADE MATERIAL BT OOLITIC LIMESTONE SN A material or combination of materials Locharbriggs Stone manufactured by human effort, or fashioned into USE SANDSTONE shape by man or a man made industrial process LONG STRAW (excluding metal). See MAN MADE MATERIAL Class List for narrow terms. SN Composed of loose uncombed lengths of CL MAN MADE MATERIAL harvested wheat which are formed into bundles NT ARTIFICIAL STONE for laying. Distinctive appearance with both ears ARTIFICIAL TIMBER and butts visible on the surface traditionally using ASBESTOS hazel spars which hold the straw in place. BITUMEN CL VEGETAL BITUMINOUS FELT BT STRAW CEMENT MIX RT THATCH CERAMIC
15 MARL ETHYLTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE FOIL FIBREGLASS SN A mixed earthy substance consisting principally GLASS of clay mixed with calcium carbonate and sand in PANEL BOARD very variable proportions. PAPER CL EARTH MIX PLASTIC MARLSTONE RENDER RESIDUE UF Uppingham Stone RUBBER SN Fine grained, iron rich, liassic limestone, found in Dorset, Somerset, Oxfordshire, Mansfield Stone Northamptonshire, Leicestershire and Rutland. USE SANDSTONE CL STONE BT LIAS Mansfield Woodhouse Stone RT IRONSTONE USE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE SEPTARIA MARBLE Marmo UF Ashburton Marble USE FAIENCE Australian Marble Bethersden Marble MATERIAL
16 CL METAL Moss Rigg Slate NT ALUMINIUM USE LAKE DISTRICT SLATE BRASS Moulton Stone BRONZE COPPER USE SANDSTONE GOLD Mount Sorrel Granite IRON USE MOUNTSORREL GRANITE LEAD SILVER MOUNTSORREL GRANITE STEEL UF Mount Sorrel Granite TIN Mountsorrel Stone ZINC SN Very hard, rough medium/coarse grained, pink to RT PLYMETAL grey coloured granite. Usually found and quarried Metamorphic Stone in Leicestershire. USE STONE CL STONE BT GRANITE Midhurst Stone Mountsorrel Stone USE SUSSEX STONE USE MOUNTSORREL GRANITE Mill Hill Slate MUD USE WEST COUNTRY SLATE SN Wet soil, sand or other earthy matter combined Millstone Grit with ballast and bonded with straw or other USE GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) binding material. Walls are built in the absence of shuttering by the simple process of pitching in MINERAL layers. SN Natural inorganic substance possessing a CL EARTH MIX definite chemical composition in a crystalline form. Mudstone See MINERAL Class Listnfor narrow terms. CL MINERAL USE SHALE NT DOLOMITE Muscovite Granite FELDSPAR GRANITE FLUORITE USE HORNBLENDE Newham Stone QUARTZ USE GRANITE RT FOSSIL Northamptonshire Stone Monks Park Stone USE IRONSTONE USE BATH STONE OAK Moolham Stone SN A native hardwood of the Beech family with hard USE LIMESTONE and durable characteristics which traditionally MOORSTONE made it appropriate for structural work. SN Stonemason's name for granite found lying upon CL VEGETAL the moorland surface, as opposed to having been BT WOOD quarried, in the West Country and the Lake Oolite District. Used, as found, since prehistoric times, USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE in later years was often dressed and shaped. CL STONE OOLITIC LIMESTONE BT GRANITE UF Campden Stone RT SARSEN STONE Cary Stone MORTAR Charlbury Stone Coral Rag Limestone UF Lime Mortar Cornbrash Limestone SN A mixture of lime or more recently cement with Doulting Stone sand and water used for bonding stones or Dundry Stone bricks. Headington Stone CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Oolite BT CEMENT MIX Oxford Stone RT CEMENT Painswick Stone LIME Stonesfield Slate SAND Taynton Stone Mosaic Wheatley Stone SN Limestone formed during the Jurassic period. USE TESSERA Composed of ooliths, literally small rock particles with the appearance of fish roe.
