ALBANIJA I JUGOSLAVIA 1918-1927 P R E D G O V O R Tema Odnosa

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ALBANIJA I JUGOSLAVIA 1918-1927 P R E D G O V O R Tema Odnosa ALBANIJA I JUGOSLAVIA 1918-1927 P R E D G O V O R Tema odnosa između Albanije i Jugoslavije tokom 1918-1927., godine privlačila me je kao građanina i istoričara zbog svoje kompleksnosti i dramatičnosti, zbog naučne vrednosti i aktuelnosti. U ovoj studiji se nastojalo da se objektivno tretiraju događaji i procesi koji su našli mesto u odnosima između dveju susednih zemalja u tom periodu. Studija ne nenamerno obuhvatila ove godine. One čine poseban period u istroiji albansko-jugoslovenskih odnosa, period koji je određen ne samo od unutrašnih kretanja u obe zemlje, već i od međunarodnih. Kraj Prvog svetskog rata zatekao je Albaniju s velikim pretnjama na njenu teritorijalnoj celini, koje su dolazile kako od Velikih sila pobednice rata, tako i od susednih monarhija. Od ovih posljednih bila je i Jugoslavija koja je stvorena kao Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca odmah nakon Prvog svetskog sukoba, 1. decembra 1918. godine. Ovi odnosi koji se razmatraju u političkim, ekonomskim i vojnim aspektima, analiziraju se do 1927. godine i ta granica nije slučajna. Naime, ovom godinom se zatvara jedna etapa u istoriju albansko-jugoslovenskih odnosa u periodu između dva svetska rata. Ovi odnosi sa svojim padovima i usponima, u godinama posle rata, nikada nisu postali stabilni, iz razloga i činioca koji se analiziraju u ovoj knjizi. Ali nakon 1926. godine, potpisivanjem prvog talijansko-albanskog pakta, koji je stvarao uslove za stavlajnje Albanije pod protektoratom Italije, ovi odnosi su upali u najdublju tešku krizu, no ikada posle rata. Studija, osim naučne ima i aktuelnu vrednost. Sadašnja kretanja u albansko- jugoslovenskim odnosima imaju svoju predistoriju, i one se mogu razumeti bolje i dublje kada se otrkivaju njeni istorijski koreni, kada se iznose nove činjenice prošlosti koje služe objašnjenju dnevnih pojava i stavova. Retrospektivni naučni pogled jeste početak svake analize i studije… * * * U V O D PRVO POGLAVLJE ALBANIJA U DONOSIMA SA NOVOM JUGOSLOVENSKOM DRŽAVOM 1918-1921 I. OKUPIRANJE SEVEROISTOČNIH KRAJEVA ALBANIJE OD JUGOSLOVENSKIH SNAGA (1918-1921) 1. Stvaranje »strateške linije« i uspostavljanje okupacionog režima Još dok se nije okočao Prvi svetski rat, u leto 1917. godine, u srpskim političko- vojnim krugovima bili su urađeni projekti za osvajanje, silom i oružjem, severne Albanije. Porazom snaga Centralnog bloka na Solunskom frontu, srpskoj vojsci koja je učestvovala u vojnim snagama Antante otvoren je put da prodire ka severu. Njene posebne jedinice, okupirale su početkom oktobra 1918., Debar, Ljumu, prefekturu Kukeša, i 10. oktobra su ušle u Tiranu. Jedna druga posebna jedinica dobila je naređenje da 21. oktobra krene iz Peći na Kosovu, u pravcu Skadra gde je ušla 30 oktobra. Istog dana, predsednik srpske Vlade u emigarciji, Nikola Pašić naredio je da se na albanskim teritorijama, okupirane od srpske vojske, »uspostavi stanje koja je bila pre evakuacije, kada je Esat paša bio predsednik albanske Vlade«. To podrazumeva da se ponovo uspostavi okupatorski srpski režim prema uslovima koji su se određivani sporazumima postignutim 