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Biology of Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer Leucinodes Orbonalis Guenee from Malaysia: a Review

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Biology of Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer Leucinodes Orbonalis Guenee from Malaysia: a Review D:\ 82(2) 20009--Abdulbaqi Rostaee Indian Journal of Entomology, 82(2): 00-00 (2020) DoI No.: BIOLOGY OF EGGPLANT FRUIT AND SHOOT BORER LEUCINODES ORBONALIS GUENEE FROM MALAYSIA: A REVIEW ABDULBAQI ROSTAEE Entomology Department, Agriculture Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT Eggplant Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae), well known as brinjal, aubergine or garden egg is native to India and an important vegetable crop grown throughout the world, especially in South Asia. Like other vegetables, it is also subject to attack by various insect pests. Brinjal shoot and fruit borer is the most destructive and first ranked pest at both vegetative and reproductive stages in South and Southeast Asia. It causes significant reduction in yield up to 80%. This leads to problems for the farmers growing eggplant, this review on the biology of the shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera). Since this pest causes economic damages in Malaysia, this article describes all stages of the life cycle, incubation and larval period, larval instars, pupal period, adult longevity, fecundity, and total developmental period. Key words: Solanum melongena, fruit and shoot borer, biology, Malaysia, life cycle stages, duration, longevity, fecundity Eggplant (Solanum melongena L., Solanaceae), well Taxonomy known as brinjal, aubergine or garden egg is native to Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee was first described by India and an important vegetable crop, especially in Guenee in 1854. The preferred scientific name. Walker South Asia (Kumar et al., 2018), in particular in hot wet nominated it as the type species of the genus Leucinodes climate (Hanson et al., 2006). According to the Food in 1859 (CABI, 2007). The taxonomic classification as and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, per CABI (2007) is: Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta during 2017 it was cultivated in about 1,858,253 ha Order: Lepidoptera Family: Crambidae (Syn: Pyralidae) with a production of 52,309,119 tonnes. China and Genus: Leucinodes Species: orbonalis Scientific name: India are the world’s largest producers- 86.78 mt Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (FAO, 2017), and its higher yield and longer fruiting and harvesting period lure the farmer (Ghimire et Host range al., 2001). However, its production is in threat in Eggplant shoot and fruit borer is monophagous, recent years due to increased cost of production on prefers feeding on eggplant tender shoots and fruits; management of insect pest complex. The fruit and however, plants of the family Solanaceae had been shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is the key reported as hosts. Major host plants known include: pest (Rahmad et al., 2010; Sarkarand Chakraborti, Solanum melongena Linnaeus (eggplant), S. tuberosum 2011; Gopal and Saimandir, 2012; Dutta et al., 2011). Linnaeus (potato); some are secondary hosts- Ipomoea It is the most destructive, particularly in south Asia batatas Linnaeus (sweet potato), Lycopersicon (Thapa, 2010). As a result of its feeding inside fruit, esculentum Mill (tomato), Pisum sativum var. arvense the fruits become unmarketable and yield loss is up to Linnaeus (Austrian winter pea), S. indicum Linnaeus, S. 90% (Baral, et al., 2006); also the content of vitamin C myriacanthum Dunal, S. torvum Swartz (turkey berry) in fruit gets reduced up to 80% (Sharma, 2002). Hence, and wild host S. gilo Raddi (gilo), S. nigrum Linnaeus many farmers are leaving growing of eggplant (Canapi (black nightshade) (CABI, 2007); S.anomalum Thonn and Gapud, 1994). Therefore, a review of pertinent (Kalda and Singh, 1997) and S. macrocarpon Linnaeus literature on its biology from Malaysis is necessary. (Sadashiva and Kumar, 1996) are wild hosts. Review covers related data with consultation of journal articles, proceedings, annual reports, thesis works etc. Distribution covering mainly biology. L. orbonalis has been reported from Africa, South of 2 Indian Journal of Entomology, 82(2), 2020 the Sahara and South-East Asia, including China and the upon temperature (Alam et al., 2003). It is 7 - 10 days Philippines (CABI, 2007). In Asia continent, it is one during summer, while it is 13 - 15 days during winter of the most significant and the first ranked destructive season (Rahman, 2006). The colour and texture of the pest in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, cocoon matches the surroundings making it difficult Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam to detect, and mostly in fruits. In general, the size of (AVRDC, 1994). Its distribution is more with areas the first instar larvae being <1 mm in length, and the having hot