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The Cordilleran Ice Sheet and the Glacial Geomorphology of Southern and Central British Colombia"

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The Cordilleran Ice Sheet and the Glacial Geomorphology of Southern and Central British Colombia Article "The Cordilleran Ice Sheet and the Glacial Geomorphology of Southern and Central British Colombia" June M. Ryder, Robert J. Fulton et John J. Clague Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol. 45, n° 3, 1991, p. 365-377. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032882ar DOI: 10.7202/032882ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : [email protected] Document téléchargé le 12 février 2017 07:31 Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 1991, vol. 45, n° 3, p. 365-377, 13 fig., 1 tabl. THE CORDILLERAN ICE SHEET AND THE GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA June M. RYDER, Robert J. FULTON and John J. CLAGUE, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5; Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8; Geological Survey of Canada, 10O West Pender Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 1R8. ABSTRACT This paper reviews the current RÉSUMÉ L'Inlandsis de la Cordillère et la ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Kordilleren- state of knowledge about the Cordilleran Ice géomorphologie glaciaire du sud et du centre Eisdecke und die glaziale Géomorphologie im Sheet in southern and central British de la Colombie-Britannique. On résume ici Sùden undim Zentrum von British Columbia. Columbia. Reconstructions of the ice sheet l'état des connaissances sur l'Inlandsis de la Dieser Artikel gibt einen uberblick ûber den and the styles of ice expansion and déglaci­ Cordillère du sud et du centre de la Colombie- gegenwartigen Forschungsstand zur ation are based on extensive and varied gla- Britannique. Les reconstitutions de l'inlandsis Kordilleren-Eisdecke im Sùden und im cigenic sediments and landforms that date et les modes d'englaciation et de déglaciation Zentrum von British Columbia. Die Rekons- from Late Wisconsinan (Fraser) Glaciation. sont fondés sur les formes et les sédiments truktionen der Eisdecke und der Art und Weise Late-glacial lakes and sea level changes are glaciaires qui datent de la glaciation du der Eisausdehnung und Enteisung stùtzen also described and related to isostatic and Wisconsinien supérieur (Fraser). On décrit sich auf extensive und mannigfache glazigene eustatic effects. The timing of ice expansion également les lacs tardiglaciaires et les chan­ Sedimente und Landformen, die aus der Spât- and recession during Fraser Glaciation was gements du niveau marin en relation avec les Wisconsin- (Fraser) Vereisung stammen. markedly asymmetric: ice build-up com­ conséquences sur les niveaux isostatique et Spàtglaziale Seen und Meeresniveauwechsel menced about 29 000 years BP, culminated eustatique. Les rythmes de la progression et werden auch beschrieben und in Beziehung between 14 500 and 14 000 years BP1 and du retrait glaciaire ont été tout à fait différents; zu isostatischen und eustatischen déglaciation was largely completed by 11 500 la giaciation a commencé vers 29 000 BP, a Auswirkungen gesetzt. Der zeitliche Ablauf years BP. Most of this interval appears to have connu son optimum entre 14 500 et der Eisausdehnung und des Eisrùckzugs been dominated by montane glaciation, which 14 000 BP et la déglaciation était à toutes fins wàhrend der Fraser-Vereisung war deutlich produced striking erosional landforms. A utiles terminée dès 11 500 BP. La plus grande asymmetrisch : die Vereisung begann um Cordilleran Ice Sheet existed from only about partie de cette époque a été dominée par une etwa 29 000 Jahre v.u.Z., erreichte ihren 19 000 to 13 500 years BP. An older glaciation, glaciation de type alpin, qui a engendré des Hôchststand zwischen 14 500 und 14 000 probably of Early Wisconsinan age, has been formes d'érosion remarquables. L'Inlandsis de Jahren v.u.Z. und die Enteisung war weit- recognized from widespread exposures of la Cordillère n'a existé que de 19 000 à gehend vollendet um 11 500 Jahre v.u.Z. Der drift that underlies Middle Wisconsinan non- 13 500 BP. On a identifié une glaciation plus grôfîte Tail dieses Zeitraums scheint von einer glacial sediments. Pre-Wisconsinan drift is ancienne, probablement du Wisconsinien infé­ alpinen Vereisung beherrscht gewesen zu present near Vancouver. Drifts of late Tertiary rieur, à partir des affleurements répandus de sein, welche eindrucksvolle Erosions- to Middle Pleistocene age