1914-1915., između Srbije i Esat paš Toptanija. Žurba kojom su srpske snage izvršile upad i okupaciju Albanije objašnjava se i postojanjem jednog drugog faktora. Talijanske snage raspoređene u Albaniji prodirale su ubrzano ka severu i zauzele napuštene teritorije od Auustro-Ugarske. Te snage, pošto su zauzele Elbasan i Drač, zaposele Tiranu i u drugoj dekadi oktobra prešle su na severu reke Mat, zauzimajući Ležu i izbile na vratima Skadra. Da bi sprečio ulazak taljanskih trupa u ovaj grad i uopšte na severu reke Drim, Beograd je naredio komandi Srpske vojske, koja je prodirala ka Skadru, da učini sve kako bi stigla tamo pre talijanskih trupa. On je takođe uložio demarš Parizu gde je tražio podršku francuske Vlade za ovu stvar. Sa druge strane, i Rim je pažljivo i sa zabrinutošću pratio napredak srpskih vojnih snaga u Albaniju. Talijanski Ministar inostranih poslova Sonino poručio je 16. oktobra talijnaskoj vojnoj komandi u Albaniji da deluje što je moguće brže radi sprečavanja osvajanja albanskih teritorija od strane Srbije. Zato taljanski general Ferero nije dopustio prelazak srpskih snaga iz Tirane u pravcu Leže pod izgovorom da su teritorije te regije i Skadra rezervisane za talijansku vojsku. Ipak, talijanske snage su tek 1. novembra ušle u Skadar. One su zaposele i još neke druge teritorije severno od reke Drim. Saveznici iz vremena rata su se našli jedan naspram drugog u Albaniji. Opasnost od sukoba između talijanskih i jugoslovenskih snaga bila je više nego stvarna. Francuska diplomatija je tokom celog oktobra nastojala da spreći ulazak talijanskih snaga u Skadar, iznoseći kao argument pitanje postavljeno još ranije o njegovom internacijonalizacijom. Rim je u početku odbacio ovaj predlog i na osnovu tumačenja preporuke od 7. oktobra visokog Savezničkog veća, priznao sebi pravo da zauzme celu severnu Albaniju. Međutim, kada se videlo da srpske trupe ubrzano ušle u Skadru, u Rimu je prihvaćena francuska verzija međusavezničkog garnizona u ovaj grad, uz učešće francuskih, engleskih i talijanskih snaga. Ali tom prilikom talijanska Vlada je insistriala na udaljavanje srpskih snaga iz Skadra, i postigla cilj. Pošto su se prethodno povlačile iz Tirane Srpske snage su početkom oktobra napustile i Skadar, ostavljajući tu privremeno (za oko mesec dana) jednu sasvim manju jedinicu. Iako povučene iz Skadra krajem 1918. godine, Srpske snage su držale pod okupacijom značajan deo albanske teritorije, koja je obuhvatila istočne i severoistočne krajeve kao što je Donje Debar (Peškopeja) sa avanzovanim pozicijama do mesta Ćafa e Bulit i Ćafa e Mures, Has, Luma, Đakovačka Malesija, Krasnića i Keljmend. Sa razvojem događaja i borbenih akcija, granične zone zaposednute od Srba čas su se proširile a čas suzile. U opštim crtama, okupirane teritorije od Srba obuhvatile su oko jednu šestinu ukupne teritorije Albanije iz 1913. godine, sa populacijom od ukupno 150 hiljada stanovnika. Ova okupirana zona, koja je u Beogradu označena kao »strateška linija«, poklopila se sa osnovnim srpskim aneksionim težnjama u Albaniji. Jugoslovenska Vlada će nastojati da ubuduće spusti još južnije ovu liniju, ali u prvim mesecima okupacije ona se usredsredila na jačanje pozicija na okupiranim teritorijama. Učvršćivanje okupacionog režima imao je za cilij gušenje