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Brown V. Board of Education (1954) an Analysis of Policy Implementation, Outcomes, and Unintended Consequences

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Brown V. Board of Education (1954) an Analysis of Policy Implementation, Outcomes, and Unintended Consequences LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations Summer July 2012 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) An Analysis of Policy Implementation, Outcomes, and Unintended Consequences Carla M. McCullough Loyola Marymount University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, Education Commons, and the Education Policy Commons Recommended Citation McCullough, Carla M., "Brown v. Board of Education (1954) An Analysis of Policy Implementation, Outcomes, and Unintended Consequences" (2012). LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations. 236. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/236 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY Brown v. Board of Education (1954) An Analysis of Policy Implementation, Outcomes, and Unintended Consequences by Carla M. McCullough A dissertation presented to the Faculty of the School of Education, Loyola Marymount University, in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education 2012 ! ! Brown v. Board of Education (1954) An Analysis of Policy Implementation, Outcomes, and Unintended Consequences Copyright © 2012 by Carla M. McCullough Loyola Marymount University School of Education Los Angeles, CA 90045 This dissertation written by Carla M. McCullough, under the direction of the Dissertation Committee, is approved and accepted by all committee members, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of the people who helped to make this study possible. First I would like to acknowledge my committee. Thank you to my chair, Dr. Mary McCullough. Little did I know, when I asked someone to point you out because of our name commonality seven years ago, that you would be my guide through this process. Thank you for your wisdom and encouragement. To my committee members Yvette Lapayese and Lori Pawinski, the lessons that you taught me as my professors and through the dissertation process have been invaluable. I would like to give a special thank you to all who participated in this study. To Mr. Curry, the first person I got to know when I embarked upon a career in education, thank you for inspiring this study through our everyday conversations. To Georgette, your wisdom and friendship are invaluable. Thank you for your willingness to share both. To Doris, my mentor and friend, thank you for always answering my random historical questions and for your willingness to go above and beyond. Thank you to Dale for embracing me, sharing your wisdom and insight, and sharing the gift that is Doris. To Carita, Myra, and David, thank you for your willingness to reflect on events that happened long ago and to share those reflections with me. To Dr. Judy Ivie Burton, Dr. Owen Knox, and Dr. Diane Watson, thank you for taking the phone call of an unknown researcher and being willing to share your knowledge and experiences. Your stories inspire me and will no doubt serve as an inspiration to others. Thank you to my HSA colleagues Erik and Andrew for being so supportive throughout this process. To my Chicago family, the Bates, the McCulloughs, and the iii Smiths, thank you for giving me the space needed to complete this work and for supporting my every endeavor. I hope that I continue to make you proud. Lastly, thank you to Kisha and Patrick. Without your encouragement, feedback, and general support this would be an unfinished work. iv DEDICATION To my mother, Tracey D. McCullough. The sacrifices you made more than three decades ago and those you continue to make have made all things possible for me. Thank you for being my mom. I love you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .........................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................1 Background ..........................................................................................................................1 Statement of Problem. ..........................................................................................................2 Purpose of the Study ...........................................................................................................3 Research Questions ..............................................................................................................4 The Significance of the Study ..............................................................................................5 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................8 Critical Race Theory ...................................................................................................8 Interest Convergence Theory ......................................................................................9 Research Design and Methodology. ..................................................................................10 Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................................................11 Definition of Key Terms ....................................................................................................12 Summary of Research Study ..............................................................................................13 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................15 Introduction ........................................................................................................................15 Historical Context of Segregation. .....................................................................................15 Slavery ......................................................................................................................17 Roberts v. Boston (1850) ...........................................................................................18 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) ....................................................................................20 Freedom from Slavery ..............................................................................................21 The Civil War Amendments .....................................................................................22 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ........................................................................................23 Jim Crow Laws. ........................................................................................................24 State of Mississippi v. J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant (1955) .....................................25 The Civil Rights Movement ......................................................................................26 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................27 Critical Race Theory .................................................................................................28 Interest Convergence ................................................................................................29 Brown v. Board of Education .............................................................................................31 The Forgotten Cases Prior to Brown. .......................................................................31 The Brown Case ............................................................................................33 The Class Action ...........................................................................................35 vi Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, (1951) ..........................................35 Briggs v. Elliott (1952) .................................................................................35 Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (1952) ................36 Gebhart v. Belton (1952) .............................................................................37 Bolling v. Sharpe (1954) ..............................................................................38 Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) ......................................................................39 Brown v. Board of Education II (1955) ....................................................................41 Brown v. Board of Education III ...............................................................................42 Student Integration .............................................................................................................43 The Positive Side to Pre-Integration Schools ..........................................................44
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