4.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table
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An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance. -
The Spontaneous Generation Controversy (340 BCE–1870 CE)
270 4. Abstraction and Unification ∗ ∗ ∗ “O`uen ˆetes-vous? Que faites-vous? Il faut travailler” (on his death-bed, to his devoted pupils, watching over him). The Spontaneous Generation Controversy (340 BCE–1870 CE) “Omne vivium ex Vivo.” (Latin proverb) Although the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) can be traced back at least to the Ionian school (600 B.C.), it was Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) who presented the most complete arguments for and the clearest statement of this theory. In his “On the Origin of Animals”, Aristotle states not only that animals originate from other similar animals, but also that living things do arise and always have arisen from lifeless matter. Aristotle’s theory of sponta- neous generation was adopted by the Romans and Neo-Platonic philosophers and, through them, by the early fathers of the Christian Church. With only minor modifications, these philosophers’ ideas on the origin of life, supported by the full force of Christian dogma, dominated the mind of mankind for more that 2000 years. According to this theory, a great variety of organisms could arise from lifeless matter. For example, worms, fireflies, and other insects arose from morning dew or from decaying slime and manure, and earthworms originated from soil, rainwater, and humus. Even higher forms of life could originate spontaneously according to Aristotle. Eels and other kinds of fish came from the wet ooze, sand, slime, and rotting seaweed; frogs and salamanders came from slime. 1846 CE 271 Rather than examining the claims of spontaneous generation more closely, Aristotle’s followers concerned themselves with the production of even more remarkable recipes. -
Development of a Solvent Extraction Process for Group Actinide Recovery from Used Nuclear Fuel
THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Development of a Solvent Extraction Process for Group Actinide Recovery from Used Nuclear Fuel EMMA H. K. ANEHEIM Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden, 2012 Development of a Solvent Extraction Process for Group Actinide Recovery from Used Nuclear Fuel EMMA H. K. ANEHEIM ISBN 978-91-7385-751-2 © EMMA H. K. ANEHEIM, 2012. Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola Ny serie Nr 3432 ISSN 0346-718X Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden Telephone + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Radiotoxicity as a function of time for the once through fuel cycle (left) compared to one P&T cycle using the GANEX process (right) (efficiencies: partitioning from Table 5.5.4, transmutation: 99.9%). Calculations performed using RadTox [HOL12]. Chalmers Reproservice Gothenburg, Sweden 2012 Development of a Solvent Extraction Process for Group Actinide Recovery from Used Nuclear Fuel EMMA H. K. ANEHEIM Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Abstract When uranium is used as fuel in nuclear reactors it both undergoes neutron induced fission as well as neutron capture. Through successive neutron capture and beta decay transuranic elements such as neptunium, plutonium, americium and curium are produced in substantial amounts. These radioactive elements are mostly long-lived and contribute to a large portion of the long term radiotoxicity of the used nuclear fuel. This radiotoxicity is what makes it necessary to isolate the used fuel for more than 100,000 years in a final repository in order to avoid harm to the biosphere. -
The Group 1A and Group 2A Elements
Cotton chapter 10,11 Group 1A Group 1A Qualitative alkali metal analysis Alkali Metals y The group 1A elements with their ns1 valence electron configurations are very active metals. They lose their valence electrons very readily. They have low ionization energies and react with nonmetals to form ionic solids. 2Na(s) +Cl2(g) Æ 2NaCl(s) y The expected trend in reducing ability, Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li y Alkali metals all react vigorously with water to release hydrogen gas. + ‐ 2M(s) +2H2O(l) Æ 2M (aq) +2OH(aq) +H2(g) y Observed reducing abilities: Li>K>Na First ionization energy Soda production Properties and Trends in Group 1A y The Group 1A metals exhibit regular trends for a number of properties. y Irregular trends suggest that factors are working against each other in determining a property (such as the density “discrepancy” between sodium and potassium). y The alkali metals have two notable physical properties: they are all soft and have low melting points. y When freshly cut, the alkali metals are bright and shiny—typical metallic properties. The metals quickly tarnish, however, as they react with oxygen in the air. Alkali Metal Oxides In the presence of ample oxygen, 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O(regularoxide) 2Na + O2 → Na2O2 (peroxide) K+O2 → KO2 (superoxide) Rb + O2 → RbO2 (superoxide) Cs + O2 → CsO2 (superoxide) The oxides of Group 1A Direct reaction of the alkali metals with O2 gives : Li ‐> oxide, peroxide (trace) Na ‐> peroxide , oxide (trace) K,Rb,Cs ‐> superoxide Diagonal Relationships: The Special Case of Lithium In some of its properties, lithium and its compounds resemble magnesium and its compounds. -
Where Is Water on the Periodic Table
Where Is Water On The Periodic Table Grum Jess regrown some tirls and risk his creepies so ambrosially! Roderigo is edaphic: she libel ahold and budges her barm. Corrugate and percipient Ford never digitized lickerishly when Janos literalising his ultrafilter. Unsubscribe from rivers from three particles in marah was it is where water on the periodic table The periodic tables is where compounds is a question yourself. Periodic table organized his element does not the water where is on oxygen and silicon does the universe and the sight of concentration and. In the marine environment. The table is where it is generally halogens are. An appreciation of water resources, data for gym, make tungsten gets very sophisticated pieces of oxo anions. Tcp connection time is table is on the water periodic. In the 9th century BC a Spartan lawgiver invented a drinking cup that could go mud stick missing its turn Later on the posture of medicine Hippocrates developed a device called the Hippocrates Sleeve a cloth bag weight was used to strain boiled rain water eliminating hoarseness and even smell. His law that is an apartment building large version of a ratio of where water was given element in open a pond would accumulate at an outer shells need. On their properties? Free 2-day shipping Buy Chemistry Elements Pet Mat the Food make Water Periodic Table of Elements in Green Shades Education Themed Non-Slip Rubber. The wall of the cell is the plasma membrane that controls the rate and type of ions and molecules passing into and out of the cell. -
Questions & Answers for the New Chemicals Program
