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Features of Germany's Image Formation Among Russian Germans

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Features of Germany's Image Formation Among Russian Germans ISSN 0798 1015 HOME Revista ESPACIOS ! ÍNDICES ! A LOS AUTORES ! Vol. 38 (Nº 51) Year 2017. Page 29 Features of Germany’s Image Formation Among Russian Germans Características De La Formación De La Imagen De Alemania Entre Los Alemanes Rusos Ardak KAPYSHEV 1 Received: 28/09/2017 • Approved: 09/10/2017 Content 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Data, Analysis, and Results 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion References ABSTRACT: RESUMEN: The purpose of this article is to study the features of El propósito de este artículo es estudiar las Germany’s image formation among Russian Germans. características de la formación de la imagen de In the course of the study, we have used a method of Alemania entre los alemanes rusos. En el curso del comparative analysis. The specific nature of Germany’s estudio, hemos utilizado un método de análisis image was characterized with methods of primary data comparativo. La especificidad de la imagen de Alemania collection and processing, and with comparative se caracterizó por los métodos de recopilación y methods of systematization and logical generalization. procesamiento de datos primarios y por métodos The article analyzes the image of Germany through the comparativos de sistematización y generalización lógica. eyes of Russian Germans. The analysis showed that the El artículo analiza la imagen de Alemania a través de los image of Germany that was formed among Russian ojos de los alemanes rusos. El análisis mostró que la Germans is not transformed. It is still at the stage of imagen de Alemania que se formó entre los alemanes formation, not always overcoming xenophobia. There rusos no se transforma. Todavía está en la etapa de are analyzed and generalized the main characteristics of formación, no siempre superando la xenofobia. Se the ethnic image of Germans. Thus, we have found that analizan y se generalizan las principales características if the respondent does not intend to move to Germany, de la imagen étnica de los alemanes. Por lo tanto, then there often will be negative and neutral elements hemos encontrado que si el demandado no tiene prevailing in the image of the country. In the case of intención de mudarse a Alemania, a menudo habrá moving – a more positive image of Germany is formed. elementos negativos y neutrales que prevalecen en la The new image of a new country to live in (Germany) imagen del país. En el caso del movimiento - se forma can be described as follows: it is a familiar, quiet, una imagen más positiva de Alemania. La nueva imagen comfortable and socially stable country with a favorable de un nuevo país para vivir (Alemania) se puede economy and stable legal framework. The weakening describir como sigue: es un país familiar, tranquilo, economic situation and the growing unemployment are cómodo y socialmente estable con una economía the only disturbing facts, as well as a rather closed favorable y un marco legal estable. El debilitamiento de social space. la situación económica y el creciente desempleo son los Keywords: Russian Germans; Russian diaspora; ethnic únicos hechos perturbadores, así como un espacio image; immigrants; settlers; Germany’s image. social bastante cerrado. Palabras clave: Alemanes rusos; Diáspora rusa; Imagen étnica; Inmigrantes; Colonos; La imagen de Alemania. 1. Introduction In the context of political changes of the ХХ and early ХХІ centuries, deepening inequality of countries in terms of well-being, wars, environmental disasters and other phenomena, international migration has emerged as a complex global problem affecting the interests of all countries in the world. At the global level, international migration is increasingly considered as an integral part of the global development process. Over the past 2-3 decades, Germany is one of the countries in which residents from other countries are actively resettling (Вetter, 2011). The intensified resettlement in Germany began immediately after the reunification. Nearly 100 thousand people were leaving the new federal lands every year. Democratic changes in Central and Eastern Europe, and the collapse of the Soviet Union caused massive flows of asylum seekers, illegal migrants and repatriates. In five European countries (Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden), the average annual migration balance has increased from a negative figure of -13,000 people (in 1980-1984) up to 456.000 (in 1985-1989) and 784.000 people (in 1990-1994) (Hess, 2016). In EU member states, the number of asylum applications has increased by 487% in 1986-1991 – almost 700.000 applications per year. In Western European countries, this number has increased from 66.9 thousand (in 1983) to 694 thousand applications (in 1992). In 1983-1989, 30% of applications were from the countries of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Stalker, 2002). The period after 1990s was characterized by an even greater scale and intensity of migration flows. At the same time, dynamics of migration from the former Soviet states has