4.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table Dr. Fred O. Garces Chemistry 152 Miramar College 1 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 The Elements: Building block of Matter The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as many new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior. Groups A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. Groups are considered the most important way of classifying the elements. In some groups, the elements have very similar properties and exhibit a clear trend in properties down the group — these groups tend to be given trivial (non-scientific) names, e.g. the alkali metals, halogens and noble gases. Some other groups in the periodic table display fewer similarities and/or vertical trends (for example Groups 14 and 15). Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain that elements within the same group have the same electron configurations in their valence shell, which is the largest factor in accounting for their similar chemical properties. Periods A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the period table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in the d-block (or "transition metals"), and especially for the f-block, where the lanthanoids and actinoids form two substantial horizontal series of elements. 2 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Elemental Symbols Chemical Elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element More expensive than gold A chemical element, or element for short, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons. Common examples of elements are hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. In total, 118 elements have been observed as of 2010, of which 98 occur naturally on Earth. Elements with Three forms atomic numbers greater than 82 (i.e., bismuth and those above), are inherently unstable and undergo radioactive decay. In addition, elements 43 and 61 (technetium and promethium) have no stable isotopes, and also decay. The decay is so long however it has yet to be determined experimentally. However, even the elements up to atomic number 94 with no stable nuclei are nevertheless found in nature, as a result of the natural decay processes of uranium and thorium. TarnishTarnish silver silver Main source from meteor 3 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England, 1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized. http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html 4 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: Before Dmitri Mendeleev http://elementsunearthed.com/2010/03/09/periodic-table-history-videos-are-done/ 5 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 The Periodic Table A map of the building block of matter. 1 18 IA VIIIA 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA Periodic Table IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He 1.00797 4.0026 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.939 9.0122 10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.9898 24.305 26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.102 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.71 63.54 65.37 65.37 72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.909 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94 [99] 101.07 102.905 106.4 107.870 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.905 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 [210] [210] [222] 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 7 Fr Ra Ac Ku http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html [223] [226] [227] [260] 6 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Living Periodic Table Periodic Videos: Element Project: http:/www.periodicvideos.com/ 7 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table Expanded View The way the periodic table is usually presented is a compressed view, placing the Lanthanides and Actinides at the bottom of the stable. The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metals 8 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals 1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 4 Nonmetals 5 Metals 6 7 9 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: The three broad Classes Main, Transition, Rare Earth Atomic number Element symbol Atomic mass Main (Representative) and Transition metals 10 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Reading the Periodic Table: Classification Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases 11 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Across the Periodic Table Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7) These elements have the same number of valence shells. 1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2nd Period 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 4 5 6th Period 6 7 12 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Down the Periodic Table Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B) These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell. 1 18 IA VIIIA 2 Alkali Family: 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA 1 e- in the valence shell IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 4 Halogen Family: 5 7 e- in the valence shell 6 7 13 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Infamous Families of the Periodic Table Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members: Alkali Halogen Noble Gas Alkaline Chalcogens 1 (earth) 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA Transition Metals IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 4 5 6 7 14 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Important members - the Elements Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics 1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He 2 Li B C N O F 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB Al Si P S Cl 4 K Ca V Cr Mn Fe Co Cu Zn Ge Se Br 5 Mo I 6 7 http://www.aomega.com/minerals/minerals.htm 15 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 Periodic Table: electron behavior The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons W e s t ( S o u th ) M i d - p l a i n s E a s t ( N o r th ) M E T A L S M E T A L L O I D N O N -M E T A L S A l k a l i N o b l e g a s A l k a l i n e H a l o g e n s T r a n s i ti o n C a l c o g e n s T h e s e e l e m e n ts T h e s e e l e m e n ts T h e s e e l e m e n ts - te n d to g i v e u p w i l l g i v e u p e o r te n d to a c c e p t - - - e a n d fo r m a c c e p t e e a n d fo r m C A T I O N S A N I O N S 1 18 IA VIIIA 2 13 14 15 16 17 1 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 4 5 6 7 16 402 Elements, symbols and the Periodic Table 05.2015 .