DINÂMICA DA REMOÇÃO DE FÓSFORO EM LEITOS CULTIVADOS COM Typha Sp

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DINÂMICA DA REMOÇÃO DE FÓSFORO EM LEITOS CULTIVADOS COM Typha Sp UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA AGRÍCOLA DINÂMICA DA REMOÇÃO DE FÓSFORO EM LEITOS CULTIVADOS COM Typha sp. Tese de Doutorado submetida à banca examinadora para obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola, na Área de Concentração Água e Solo. ALINE REGINA PIEDADE ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. José Teixeira Filho CAMPINAS JULHO DE 2010 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DA ÁREA DE ENGENHARIA E ARQUITETURA - BAE - UNICAMP Piedade, Aline Regina P595d Dinâmica da remoção de fósforo em leitos cultivados com Typha sp.. / Aline Regina Piedade. --Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2010. Orientador: José Teixeira Filho. Tese de Doutorado - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola. 1. Águas residuais - Purificação - Tratamento biológico. 2. Esgotos - Tratamento. 3. Plantas aquáticas. 4. Biorremediação. 5. Água - Controle de qualidade. I. Teixeira Filho, José. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola. III. Título. Título em Inglês: Dynamics of phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands with Typha sp.. Palavras-chave em Inglês: Wastewater - Purification - Biological treatment, Sewage - Treatment, Aquatic plants, Phytoremediation, Water - Quality control Área de concentração: Água e Solo Titulação: Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola Banca examinadora: Andréa Bogatti Guimarães Tomazela, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Bruno Couracci Filho, Denis Miguel Roston Data da defesa: 30/07/2010 Programa de Pós Graduação: Engenharia Agrícola ii iii Embora ninguém possa voltar atrás e fazer um novo começo, qualquer um pode começar agora e fazer um novo fim. Chico Xavier iv Ao Professor Paulo Rodolfo Leopoldo ( in memoriam ), Grande Mestre e Amigo, com o qual pude aprender muito no campo pessoal e profissional. A minha eterna saudade e infinita gratidão. DEDICO Aos meus pais, Walkíria e José Antonio Piedade, pelo amor incondicional e confiança depositada em mim; Ao meu noivo Marcio, pelo amor, companheirismo e ensinamentos ao longo destes anos; Aos meus irmãos Patrícia e Júnior, pela paciência e carinho na convivência familiar. OFEREÇO v AGRADECIMENTOS À Divina Providência, que em tempo integral, sempre me protegeu e iluminou. À Nossa Senhora Desatadora dos Nós, pelo consolo e esperança a cada dia dessa jornada. À Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola - UNICAMP, pela oportunidade de realização do curso. Ao Professor Dr. José Teixeira Filho pela orientação, amizade e principalmente pela paciência dedicada a mim. À CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), pela concessão da bolsa de estudos. Ao Diretor da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Professor Dr. Denis Miguel Roston, pela amizade e ensinamentos transmitidos sobre a arte da docência na área do saneamento básico e como cidadão modelo na transmissão de valores éticos. Ao Professor Dr. Zigomar Menezes de Souza, coordenador do curso de pós-graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, e demais membros do Conselho de Curso, pela constante colaboração. Aos docentes responsáveis pelas disciplinas do programa de pós-graduação, pelo empenho e capacidade, que me possibilitaram enriquecimento técnico e profissional. Aos componentes da banca examinadora: Professora Dra. Andreá Bogatti Guimarães Tomazela, Professor Dr. Plínio Barbosa de Camargo e Professor Dr. Bruno Couracci Filho, pelas contribuições pertinentes na melhoria da redação da tese. Ao meu noivo e maior incentivador pela busca do equilíbrio pessoal e profissional, Márcio, companheiro de todas as horas pelo amor, carinho, paciência, ensinamentos e força dispensados a mim desde o início. vi As amigas super poderosas, Kelly Cristina Tonello e Rojane Magda Kletecke, pela convivência durante todos estes anos. Aos amigos Tânia, Marcelo Colet, Vânia, Sônia, Ricardo, Luis Eduardo pelo companheirismo e palavras de apoio nos momentos difíceis. Aos estagiários: Carina, Tiago, David e Gustavo pelo auxilio na coleta dos dados em campo e práticas no laboratório. Aos funcionários da FEAGRI: Sérgio, Pequeno, Túlio, Domitilla, Gelson e Lucarelli que prontamente me ajudaram na realização dos trabalhos experimentais. À Professora Dra. Helena Teixeira Godoy, Professor Dr. Marcelo Alexandre Prado e a todos os funcionários do Laboratório de Análise de Alimentos da Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos (FEA) pela oportunidade e ajuda nos trabalhos laboratoriais. Ao Professor Dr. Inácio Maria Dal Fabbro e a Professora Dra. Maria Angela Fagnani, sempre pacientes, pelo acolhimento e paz transmitidos nessa jornada. As companheiras de república: Mônica, Beatriz, Bianca, Rachel, Aline, Bruna, Thassiane, Alinerd, Paula, Jussara, Carla, Marina, Suzane, Laila e Ana Paula pela convivência e tolerância. E a todos aqueles que, embora não citados, colaboraram para realização deste trabalho. vii SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................................ x LISTA DE TABELAS ......................................................................................................... xviii RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. xxi ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... xxii 1. INTRODUÇÃO E JUSTIFICATIVA .................................................................................. 1 2. HIPÓTESE ............................................................................................................................. 2 3. OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Objetivos gerais ................................................................................................................. 3 3.2 Objetivos específicos ......................................................................................................... 3 4. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ............................................................................................. 4 4.1 Tecnologias para o tratamento de efluentes ...................................................................... 4 4.2 Sistema de tratamento com leitos cultivados ..................................................................... 4 4.2.1 Tipos de leitos cultivados ........................................................................................... 7 4.3 O elemento fósforo em leitos cultivados ......................................................................... 10 4.3.1 Fósforo presente nas plantas ..................................................................................... 14 4.3.2 Fósforo presente na biomassa ................................................................................... 15 4.3.3 A retirada e o armazenamento de fósforo pela biota em leitos cultivados ............... 16 4.3.4 Sedimentação e Adsorção de fósforo ....................................................................... 16 4.3.5 Retenção de fósforo em leitos cultivados ................................................................. 18 4.4 Escolha da macrófita Typha sp. ....................................................................................... 20 4.5 Evapotranspiração ........................................................................................................... 23 5. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................................ 29 5.1 Caracterização da área experimental ............................................................................... 29 5.2 Caracterização do efluente............................................................................................... 29 5.3 PROSAB – Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Básico ............................................ 31 viii 5.4 Sistema de leitos cultivados ............................................................................................. 33 5.5 Monitoramento de variáveis do sistema de leitos cultivados .......................................... 34 5.5.1 Quantidade de água .................................................................................................. 35 5.5.2 Qualidade de água .................................................................................................... 35 5.5.3 Fisiologia da vegetação ............................................................................................ 36 5.5.4 Variáveis meteorológicas ......................................................................................... 37 5.6 Avaliações da eficiência de retenção e eficiência de remoção ........................................ 38 5.7 Período de monitoramento e Período estendido .............................................................. 39 6. RESULTADOS .................................................................................................................... 43 6.1 Avaliações horárias.......................................................................................................... 43 6.1.1 Quantidade de água .................................................................................................. 43 6.1.2 Qualidade de água .................................................................................................... 58 6.2 Avaliações diárias ............................................................................................................ 90 6.2.1 Quantidade de água .................................................................................................
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