17 CL STONE Parian Marble BT JURASSIC LIMESTONE USE MARBLE NT BATH STONE Pavonazzo COTSWOLD STONE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE USE CARRARA MARBLE PORTLAND STONE PEAT RT IRONSTONE UF Peat Brick Orton Scar Limestone SN Part-decomposed vegetable matter formed under USE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE waterlogged conditions into a firm, brown deposit resembling soil. Used as a brick for infilling in Otta Slate timber framed walls. USE SCHIST CL VEGETAL RT BRICK Oxford Stone EARTH USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE Peat Brick Painswick Stone USE PEAT USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE PEBBLE PAINTED PLASTER SN Rock fragment (diameter 4-64mm) larger than UF Painted Wall Plaster gravel and smaller than cobble, combined with SN Plaster which has been painted either for other material e.g. flint, for decorative effect. decorative purposes or to protect it. CL MATERIAL
18 which may be moulded, extruded or cast while PETERHEAD GRANITE soft or liquid, which then set rigidly or slightly UF Blue Peterhead Granite elastic in form. SN Coarse grained, dark coloured granite, quarried in CL MAN MADE MATERIAL the Peterhead and Cairngall areas of Scotland, NT BAKELITE but used throughout the North. POLYCARBONATE CL STONE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE BT GRANITE RT RUBBER Petworth Marble Plymax USE CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE USE PLYMETAL MARBLE PLYMETAL SN Use both terms. UF Plymax Pillaguri Slate SN Structural board comprising a core of thin layers USE SCHIST of wood bonded together, which is faced on one PINE or both sides with a sheet of metal, usually galvanised steel or aluminium. Mainly used for SN Wood of a coniferous tree native to Scotland and external wall cladding. Scandinavia. CL MAN MADE MATERIAL CL VEGETAL BT PANEL BOARD WOOD BT RT METAL Pink Granite WOOD USE GRANITE Plymouth Limestone Pink Verona Marble USE DEVONIAN LIMESTONE USE JURASSIC LIMESTONE Plymouth Stone MARBLE USE DEVONIAN LIMESTONE SN Use both terms. PLYWOOD PISE SN Thin layers of wood, bonded together to form a UF Pise De Terre structural board. The grain of the adjacent layers SN Rammed earth or clay of a low moisture content lie across one another to give structural strength. used to make floors or walls, or found between Produced since mid 19th century for use in shuttering. interior joinery, since 1930's for exterior use. CL EARTH MIX CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Pise De Terre BT PANEL BOARD RT WOOD USE PISE POLYCARBONATE PLANT SN Very tough transparent sheeting often used for SN Any tree, shrub or herb of cellulose form, security glazing. normally subsisting in soil and producing its food CL MAN MADE MATERIAL through photosynthesis. BT PLASTIC CL VEGETAL NT GORSE POLYPHANT GRASS SN Compact, grey/green/brown/white-speckled HEATHER coloured igneous rock, peculiar to Cornwall. It is REED easy to carve and readily takes a polish, hence SEAWEED its similarity to British marbles. STRAW CL STONE PLASTER RT MARBLE SN Lime plaster, consisting of lime and sand, is the SERPENTINE oldest type of render. Applied externally to walls POLYVINYL CHLORIDE or onto laths for infill panels and usually SN A type of thermoplastic polymer which is limewashed. versatile and cheap, often referred to as PVC. CL MAN MADE MATERIAL This includes plasticized PVC and unplasticized BT RENDER PVC (uPVC). NT DECORATIVE PLASTER CL MAN MADE MATERIAL PAINTED PLASTER BT PLASTIC RT DAUB LATH PORPHYRY LIME SN Traditional term for any fine to medium grained PLASTIC igneous rock, containing large crystal fragments. CL STONE SN Any of large class of polymers based on NT ELVAN synthetic resins or modified natural polymers RT FOREST STONE (LEICESTERSHIRE)
