sign in sign up
<<
Home , Chemical substance, Group (periodic table), Noble gas

4.02 Elements, Symbols and

Dr. Fred O. Garces 152 Miramar College

1 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 The Elements: Building of

The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian . Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over , as many new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.

Groups

A , also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. Groups are considered the most important way of classifying the elements. In some groups, the elements have very similar properties and exhibit a clear trend in properties down the group — these groups tend to be given trivial (non-scientific) names, e.g. the alkali , and noble . Some other groups in the periodic table display fewer similarities and/or vertical trends (for example Groups 14 and 15). Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain that elements within the same group have the same configurations in their shell, which is the largest factor in accounting for their similar chemical properties.

Periods

A is a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the period table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in the d-block (or "transition metals"), and especially for the f-block, where the lanthanoids and actinoids form two substantial horizontal series of elements.

2 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Elemental Symbols

Chemical Elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element More expensive than A , or element for short, is a type of that is defined by its ; that is, by the number of in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of with the same number of protons.

Common examples of elements are , , and . In total, 118 elements have been observed as of 2010, of which 98 occur naturally on . Elements with Three forms atomic numbers greater than 82 (i.e., and those above), are inherently unstable and undergo . In addition, elements 43 and 61 ( and ) have no stable , and also decay. The decay is so long however it has yet to be determined experimentally. However, even the elements up to atomic number 94 with no stable nuclei are nevertheless found in , as a result of the natural decay processes of and . TarnishTarnish silver

Main source from meteor

3 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)

In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England, 1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

4 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: Before Dmitri Mendeleev

http://elementsunearthed.com/2010/03/09/periodic-table-history-videos-are-done/

5 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 The Periodic Table

A map of the building block of matter. 1 18 IA VIIIA 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA Periodic Table IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He 1.00797 4.0026 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.939 9.0122 10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.9898 24.305 26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71 63.54 65.37 65.37 72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94 [99] 101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] [210] [222] 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 7 Fr Ra Ac Ku http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html [223] [226] [227] [260]

6 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Living Periodic Table Periodic Videos: Element Project: http:/www.periodicvideos.com/

7 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table Expanded View

The way the periodic table is usually presented is a compressed view, placing the and at the bottom of the stable. The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and metals

8 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs.

1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

4 Nonmetals 5 Metals

6

7

9 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: The three broad Classes Main, Transition, Rare Earth

Atomic number

Element symbol

Atomic mass

Main (Representative) and Transition metals

10 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Reading the Periodic Table: Classification

Nonmetals, Metals, , Noble gases

11 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Across the Periodic Table Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7) These elements have the same number of valence shells. 1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2nd Period 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

4

5 6th Period 6

7

12 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Down the Periodic Table Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B) These elements have the same number in the outer most shells, the valence shell.

1 18 IA VIIIA 2 Alkali Family: 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA 1 e- in the valence shell IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

4 Family:

5 7 e- in the valence shell

6

7

13 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Infamous Families of the Periodic Table

Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:

Alkali Halogen Noble Alkaline 1 (earth) 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA Transition Metals IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

4

5

6

7

14 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Important members - the Elements

Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics

1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He

2 Li B C N O F

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl

4 K Ca V Cr Mn Fe Co Cu Zn Ge Se Br

5 Mo I

6

7

http://www.aomega.com/minerals/minerals.htm

15 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: electron behavior The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

W e s t ( S o u th ) M i d - p l a i n s E a s t ( N o r th ) M E T A L S M E T A L L O I D N O N -M E T A L S A l k a l i N o b l e g a s A l k a l i n e H a l o g e n s T r a n s i ti o n C a l c o g e n s T h e s e e l e m e n ts T h e s e e l e m e n ts T h e s e e l e m e n ts te n d to g i v e u p w i l l g i v e u p e - o r te n d to a c c e p t e - a n d fo r m a c c e p t e - e - a n d fo r m C A T I O N S A N I O N S 1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

4

5

6

7

16 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015