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TMP.Objres.34.Pdf TEXTEN SOM KALEJDOSKOP Texten som kalejdoskop En läsning av A. S. Pusjkins ”Sagan om tsar Saltan” Janina Orlov ÅBO 2005 ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS CIP Cataloguing in Publication Orlov, Janina Texten som kalejdoskop : en läsning av A. S. Pusjkins ”Sagan om tsar Saltan” / Janina Orlov. – Åbo : Åbo Akademis förlag, 2005. Diss.: Åbo Akademi. – Summary. ISBN 951-765-266-6 ISBN 951-765-266-6 ISBN 951-765-267-4 (digital) Painosalama Oy Åbo 2005 Förord Skrivande är visserligen en ensam syssla men denna avhandling hade förmodligen aldrig blivit till utan benäget stöd från olika håll. Först och främst vill jag tacka professor emerita Carin Davidsson som en gång i tiden gav mig ämnet och lärde mig se orden i deras sammanhang. Ett varmt tack går också till professorerna Clas Zilliacus och Roger Holmström för aldrig svikande uppmuntran, till fil.dr. Kurt Johansson min första lärare i ryska, och till professor Barbara Lönnqvist. Under årens lopp har jag medverkat i ett antal forskarsamfund. Jag minns diskussionerna i köket på Stiftelsens forskningsinstitut i början av nittiotalet, Norfakurserna i Danmark och Norge under överinseende av professor Peter Albjerg-Jensen, projektet Children’s Literature Pure and Applied under ledning av professor Roger D. Sell och nu senast nätverket NorChilNet och professor Maria Nikolajevas orubbliga förtroende för min insats. Jag vill också tacka docent Ben Hellman för handledning samt professor Natalija Baschmakoff och professor Fiona Björling för värdefulla kommentarer till en tidigare version av arbetet. Tack även till fil.dr. Valentin Golovin, professor Ljudmila Zubova och lektor Larissa Mokroborodova för många givande samtal. Stiftelsens för Åbo Akademi forskningsinstitut, rektor för Åbo Akademi och Jubileumsfonden har vid ett antal tillfällen bidragit finansiellt med rese- och forskarstipendier för vilka jag är mycket tacksam. Jag vill också tacka Kristina Toivonen och Inger Hassel för vänligt bemötande i olika praktiska spörsmål. Tack till Heidi Granqvist och Sarah Bannock som klätt sammanfattningen i engelsk språkdräkt. Lektor Martina Björklunds insats vid arbetets slutförande har varit ovärderlig. Tusen tack podruga! Slutligen vill jag tacka min ståndaktiga familj som hållit ut när jag själv har tvekat. Tack Ulf, och tack Benjamin som hängt med från början. Er tillägnar jag denna bok. Lidingö, den 29 augusti 2005 Janina Orlov K i r j a p a i n o P a i n o s a l a m a O y - T u r k u 2 0 0 5 K i r j a p a i n o P a i n o s a l a m a O y - T u r k u 2 0 0 5 Innehåll Förord Kapitel I Inledning ………………................................................................................ 1 Kapitel II Bakgrund, tillkomst och mottagande .......................................................... 15 2.1 Om genren – sagan, myten och skriften ...................................... 15 2.2 Tillkomsthistoria ……………………………….………............ 24 2.3 Mottagandet …………………………………………............... 33 Kapitel III Pusjkin, sagan och berättandet .................................................................... 39 3.1 Att skapa poem ............................................................................ 39 3.2 Sagan och berättandet ................................................................. 40 Kapitel IV Brev, Skrift, Dikt och Verklighet ................................................................ 55 4.1 Brevet i litteraturen ..................................................................... 55 4.2 Brevet i ”Sagan om tsar Saltan” ................................................. 61 Kapitel V Den mångfaldiga födelsen – tsar, far, barn, son .......................................... 70 5.1 Fäder och söner hos Pusjkin ....................................................... 70 5.2 ”Far och son” i sagan. Kvinnligt, manligt, rum och tid .............. 75 5.3 Sonen, den ärbare och mäktige bogatyren furst Gvidon Saltanovič ................................................................................... 76 5.3.1 Tsarevna Lebed – Svanjungfrun .................................... 83 5.3.2 Humlans flykt, tretalet och den andra skepnaden .......... 90 5.3.3 Textens triangelbild ...................................................... 92 5.3.4 Insektskepnaden och dess innebörd ............................... 96 5.3.5 Tjugoandra strofen ......................................................... 98 5.4 Fadern – Tsar Saltan ................................................................. 107 5.4.1 Zakon – lagen och försoningen .................................... 118 5.4.2 Liv och text ................................................................... 122 K i r j a p a i n o P a i n o s a l a m a O y - T u r k u 2 0 0 5 Kapitel VI Det talade ordet och det mytiska rummet .................................................. 