19 GRANITE Purbeck Marble Purbeck Portland PORTLAND CEMENT Swanage Stone SN A form of cement originally named since it was SN Collective name for the oolitic limestone quarried said to be like Portland Stone in appearance. in the Isle of Purbeck region, geologically CL MAN MADE MATERIAL classified into two main groups. Firstly, a fine BT CEMENT grained whitish variety, Purbeck Portland, Portland Roach secondly a fossil-rich cream/gold to grey variety, Swanage Stone etc PORTLAND STONE USE CL STONE PORTLAND STONE BT PORTLAND STONE RT MARBLE UF Base Bed Basebed Quarr Stone Chilmark Stone USE BEMBRIDGE LIMESTONE Portland Roach Ridgeway Stone QUARTZ Roach Stone SN Hard, transparent, often coloured mineral. Can be Tisbury Stone found on its own as crystals and veins but also Whit Bed as a major constituent of rocks such as granite. Whitbed Often used decoratively. SN Fine to coarse grained, cream to green/grey CL MINERAL coloured oolitic limestone. Quarried since Roman RT QUARTZITE times, it is one of Britain's best building stones, hence its use throughout the country. QUARTZITE CL STONE UF Diamanzite BT OOLITIC LIMESTONE Safari Quartzite NT PURBECK STONE SN Medium grained, hard, white/grey coloured stone consisting of quartz and often silica, produced by PRESTRESSED CONCRETE the metamorphosis of sandstone. SN Concrete, containing bars or wires, which is CL STONE compressed to greatly increase its strength. RT QUARTZ CL MAN MADE MATERIAL BT CONCRETE Raddon Stone USE GRANITE Prudham Stone USE SANDSTONE Rag USE RAGSTONE PUDDINGSTONE SN Conglomerate consisting of rounded flint pebbles Rag Slate held together in a natural silica and sand cement. USE SLATE CL STONE RAGSTONE BT CONGLOMERATE NT HERTFORDSHIRE PUDDINGSTONE UF Rag RT BRECCIA SN Stonemason's term for any coarse/hard stone that is not easily worked. Index with specific Pulborough Stone stone type where given. Not to be confused with USE SUSSEX STONE Kentish Ragstone. CL STONE PULHAMITE STONE SN A patented manmade rock invented by James Rainhill Stone Pulham and Son of Broxbourne. Pulhamite was USE SANDSTONE used to join natural rocks together or crafted to Rainow Stone simulate natural stone features. It is an artificial form of sandstone. USE SANDSTONE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Rassau Stone BT ARTIFICIAL STONE USE SANDSTONE Purbeck Marble Red Wilderness Stone USE MARBLE USE SANDSTONE PURBECK STONE SN Use both terms. REED Purbeck Portland UF Water Reed SN The tall, straight stalks or stems formed by plants USE PURBECK STONE found in the wetland areas, particularly The Fens. PURBECK STONE Used as a roofing material, the reed is laid with UF Corfe Stone the ends forming the exposed covering surface. Langton Freestone CL VEGETAL
20 BT PLANT Roach Stone RT THATCH USE PORTLAND STONE REIGATE STONE Roche Abbey Stone UF Gatton Stone USE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE Godstone Stone ROMAN CEMENT Merstham Stone SN Soft, medium grained, green/grey coloured, highly SN Technically a quick setting hydraulic cement or calcareous, cretaceous sandstone. Mined (more lime,but term has been adapted to denote cement frequently than quarried) since pre-Norman times made from burning lumps of marl found in London from the Reigate area of Surrey. clay,a technique adopted for C19th building work. CL STONE Name not intended to denote a relationship with BT SANDSTONE Roman period RT LIMESTONE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL BT CEMENT MIX REINFORCED CONCRETE RT LIME SN Aggregate, cement and mortar combined with SEPTARIA structural elements of iron or steel mesh or rod ROMAN TILE reinforcement to form stonelike masses for load bearing, structural building work. UF Single Roman Tile CL MAN MADE MATERIAL SN Single lap regular shaped roof covering which BT CONCRETE can have one or more water channels. Typically RT STEEL made of clay or concrete. The name does not denote a relationship with the Roman period. Rembrandt Stone CL MATERIAL