and humid climate (Srinivasan, 2009). last instar larva 15-18 mm long but Sandanayeke and Edirinsinge (1992) reported the size of last instar larva Life cycle to be 18 to 23 mm. Larval feeding in fruit and shoot is Leucinodes orbonalis has four stages- egg, larva, responsible for the damage. One fruit contains up to 20 pupa and adult, with larval period being the longest, larvae in Ghana (Frempong, 1979). followed by pupal and incubation period. The adult is a small white moth with 40-segmented Oviposition takes place during the night and eggs antennae (Saxena, 1965) and having spots on forewings are laid singly on the lower surface of the young leaves, of 20 to 22 mm spread. Young adults are generally green stems, flower buds, or calyces of the fruits and found on the lower leaf surfaces following emergence number of eggs laid by a female varies from 80 to 253 or hiding under the leaves within the plant canopy (Taley et al., 1984; Alpuerto, 1994), however, reported (Alam et al., 2003). During day, they prefer to hide in as high as 260 (FAO, 2003). The eggs are laid in the nearby shady plots but at night does all major activities, early hours of the mornings singly or in the batches on like feeding, mating and finding a place for egg laying the ventral surface of the leaves (CABI, 2007). They are (FAO, 2003). The adult gains full maturity in 10 to 14 flattened, elliptical with 0.5 mm in diameter and colour days. Longevity of adults is 1.5 to 2.4 days for males is creamy-white but change to red before hatching and 2.0 to 3.9 days for females. The preoviposition and (Alam et al., 2006). The egg takes incubation period of oviposition periods range 1.2 to 2.1 and 1.4 to 2.9 days, 3-5 days in summer and 7-8 days in winter and hatche respectively (Mehto et al., 1983). The adult male dies into dark white larvae (Rahman, 2006). after mating and the female moth dies after laying eggs (Kar et al., 1995). The overall life cycle is completed in The larval period lasts 12- 15 days during summer 22 to 55 days, with five generations a year and insect and 14- 22 days during winter season (Rahman et active throughout the year. al., 2006). Larvae pass through at least five instars (Atwal, 1976) and there are reports of the existence FAO (2003) states that it is active in summer months, of six larval instars (Baang and Corey, 1991; FAO, especially during the rainy season and less active from 2003). Sandanayake and Edirisinghe (1992) studied November to February, with peak population being the larval distribution on mature eggplant. They found in June-August, and development takes longer time first instars in flower buds and flowers, second instar in winter. Its populations increase with temperature, in all susceptible plant parts, third and fourth instar in relative humidity and rainfall. As temperature increases shoots and fruits and fifth instars mostly in fruits. In and humidity decreases, fecundity increases and the general, the size of the first instar larvae are less than duration of the life cycle decreases. It attacks mostly 1mm in length, the last instar larva is 15 – 18 mm long the flowering, fruiting and vegetative growing stage on but Sandanayeke and Edirinsinge (1992) reported fruits, growing points and inflorescence (CABI, 2007). the size of last instar larva to be 18 to 23 mm. Larval Maximum larvae were observed in fruits followed feeding in fruit and shoot is responsible for the damage by shoots, flowers, flower buds and midrib of leaves to eggplant crop. One fruit contain up to 20 larvae in (Alpuruto, 1994). Ghana (Frempong, 1979). Within one hour after hatching, larva bores into the The full grown larvae come out of the infested shoots nearest tender shoot, flower, or fruit. Soon after boring and fruits and for pupate in the dried shoots and leaves into shoots or fruits, they plug or clog the entrance or in plant debris fallen on the ground within tough hole (feeding tunnel) with excreta (Alam et al., 2006). silken cocoons. There were evidences of presence of In young plants, caterpillars bore inside petioles and cocoons at soil depths of 1 to 3 cm (Alam et al., 2003). midribs of large leaves (Butani and Jotwani, 1984; They pupate on the surface they touch first (FAO, Alpureto, 1994; AVRDC, 1998), resulting in wilting, 2003). The pupal period lasts 6 to 17 days depending drop off and wither of the young shoots leading to delay Biology of eggplant fruit and shoot borer Leucinodes orbonalis guenee from Malaysia 3 Abdulbaqi Rostaee on crop maturity, and reduction on yield. Larval feeding Ghimire A, Khatiwada B P. 2001. Use of pesticides in commercial inside the fruit results in destruction of fruit tissue. In vegetable cultivation in Tandi, Eastern Chitwan, Nepal. Survey report submitted to Department of Entomology Institute of severe cases, rotting was common (Neupane, 2001). Agricultural and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan, Larval feeding in flower was rare, if happen, failure to Nepal. 10 pp. form fruit from damaged flowers (Alam et al., 2006).
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