127 6.1 Det mytiska rummet ............................................................... 127 6.2 Den petersburgska texten och ”Sagan om tsar Saltan”........... 129 6.3 Sagan och den petrinska myten ...............................................131 Kapitel VII Den allvarsamma leken – läsningen sammanfattad .................................. 150 The Text as a Kaleidoscope – Summary ...…...………………………… 155 Litteratur .................................................................................................... 163 Bilagor ....................................................................................................... 174 Bilaga 1 ”Сказка о Царе Салтане” Bilaga 2 ”Sagan om tsar Saltan”, i översättning och tolkning av Janina Orlov och Ulf Stark K i r j a p a i n o P a i n o s a l a m a O y - T u r k u 2 0 0 5 KAPITEL I INLEDNING The longer one lives, the more one is inclined to regard King Saltán as the masterpiece of Russian poetry. It is purest art, free from all the irrelevancies of emotion and symbol, ”a thing of beauty” and ”a joy for ever”. It is also the most universal art, for it has the same appeal for a child of six and for the most sophisticated poetry reader of sixty. It requires no understandning; its reception is immediate, direct, unquestionable. It is not frivolous, nor witty, nor humorous. But it is light, exhilarating, bracing. It has high seriousness, for what can be more highly serious than the creation of a world of perfect beauty and freedom, open to all?1 Så översvallande uttalar sig D.S. Mirsky om Pusjkins saga, vars fullständiga titel lyder ”Skazka o care Saltane, o syne ego, slavnom i mogučem bogatyre knjaze Gvidone Saltanoviče i o prekrasnoj carevne Lebedi”, på svenska ’Sagan om tsar Saltan, om hans son, den ärbare och mäktige furst Gvidon Saltanovič och om den underbara tsarevnan Lebed’.2 Vid närmare anblick ter sig emellertid utsagan något motsägelsefull. Texten beskrivs som konst för konstens skull, den är uppiggande, ett vackert utanverk, utan varken symbolik eller känsla för att inte tala om kvickhet, wit eller humor. Ändå är den ingen bagatell. Lämpad som den är för alla åldrar, kännetecknas sagan samtidigt av lätthet och seriositet, för ”vad är väl mer seriöst än skapandet av en värld som kännetecknas av skönhet och frihet och som är öppen för alla?” Oavsett om man håller med Mirsky eller inte, kan man inte komma ifrån att hans omdöme vittnar om textens komplexitet. Vad man däremot kan ifrågasätta, är bland annat den påstådda frånvaron av symbolik, känsla och kvickhet i ett verk som dock uppfattas som synnerligen seriöst. Det är nästan som om form och innehåll inte hörde ihop. Är den ryska poesins påstådda mästerverk inte förmer än ett lättsamt och entydigt prov på konst för konstens skull? Jag vill i det följande använda Mirskys omdöme som utgångspunkt för min tematiska läsning av ”Sagan om tsar Saltan”. Mitt syfte är tudelat. Dels presenterar jag en tolkning av texten, dels försöker jag knyta an den till Pusjkins poetiska mytologi. Jag vill på så sätt visa att den attraktiva ytan och det explicita händelseförloppet uttrycker något mer än ett vackert ingenting. Inledningsvis presenterar jag ett urval av den forskning 1 Mirsky D.S. A History of Russian Literature. From Its Beginning to 1900, 1958: 97. 2 I svensk litterär tolkning Sagan om tsar Saltan, se appendix 2. 1 K i r j a p a i n o P a i n o s a l a m a O y - T u r k u 2 0 0 5 kring Pusjkins sagor som aktualiserats i detta arbete, därefter preciserar jag mitt syfte och metodiska utgångsläge närmare. Inom Pusjkinforskningens i det närmaste oöverskådliga fält intar sagorna en jämförelsevis blygsam plats. I den mån de har tilldragit sig uppmärksamhet, har de vanligtvis behandlats som en cyklisk helhet – Skazki Puškina (’Pusjkins sagor’). Den ryska och sovjetiska forskningen har i huvudsak ägnat sig åt att klarlägga eventuella förlagor, relatera texterna till rysk och europeisk folksagotradition samt kommentera deras språk. Man har också visat på sagornas betydelse för den litterära sagans framväxt i Ryssland och bland annat i anslutning till detta har idéinnehållet kommenterats. Slutligen förekommer sagorna i ett flertal monografier och artiklar om Pusjkins poetik, där de oftast anförs i komparativa sammanhang för att belysa andra texter. Utanför Ryssland har intresset för sagorna i jämförelse med Pusjkins övriga texter varit tämligen sparsamt. För en utförlig genomgång av den ryska och sovjetiska forskningen kring Pusjkins sagor fram till 1965 svarar I.M. Kolesnickaja.3 Åren därefter finns kontinuerligt kartlagda i utgåvorna Vremennik Puškinskoj Komissii och sedan ett antal år tillbaka även kompletterade i Moskovskij Puškinist. En omfattande överblick av både rysk och annan forskning tillhandahålls
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