21 Safari Quartzite Rainhill Stone USE QUARTZITE Rainow Stone Rassau Stone Salcombe Stone Red Wilderness Stone USE SANDSTONE Ringby Stone Salterwath Rose Brae Stone Salcombe Stone CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE USE Soudley Stone SAND Spinkwell Stone Springwell Stone SN Granular material consisting of small eroded Spynie Stone fragments of rock or mineral grains, finer than St Bees Stone gravel used as an ingredient in mortar and other St Boniface Stone traditional building materials. Stainton Stone CL EARTH MIX Swindon Stone RT CEMENT Thorverton Stone CONCRETE Tixall Stone GRAVEL Waterholes Sandstone MORTAR Wellfield Stone SANDSTONE Whitby Stone UF Auchinlea Stone Windy Hill Stone Blaxter Stone Woolton Stone Bramley Fall Stone Yorkshire Delph Britannia Stone SN Geologically sandstone consists of particles of Bunter Stone quartz naturally cemented together by either Caerbwdy Stone silica, calcium or iron. It is this geological Caithness Flagstone composition that accounts for the varying colours Cardeston Stone and grain sizes found in the many building Chatwell Stone sandstones. Clashach Stone CL STONE Corsehill Stone NT BARGATE STONE Coxbench Sandstone CARSTONE Craigleith Stone FIRESTONE Culm Measures Stone GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) Culm Stone MALMSTONE Cumberland Stone PENNANT STONE Darney Stone REIGATE STONE Davie Blocks Stone SARSEN STONE Delph Stone SUSSEX STONE Derbyshire Stone YORK STONE Doddington Stone RT CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Dunhouse Stone IRONSTONE Dunston Stone LIAS Forest Of Dean Stone SHALE Forest Stone (Gloucestershire) Sanfront Stone Foxs Wood Rubble USE SCHIST Green Brae Stone Greensand Stone SARSEN STONE Grinshill Stone UF Greyweathers Hailes Stone Heathstone Hatherleigh Stone SN Extremely hard, fine grained, grey to brown silica Heavitree Stone rich sandstone. It is often found on the surface of Hollington Stone the South Downs and has been used, as found, Kerridge Stone since prehistoric times. Keuper Stone CL STONE Ladycross Stone BT SANDSTONE Lane Head Stone RT MOORSTONE Lazonby Red Sandstone Locharbriggs Stone SCAGLIOLA Lower Greensand UF Stucco Lustro Mansfield Stone SN Composite substance of plaster formed by Moulton Stone gypsum, sand and lime and coloured with Pencaemaur Stone pigments, fixed under heat and highly polished. Penrith Red Sandstone Used to imitate marble and popular in the 17th and Penshaw Sandstone 18th centuries for architectural features. Permian Sandstone CL MAN MADE MATERIAL Prudham Stone BT DECORATIVE PLASTER
22 CL MATERIAL
23 Single Roman Tile larger. USE ROMAN TILE CL MATERIAL
24 SUSSEX STONE BRECCIA CHERT UF Bognor Rock CONGLOMERATE Calverley Stone DIORITE Midhurst Stone DOLERITE Pulborough Stone FOREST STONE (LEICESTERSHIRE) Tunbridge Wells Stone FREESTONE SN Fine grained, buff, brown to green coloured GNEISS Cretaceous sandstone. Quarried at various GRANITE locations in Sussex. Not to be confused with GREENSTONE Sussex marble which is a cretaceous limestone. IRONSTONE CL STONE LIMESTONE BT SANDSTONE MARBLE NT HORSHAM STONE POLYPHANT WEALDEN STONE PORPHYRY RT CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE QUARTZITE Swaledale Fossil RAGSTONE RHYOLITE USE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SANDSTONE Swanage Stone SCHIST PURBECK STONE SERPENTINE USE SHALE Swedish Green Granite SILTSTONE USE SYENITE SLATE SYENITE Swindon Stone TUFF USE SANDSTONE WHINSTONE RT ARTIFICIAL STONE Swithland Slate COBBLE USE FOREST STONE (LEICESTERSHIRE) FOSSIL SLATE GRAVEL SN Use both terms. PEBBLE SYENITE RUBBLE UF Swedish Green Granite Stonesfield Slate SN Hard, coarse grained, green to pink coloured USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE igneous rock. Commonly used as a polished cladding. Stowey Stone CL STONE USE LIAS RT FOREST STONE (LEICESTERSHIRE) STRAW RHYOLITE SERPENTINE SN Roofing material consisting of stems or stalks of wheat, rye, oats or barley separated from grain Tadcaster Stone and laid flat in 'yealms' which form an overlapping USE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE surface which sheds water. CL VEGETAL TAR BT PLANT SN Thick, viscid liquid, obtained by the distillation of NT COMBED WHEAT REED wood, coal or other organic substances, LONG STRAW chemically a mixture of hydrocarbons with RT THATCH resins. STUCCO CL MAN MADE MATERIAL BT BITUMEN SN Smooth rendering applied to the exterior of buildings which may be incised to suggest TARMACADAM coursed masonry. Made of lime and sand or brick SN Road or paving material combining crushed stone, dust, and more recently, cement. rolled and mixed with bitumen type mixer. CL MAN MADE MATERIAL CL MAN MADE MATERIAL BT RENDER BT BITUMEN Stucco Lustro Taynton Stone USE SCAGLIOLA USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE Sussex Marble Teesdale Marble USE CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE USE MARBLE MARBLE TERRACOTTA SN Use both terms. UF Ruabon Brick SN Hard, unglazed, brown, versatile earthenware