Note: Effective January 19, 2016, PMNs must be submitted electronically. Learn more about the new e-PMN requirements. Questions & Answers for the New Chemicals Program (Q&A) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Washington, DC 20460 2004 -1- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. GENERAL PROGRAM INFORMATION 100. General ............................................................................................................ 1-1 101. Guidance for Completion of §5 Submission Form ......................................... 1-6 102. Inventory Searches/Bona Fides ....................................................................... 1-17 103. Chemical Identification ................................................................................... 1-22 104. Nomenclature .................................................................................................. 1-26 105. Inventory Issues ................................................................................................ 1-31 106. Review Process ............................................................................................... 1-31 107. Notice of Commencement .............................................................................. 1-33 108. User Fee .......................................................................................................... 1-35 109. Consolidated Notices ...................................................................................... 1-39 110. Joint Submissions .......................................................................................... -
Of the Periodic Table
of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use. -
TSCA Inventory Representation for Products Containing Two Or More
mixtures.txt TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT INVENTORY REPRESENTATION FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES: FORMULATED AND STATUTORY MIXTURES I. Introduction This paper explains the conventions that are applied to listings of certain mixtures for the Chemical Substance Inventory that is maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). This paper discusses the Inventory representation of mixtures of substances that do not react together (i.e., formulated mixtures) as well as those combinations that are formed during certain manufacturing activities and are designated as mixtures by the Agency (i.e., statutory mixtures). Complex reaction products are covered in a separate paper. The Agency's goal in developing this paper is to make it easier for the users of the Inventory to interpret Inventory listings and to understand how new mixtures would be identified for Inventory inclusion. Fundamental to the Inventory as a whole is the principle that entries on the Inventory are identified as precisely as possible for the commercial chemical substance, as reported by the submitter. Substances that are chemically indistinguishable, or even identical, may be listed differently on the Inventory, depending on the degree of knowledge that the submitters possess and report about such substances, as well as how submitters intend to represent the chemical identities to the Agency and to customers. Although these chemically indistinguishable substances are named differently on the Inventory, this is not a "nomenclature" issue, but an issue of substance representation. Submitters should be aware that their choice for substance representation plays an important role in the Agency's determination of how the substance will be listed on the Inventory. -
Elements Make up the Periodic Table
Page 1 of 7 KEY CONCEPT Elements make up the periodic table. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn • Atoms have a structure • How the periodic table is • Every element is made from organized a different type of atom • How properties of elements are shown by the periodic table VOCABULARY EXPLORE Similarities and Differences of Objects atomic mass p. 17 How can different objects be organized? periodic table p. 18 group p. 22 PROCEDURE MATERIALS period p. 22 buttons 1 With several classmates, organize the buttons into three or more groups. 2 Compare your team’s organization of the buttons with another team’s organization. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • What characteristics did you use to organize the buttons? • In what other ways could you have organized the buttons? Elements can be organized by similarities. One way of organizing elements is by the masses of their atoms. Finding the masses of atoms was a difficult task for the chemists of the past. They could not place an atom on a pan balance. All they could do was find the mass of a very large number of atoms of a certain element and then infer the mass of a single one of them. Remember that not all the atoms of an element have the same atomic mass number. Elements have isotopes. When chemists attempt to measure the mass of an atom, therefore, they are actually finding the average mass of all its isotopes. The atomic mass of the atoms of an element is the average mass of all the element’s isotopes. -
Three Related Topics on the Periodic Tables of Elements
Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements Yoshiteru Maeno*, Kouichi Hagino, and Takehiko Ishiguro Department of physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan * [email protected] (The Foundations of Chemistry: received 30 May 2020; accepted 31 July 2020) Abstaract: A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (1920), who refined Werner’s work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today’s widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer’s arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev’s short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the 3D periodic table “Elementouch” (Maeno 2001), which combines the s- and p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev’s periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magic-number nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms. -
On a Group-Theoretical Approach to the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Maurice Kibler
On a group-theoretical approach to the periodic table of chemical elements Maurice Kibler To cite this version: Maurice Kibler. On a group-theoretical approach to the periodic table of chemical elements. Jun 2004, Prague. hal-00002554 HAL Id: hal-00002554 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00002554 Submitted on 16 Aug 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. On a group-theoretical approach to the periodic table of chemical elements Maurice R. Kibler Institut de Physique Nucl´eaire de Lyon IN2P3-CNRS et Universit´eClaude Bernard 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France This paper is concerned with the application of the group SO(4, 2)⊗SU(2) to the periodic table of chemical elements. It is shown how the Madelung rule of the atomic shell model can be used for setting up a periodic table that can be further rationalized via the group SO(4, 2)⊗SU(2) and some of its subgroups. Qualitative results are obtained from the table and the general lines of a programme for a quantitative approach to the properties of chemical elements are developed on the basis of the group SO(4, 2)⊗SU(2). -
Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.