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Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Population Came from the North African Berbers and Its 1 Paternally Inherited Genes from Europeans

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Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Population Came from the North African Berbers and Its 1 Paternally Inherited Genes from Europeans 636 F current anthropology References Cited trade, genetic, and cultural exchanges; objective ®ndings indicate that the demic-diffusion model of cultural and douglas, mary. 1966. Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Penguin. population replacement does not hold. dumont, louis. 1970. Homo hierarchicus: The caste system To discuss these issues, a meeting was held in Madrid, and its implications. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. sponsored by the Fundacio n de Estudios GeneÂticos y Lin- durkheim, emile. 1912. The elementary forms of the relig- guÈõÂsticos, November 16±17, 1998. Participants from the ious life. London: Allen and Unwin. ®elds of genetics, archaeology, anthropology, and lin- evans-pritchard, e. e. 1940. The Nuer. Oxford: Clarendon Press. guistics adopted a multidisciplinary approach. fortes, meyer. 1955. Radcliffe-Brown's contributions to the Antonio Arnaiz-Villena (Immunology, Universidad study of social organization. British Journal of Sociology 6: Complutense, and Fundacio n de Estudios GeneÂticos y 28±29. LinguÈõÂsticos, Madrid) presented data suggesting that, ac- fuller, chris. 1999. An interview with M. N. Srinivas. An- thropology Today 15(5):3±9. cording to the HLA genes (A30-B18), paleo±North Afri- marriott, mc kim. Editor. 1955. Village India. Chicago: cans (Berbers) were related to Iberians, including the University of Chicago Press. Basques. An old genetic substratum in Iberia (marked by radcliffe-brown, a. r. 1922. The Andaman Islanders. A29-B44) parallels the Rh(-) frequencies and is shared by Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. western European populations from Ireland, southern shah, a. m. 1996. ªM. N. Srinivas: The man and his work,º in Social structure and change, vol. 1, Theory and methodÐAn France, and England. Portuguese and Basques show less evaluation of the work of M. N. Srinivas. Edited by A. M. Mediterranean HLA gene ¯ow than other Iberians. Fur- Shah, B. S. Baviskar, and E. A. Ramaswamy. New Delhi: Sage. thermore, eastern Mediterranean populations (Jewish, smith, raymond. 1956. The Negro family in British Guiana. Lebanese, Cretan) tend to cluster together, and western London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. srinivas, m. n. 1952. Religion and society among the Coorgs ones (Berber, Spaniards, Portuguese, Algerians, Basques) of South India. Oxford: Clarendon Press. also tend to be more similar among themselves when all ÐÐÐ. Editor. 1955. India's villages. Calcutta: West Bengal Gov- of the Mediterranean gene frequencies are compared. ernment Press. However, all Mediterranean populations cluster together ÐÐÐ. 1966. Social change in modern India. Berkeley: Univer- when compared with Greeks, who represent an outgroup sity of California Press. ÐÐÐ. 1976. The remembered village. Berkeley: University of with a genetic distance similar to that of the Japanese. California Press. Arnaiz-Villena concluded that, in the past few thousand weber, max. 1950. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capi- years and especially in periods of milder climate, there talism. London: Routledge. were circum-Mediterranean contacts and gene ¯ow and whyte, william f. 1943. Street corner society: The social structure of an Italian slum. Chicago: University of Chicago that the Greeks are relatively ªrecentº Mediterraneans Press. (pre-Mycenaeans, 2000 b.c.) who conquered the Cretan empire and adopted its writing (Linear A) and culture (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 1999). Vicente M. Cabrera (Genetics, Universidade de la La- guna, Tenerife) showed that the maternally inherited (mitochondrial) genes of the present-day Canary Islands Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, population came from the North African Berbers and its 1 paternally inherited genes from Europeans. This is con- Anthropology, and Linguistics cordant with historical facts. Berber-speaking people populated the Canary Islands in prehistoric times; this 2 has been documented by inscriptions found in caves and antonio arnaiz-villena and david lubell by archaeological data. In the 14th century, Europeans Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, H. invaded the Canary Islands, killed (or sold in Iberia) most 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Avda. of male aborigines (guanches), and mixed with female Andalucia s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain (antonio.arnaiz@ aborigines. inm.hl2o.es)./Department of Anthropology, University Alicia SaÂnchez-Mazas (Anthropology and Ecology, of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H4. University of Geneva) presented genetic data on Berbers 31 viii 99 (Imazighen, the ®rst white North African population), showing that HLA data grouped northern and southern Mediterraneans together and supported a northward mi- Evidence for an autochthonous development of culture gration of prehistoric Berbers to Iberia, Italy, and the in prehistoric Iberia comes from genetics, anthropology, Mediterranean islands, where they mixed with the au- and linguistics. Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic circum- tochthonous populations. The migration may have oc- Mediterranean contacts, mostly by sea, probably pro- curred when the North African climate became hotter duced a community of Mediterraneans who had frequent and drier after 6,000 b.p. Most of the present North Af- rican populations speak Arabic but are Berber in origin. 1. q 2000 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological The genetic information supports the view that the 7th- Research. All rights reserved 0011-3204/2000/4104-0007$1.00. 2. On behalf of Jorge Alonso GarcõÂa, Vicente M. Cabrera, Jose Luis century Arab invasions of Iberia and North Africa in- Escacena, Mary Jackes, Christopher Meiklejohn, Pedro del Moral, cluded Arab leaders and aristocrats from the Middle East Peter Rowley-Conwy, Merritt Ruhlen, and Alicia SaÂnchez-Mazas. but consisted mainly of recently recruited Berbers. Blood Volume 41, Number 4, August±October 2000 F 637 groups (ABO and Rh) show that North African (Maghreb) tomically modern Homo sapiens have been associated Arabic-speaking and Berber-speaking people did not dif- with this culture, a more robust Mechta-Afalou and a fer in genetic background. Tuaregs (Berbers living in the more gracile Mechtoid, but the distinction is based on southern Sahara) show more differences and are probably metric traits which are not necessarily reliable. By 11,000 more closely related to the people of the Sudan Beja. b.p., just before the Younger Dryas, the northern border Pedro del Moral (Anthropology, Universidad de Bar- of the Sahara had shifted south, opening a zone of Med- celona) showed that a mitochondrial DNA analysis iterranean scrub across the interior of the Maghreb. By yielded a west-east gradient of haplotype frequencies 9,000 b.p. there were bands of grassland north and south with the highest value of V and H haplogroups around of the Sahara (then only a semidesert), and the inland Iberia (more frequent in Basques). This gradient also in- regions were populated by groups responsible for the cluded North Africans from the Maghreb. This supports Capsian. By 8,000 b.p. the Sahara was a grassland widely a pre-Neolithic migration from Iberia (or North Africa) populated by both pastoralists and hunter-gatherers. This eastward, probably during the second European intergla- period extended until about 5,000 b.p., when modern cli- cial. However, chromosome-Y data provide a completely matic conditions were established. The anatomically different picture, one of north-to-south discontinuity, modern populations responsible for the Capsian were the particularly in the Strait of Gibraltar (although only one same as those found with the Iberomaurusian. Analyses Moroccan population has been analysed). Differences in of craniometry, dentition, and lithic industries show no gene genealogies between mitochondrial and Y DNA clear sign of new human immigration. A series of indig- data are found all over the world. To interpret these dif- enous developments occurred approximately along the ferences it will probably be necessary to correlate the Tropic of Cancer, in both the eastern and the western archaeological, historical, and sexual-behavioural data Sahara, between 9,000 and 7,000 b.p. (pottery, cattle do- on the various ethnic groups with the genetic data. In mestication, collection of grasses) which could have addition, the degree of isolation should be taken into crossed the Sahara to the Mediterranean littoral and pos- account. Further complexity was introduced by the anal- sibly Iberia, although at present there is no evidence to ysis of less polymorphic genetic systems. In these cases, substantiate this. The Capsian way of life became the it will be necessary to consider bootstrap values of re- ªNeolithic of Capsian Traditionº (as yet poorly under- latedness dendrograms and differential analysis for each stood with the exception of one site). All these circum- set of data, including the degree of polymorphism and Saharan cultural changes are regarded as autochthonous. differences in the degree of isolation of ethnic groups. Mary Jackes (Anthropology, University of Alberta) dis- Christopher Meiklejohn (Anthropology, University of cussed the dif®culties of generalizing about past lifeways Winnipeg) argued that according to craniometric data the on the basis of archaeological skeletal samples. She Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Iberian peninsula showed that while DNA extraction is of paramount im- was not accompanied by detectable population replace- portance, the work of skeletal biologists is critical to ment. This does not support the demic-diffusion model,
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