have been dated dépôts glaciaires sous-jacents aux sédiments Landformen hervorbrachte. Eine Kordilleren- by association with volcanic sequences in the non glaciaires du Wisconsinien moyen. On a Eisdecke existierte nur von etwa 19 000 bis southern Coast Mountains and the central observé des dépôts glaciaires pré- 13 500 Jahre v.u.Z. Eine altère Vereisung, Interior, and by paleomagnetic studies in the wisconsiniens près de Vancouver. Les dépôts môglicherweise aus dem frùhen Wisconsin southern Interior. glaciaires datant du Tertiaire supérieur au konnte anhand ausgedehnter Anlagen von Pleistocene moyen ont été datés par associa­ glazialen Ablagerungen, die sich unter nicht- tion aux séquences volcaniques du sud des glazialen Sedimenten des mittleren Wiskonsin montagnes Côtières et du centre de l'Intérieur befinden, identifiziert werden. Abgelagerte et grâce à des études de paléomagnétisme Bildungen aus dem Spàttertiâr bis zum mittle­ menées dans le sud du système de l'Intérieur. ren Pleistozân wurden in Verbindung mit vul- kanischen Sequenzen in den Bergen der Sùdkùste und dem zentralen Landesinnern und mittels palàomagnetischen Studien im sûdlichen Landesinnern datiert. Manuscrit reçu le 7 mars 1991; manuscrit révisé accepté le 20 septembre 1991 366 J. M. RYDER, R. J. FULTON and J. J. CLAGUE INTRODUCTION conditions at the glacial maximum, and assuming flow at the base of the ice sheet was controlled by ice-surface topography, This paper reviews those aspects of the Cordilleran Ice then the ice sheet surface was highest within the Coast and Sheet that are of current interest and have received consider­ Columbia mountains, moderately high at a saddle on the Fraser able attention during the past three decades. The area of the Plateau at 52°N, and lower elsewhere. review is that part of British Columbia south of the Skeena and Nechako Rivers (Fig. 1). We use the term "Cordilleran Ice It has been suggested that a massive ice dome developed over Sheet" to refer to the contiguous ice cover that developed over south-central British Columbia during Fraser Glaciation (cf., southern British Columbia during several Pleistocene Wilson et al., 1958; Flint, 1971; Fulton, 1975). However, a well glaciations. defined, radiating ice-flow pattern, such as would be associated with an ice dome, is lacking. It is likely, however, that a thicker, DESCRIPTION OF THE ICE SHEET domed ice sheet developed at times during earlier glaciations. Evidence that the Cordilleran Ice Sheet was more extensive The morphology of the southern Cordilleran Ice Sheet has during the "penultimate" glaciation (Early Wisconsinan or older) been reconstructed from evidence provided by landforms and has been reported (cf., Tipper, 1971 ; Waitt and Thorson, 1983; sediments of the most recent (Late Wisconsinan or Fraser) gla­ Ryder, 1989). ciation. At the Late Wisconsinan glacial maximum, the ice sheet was a complex of mountain icefields and valley glaciers feeding Within the mountains, the distribution of glacially scoured bed­ into a vast system of contiguous ice masses and piedmont rock and erratics indicates that the surface of the ice sheet was lobes. Striations, grooves, and drumlins show that ice flowed generally above 2300 m (Clague, 1989c). High peaks projected outward from the main mountain systems, and southward along as nunataks with a local relief of up to about 300 m (Figs. 2 major depressions such as the Rocky Mountain Trench, and 3). Ice was more than 2000 m thick over major valleys. Okanagan Valley, and Strait of Georgia (Fig. 2). Over the inte­ Along the coast, fiord glaciers terminated in coalescent pied­ rior plateaus, ice diverged northward and southward from a mont lobes that covered the coastal lowlands and parts of the divide at about 520N (Wilson ef a/., 1958; Prest ef a/., 1968). continental shelf, and extended, in places, to the shelf edge If ice flow direction indicators are considered to represent where they calved into deep water (Fig. 2) (Lutemauer FIGURE 1. Location map for southern and central British Columbia, Carte de localisation du sud et du centre de la Colombie-Britannique showing chief sites where Quaternary stratigraphie units have been montrant les principaux sites d'où proviennent les unités stratigra- described (sites from Alley, 1979; Clague, 1975b, 1987,1988; Clague phiques décrites (sites de Alley, 1979; Clague, 1975b, 1987, 1988; etal., 1982a, 1990; Fulton, 1968,1975; Fulton and Smith, 1978; Fyles, Clague etal., 1982a, 1990; Fulton, 1968,1975; Fulton et Smith, 1978; 1963; Hicock and Armstrong,
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