svakog otpora i borbu albanske populacije i stvaranje povoljnih okolnosti za pridobijanje saglasnost Velikih sila za aneksiju i drugih albanskih teritorija. Suštinu ove politike je izneo Pašić kada je izjavio da »ko drži severnu Albaniju, drži i Debar, i Ljumu i Tiranu«. Srpske vojne snage na okupiranim predelima, u saradnji i sa plačenicima u njihovoj službi, pokušali su da odmah formiraju okupacijonu lokalnu upravu. Tako, samo što su ušli u Skadar, Peškopeju, Debarsku Malesiju, Has, Ljumju, i dr, srpske vojne jedinice su istakle srpsku zastavu. Decembra 1918. godine, Srpske snage su u albanskim krajevima pojačane drugim jedinicama 22 puka pešadije. Ove snage su pomagale na postavljanje prefekata (gradonačelnika) ovih zona kao i u organizaciju lokalne žandarmerije od ljudih plačenih od njih. Srpska jedinica koja je ostala zajedno sa agentima upučenim specijalno iz Beograda, kao i podrškom francuskog generala De Furtu, pokušala je da u Skadru podriva delatnost patriotskih snaga koje su ratovale protiv srpskih aneksionih težnji u severnoj Albaniji i za osiguranje teritorijalne celine zemlje. Uspostavlenje srpskog režima na albanskim okupiranim teritorijama i njegovo učvršćivanje bilo je u suprotnosti sa talijanskim ciljevima u Albaniji. Rim je pokrenuo diplomatsku kampanju kombinovanu i sa ograničenim vojnim akcijama u severoistočnim krajevima Albanije, da bi naterao Beograd da u potpunosti povuće snage ne samo iz Skadra već i iz drugih okupiranih albanskih krajeva. Jedini rezultat ove intervencije bio je udaljavanje simboličnog srpskog kontigenta iz Skadra, početkom decembra. Ali Rim nije se zadovoljio samo time. Krajem decembra 1918., godine, Sanino je preko talijanskog otpravnika poslova u Beogradu uputio jugoslovenskoj Vladi notu za evakuaciju srpskih trupa iz Peškopeje, Hasa i Ljume. Iz Beograda su odgovorili da su srpske vojne snage nalazile unutar takozvane strateške linije priznate od komande »Istočne armije«, da one čuvaju put Gostivar-Debar koga napadaju Albanci i obezbedili mir za pograničnu jugoslovensku populaciju koja je bila ugrožena od njih. Rim je ponovo tražio pomoć Pariza da bi se »potvrdilo« njegovo pravo da drži pod kontrolom i albansku teritoriju na severu reke Drim. Međutim, francuski ministar inostarnih poslova Pišon, insistirao je na to da odredbe Londonskog ugovora ne negiraju i pravo Srba da zaposedaju severne delove Albanije. Da bi oterala srpske trupe iz severoistočne Albanije, talijanska Vlada je pribegla sredstvo sile. Talijanske trupe su dobile naredbu da se kreću u tom pravcu. U spornoj zoni sa obeju strana dogodili su nekoliko incidenata koji su bili vesnici sukoba širih razmera. Ni Rim ni Beograd nisu želeli da preuzmu na sebe odgovronost za takav sukob u vreme kada je počela sa radom Mirovna konferencija u Parizu. Svaka strana nadala se da će ova konferencija i po albanskom pitanju terati »vodu na njenu vodenicu«. U takvim okolnostima, savetovana i od Pariza, jugoslovenska Vlada je naredila nekakvo povlačenje svojih trupa iz severoistočne zone Albanije. Na proleće srpske trupe su se udaljile iz Lure, Selište, Okštuna i Zabzuna. Evakuacija sa ovih teritorija je bila privremena i nepotpuna. Tu su ostale značajne Esat pašine snage koje su,
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