25 which can be used as a tile or moulded into CONCRETE statuary. Used in a structural or semi-structural FAIENCE context as a moulded hollow block. SHINGLE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL TERRACOTTA BT CERAMIC TIMBER NT FAIENCE RT TILE UF Deal SN Wood, cut and seasoned so forming or capable TERTIARY LIMESTONE of forming any part of a structure. May be treated UF Coralline Crag with preservative before use. Istrian Stone CL MATERIAL
26 Trerice Porphry MARBLE USE ELVAN SN Use both terms. Trerice Stone Verona Marble USE ELVAN USE JURASSIC LIMESTONE MARBLE TRIPLE ROMAN TILE SN Use both terms. SN A large rectangle roof tile in the form of an upstand on one side followed by three rolls, the Virgo Granite last of which fits over the upstand of the USE GRANITE adjacent tile. The name does not denote a Vitrified Brick relationship with the Roman period. CL MATERIAL
27 WEATHERING STEEL Whitbed UF Cor Ten Steel USE PORTLAND STONE SN An alloy of steel. Whitby Cement CL METAL BT STEEL USE CEMENT Weldon Stone Whitby Stone USE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE USE SANDSTONE Wellfield Stone WICHERT USE SANDSTONE SN Cob type construction typical to Buckinghamshire using a local clay with a high chalk content to WELSH SLATE produce walls of notable inherent stability. UF Berwyn Slate CL EARTH MIX Blue Grey Slate BT COB Blue Welsh Slate Windy Hill Stone Penrhyn Slate SN Collective term for the North and South Wales USE SANDSTONE groups of slate. Hard, fine grained, metamorphic Winsley Ground rock, with varying dark shades. USE BATH STONE CL STONE BT SLATE WOOD RT SHALE SN Hard, compact, unprocessed, fibrous cellulose WEST COUNTRY SLATE substance. The roots, trunks and branches of trees and shrubs consist of this tissue. UF Bluestone CL VEGETAL Cornish Rustic NT BAMBOO Cornish Slate CEDAR Delabole Slate CORK Devon Slate ELM Mill Hill Slate OAK Tintagel Stone PINE Trebarwith Rustic Slate RT FIBREBOARD Trecarne Rustic Slate PAPER Tredinnick Rustic Slate PLYMETAL SN Collective term for the slates from Devon and PLYWOOD Cornwall. Hard, fine grained metamorphic rock. TIMBER Varying in colour from dark grey/green to WEATHERBOARD blueish/grey. West Country Slate is geologically WOODWOOL SLAB different from both Lake District and Welsh Slate. CL STONE Woodkirk Stone BT SLATE USE YORK STONE RT SHALE WOODWOOL SLAB Westmoorland Green SN A sheet or board made from a mixture of thin LAKE DISTRICT SLATE USE strips of wood and cement which are bound Westmoorland Slate together through compression within a mould. Woodwool slabs are used for roof or wall USE LAKE DISTRICT SLATE cladding, providing fire resistance, and heat and Westwood Stone sound insulation. USE BATH STONE CL MAN MADE MATERIAL BT PANEL BOARD Whatstandwell Stone RT CEMENT USE GRITSTONE (SANDSTONE) WOOD Wheatley Stone Woolton Stone USE OOLITIC LIMESTONE USE SANDSTONE WHINSTONE WROUGHT IRON SN Northern quarryman's name for any fine grained, SN The oldest form of iron, it is a tough, pure form of dark grey/black to green coloured igneous rock. iron that can be fashioned into decorative items Index with specific stone type where given. or shapes by hammering, squeezing or rolling. CL STONE CL METAL RT BASALT BT IRON DOLERITE Yeovil Marble Whit Bed USE JURASSIC LIMESTONE USE PORTLAND STONE MARBLE
28 SN Use both terms. YORK STONE UF Bolton Wood Stone Crosland Hill Stone Elland Edge Flagrock Elland Edge Stone Greenmoor Stone Hard Rock Hard York Hard York Freestone Woodkirk Stone Yorkshire Flagstone Yorkshire Stone SN Generic name for the fine grained, brown coloured carboniferous sandstone, quarried in the Leeds, Bradford and Halifax area. CL STONE BT SANDSTONE Yorkshire Delph USE SANDSTONE Yorkshire Flagstone USE YORK STONE Yorkshire Freestone USE FREESTONE Yorkshire Stone USE YORK STONE ZINC SN A hard and lustrous metallic element, used for roofing, galvanising iron and a component of alloys such as brass. CL METAL
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