declined (Hess, 2016). The significant increase in the number of immigrants from Russia has affected the image of Germany among the German residents in Russia, as they receive certain information about life in Germany from relatives and friends, who have moved there. Moreover, they have own vision of their future in Russia as German people, or plan to move to Germany in the future. This actualizes the issue of determining the specific features and the main aspects of Germany’s image formation among Russian Germans. Modern researchers studying the category of citizenship distinguish the territorial and national principles of State organization and citizenship acquisition (Mathias, 2013). The second case is regarded as a more closed "to enter" into it, and therefore, less attractive for migrants (Kunze, 2005). Nevertheless, many researchers draw attention to the dynamics of the number of foreigners in Germany at the end of the 20th century. It shows that the country was attractive for migrants and provided legal opportunities to stay in Germany and acquire a German citizenship (Bauder, Lenard & Straehle, 2014). In particular, we should point out the following studies devoted to the issues of migration to and from Germany written by such authors as Bauder, Lenard & Straehle (2014), F. Triadafilopoulos (2015) and M. Tackle (2007). In studying the work of modern authors, we can state (Hess, 2016; Triadafilopoulos, 2015) that the immigration policy of the country is the subject of acute public discussions. There should be noted the relevance of discussing the issues of multiculturalism formation or destruction in Europe due to specific legal actions (Triadafilopoulos, 2015; Winter, 2014) influx of emigrants from Muslim countries and countries with a significant difference in cultural and social behaviours (Gülhanim, 2015). Migration and integration of population are processes. Thus, they are in constant movement and change. Constant monitoring of these processes is absolutely necessary and requires such kind of a combined scientific theoretical and sociological research. The issues of Russian-speaking population living outside Russia that are important for understanding the specific features of Russian Germans’ adaptation in specific life conditions are reflected in (Ryazantsev, 2015). The work of modern scholars devoted to the adaptation of emigrants from the former Soviet countries, in particular – from Russia, in Germany are of prime importance for the study (Penny & Rinke, 2015). However, these works have a significant shortcoming – they ignore the difference in Germany’s image formation among those Russian Germans, who live in Germany and outside it. The purpose of the article is to study the features of Germany’s image formation among Russian Germans. 2. Methods In identifying the features of Germany’s image formation among Russian Germans, we have used comparative analysis as a research method. This made it possible to reveal the differences, peculiarities and common features of perception of Germany by the inhabitants of this country, by Germans, who moved to Germany from Russia, and by Germans living in Russia. Based on migration intentions, analysis of the Germany’s image formation among Russian Germans was studied with a methodological base and study materials of the Centre for German and European Studies (CGES), Bielefeld (Germany) and St. Petersburg Universities, and the RFBR Grant 06-06 -80166-a "Ethnic factor of socio-economic transformation of rural areas in multi-ethnic regions of Russia". This work considers certain methodological scientific developments and publications of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of Germany’s image formation among Russian Germans (Hess, 2016; Ryazantsev, 2015), as well as current legislative and regulatory documents. The specific features of Germany’s image formation among Russian Germans were analyzed and characterized by methods of primary data collection and processing, and by comparative methods of systematization and logical generalization. 3. Data, Analysis, and Results According to the annual migration report of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), Germany is in the top-five of the most attractive countries for migrants in Europe [18]. It has been a leader in external migration for 10 years. According to migration balance for 10 years, the first places are taken by Italy (3281 thousand people); Spain (2560 thousand people) and the United Kingdom (1959 thousand people). Germany is on the fourth place – 1410 thousand people. In 2015, a total of 2.137 million people moved to Germany. This number is bigger by 672.000 than it was in 2014 (46%). In the same year, only 998.000 people moved from Germany. The recorded number is bigger by 83.000 than it was recorded in 2014 (+ 9%). This results in a migration surplus of 1.139 million people, which is a new record of the FRG (Migrationbericht, 2014). The increased influx of migrants in Germany in 2015 is associated with an increased immigration of foreigner citizens. The number of Germans, including ethnic Germans and repatriates, was about 121.000 people and remained almost unchanged in comparison with the previous year.
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