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The Effects of Source Rocks and Chemical Weathering on The The effects of source rocks and chemical weathering on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sand from the Neto River (Calabria, Italy): implications for provenance studies EMILIA LE PERA,* JOSE ARRIBAS,t SALVATORE CRITELLI:j: andAMPARO TORTOSAt *Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica nell'Italia meridian ale ed insulare, Via Cavour, 87030 Rages di Rende (CS), Italy (E-mail: [email protected]) tDepartamento de Petrologia y Geoquimica, Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (E-mail: [email protected]) tDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universitd della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy {E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Plutonic and gneissic rocks of the Sila Massif in the uppermost portion of the Neto drainage basin (Calabria, Southern Italy) weather and erode under a humid Mediterranean climate. During the development of weathering profiles, a combination of chemical weathering and granular disintegration processes occurred. Chemical weathering involves a loss of both plagioclase (mainly during grus generation) and K-feldspar (mainly during soil formation). This loss is attributed to transformation of plagioclase to clay minerals and to leaching and dissolution of K-feldspar. Sand composition is quartzofeldspathic and nearly homogeneous along the main channel of the Neto River, even where the river cuts across a blanket of sedimentary cover. Thus, fluvial transport does not alter sand composition within the Neto drainage basin. Petrographic indices are effective in (1) discriminating between contributions from similar (granite and gneiss) source rocks (Qm/F); (2) relating the provenance of plutoniclastic and gneissiclastic sand found in the headwaters to grus horizons (Qm/F; Q/Rg); and (3) distinguishing between upstream first-cycle and downstream multicycle sand (Q/Rg). This last distinction is further emphasized by considering both aphanitic and phaneritic varieties of rock fragments (RgRmRs diagram). Chemical weathering is the main sand producer within the regolithic environment in northern Calabria. In addition, rapid erosion resulting from steep slopes removes weathered products, and rapid and short transport leads to minimal sediment maturation. In general, the F/Q index is climate and relief dependent; thus, it should be used in conjunction with palaeoclimatic and palaeophysiographic evidence for provenance interpretations of ancient quartzofeldspathic sandstones. Keywords Calabria, chemical weathering, fluvial basin, Italy, provenance, sand, weathering profiles. INTRODUCTION The effect of chemical weathering depends on both the intensity, controlled primarily by cli­ Sand detrital modes reflect the cumulative effects mate and vegetation, and the duration of weath­ of source rock composition, chemical weathering, ering, this latter effect including a complex set of hydraulic sorting and abrasion (Suttner, 1974; factors, of which physiography is particularly Basu, 1985; Johnsson, 1993; Nesbitt et al., 1996). important (Valloni, 1985; Johnsson, 1993). The correlation of sand composition with weathering The uppermost portion ofthe Neto drainage basin intensity (Mann & Cavaroc, 1973; Basu, 1976; (eastern Calabria, Italy) is underlain by deeply James et al., 1981; Suttner et al., 1981; Velbel, weathered plutonic and gneissic rocks exposed to a 1985; Cullers et al., 1988; Girty, 1991) and weath­ humid climate (Fig. 1). The area is an excellent site ering duration (Franzinelli & Potter, 1983; Gran­ in which to study the generation of sand-sized tham & Velbel, 1988; Stallard, 1988; Johnsson & particles derived from plutonic and gneissic source Stallard, 1989; Johnsson, 1990a,b, 1993; Le Pera & rocks affected by chemical weathering. Sorriso-Valvo, 2000a) has long been established. This study provides insight into the petrogen­ Moreover, parent rock texture has also been esis of modern siliciclastic sand, based upon the shown to affect sand composition (Reins, 1993; coupling of both climatic and physiographic Palomares & Arribas, 1993). controls. Knowledge of such coupling is import- o 30 km NETO DRAINAGE BASIN COSENZA• CATANZARO• B o 10 20 km .-~~_~-= ~I-----------! __ ALLUVIAL GYPSUM DEPOSITS + "'1 D (Messinian) [J.j- + " GRANITES (Quaternary) SANDSTONES LUTITES [[ill (Pliocene - (Tortonian - Pleistocene) GNEISSES -Pleistocene) MARLY LUTITES CONGLOMERATES & SS. (Messinian - (Tortonian - Pfiocene) SCHISTS & PHYLLlTES - Pliocene) Fig. 1. (A) Location maps of the study• area in northern Calabria, Italy. (B) Geological sketch map of the Neto drainage basin (modified after Amodio-Morelli et al., 1976). ant for the interpretation of analogous clastic rocks. whereas the Ampollino and Arvo tributar­ deposits in the geological record. ies (Fig. 2A) mainly drain gneissic rocks. The lower reaches of the Neto cut across Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary cover (Fig. IB). THE NETO DRAINAGE BASIN Physiography, climate, soil development Bedrock geology and mineralogy and human pressure The Neto drainage basin is located in the Sila The elevation of the Neto River basin ranges from Massif. Calabria. Italy (Fig. lA). The Sila Massif is sea level to 1928 m (Mount Botte Donato) at the a section of the Hercynian orogenic belt of western border. The watershed includes four western Europe. where allochthonous crystalline small tributaries. the Ampollino. Arvo. Lese and basement rocks are now exposed to form the Garga rivers (Fig. 2A). The drainage basin can be highest tectonic units (Calabrian arc) of the subdivided into three portions (upstream. down­ southern Italy fold-thrust belt (Amodio-Morelli stream and delta system). each portion having et al .• 1976). The Sila Massif consists of Palaeo­ distinctive morphological. hydrological and geo­ zoic intrusive and metamorphic rocks, locally logical characteristics (Figs lB. and 2). The with an unmetamorphosed, Mesozoic sedimen­ uppermost portion of the watershed includes the tary cover. Towards the Ionian coast, Miocene to rolling highlands of the Sila Massif. where the Pleistocene sedimentary deposits lie unconform­ modern-day landscape is little modified with ably over the Palaeozoic or Mesozoic rocks. respect to the low reliefthat characterized it before Palaeozoic rocks consist of gneiss, amphibolite, early Pleistocene tectonic uplift (Le Pera & SOIT­ schist and phyllite. affected by various Alpine iso-Valvo. 2000a). The morphology oftopographic metamorphic events and intruded by the Late slopes is controlled by low-rate mass-wasting Hercynian Sila batholith (Messina et al .• 1991). processes and, as a result, the regolith, sometimes Gneisses consist of decimetre- to metre-thick reaching a thickness of several tens of metres, has biotite-sillimanite--garnet-rich layers. varying in not yet been eroded (Critelli et al.. 1991; Le Pera. structure from massive to migmatitic. Contacts 1998; Le Pera et al .• 2000). The main reaches ofthe with plutons are marked by a network of dikes drainage system are gently sloping and very and an irregular amphibolite facies thermal aure­ sinuous, with several sites acting as storage areas ole (Caggianelli et al .• 1994). The Sila batholith for alluvial deposits. A sharp decrease in the consists of multiple intersecting intrusions, overall topographic slope marks the transition to heterogeneous in texture and fabric, ranging in the downstream area where Miocene siliciclastic composition from granodiorite to gabbro and deposits crop out (Figs IB and 2B). In this part ~f leucomonzogranite (Messina et al .• 1991). Fission the drainage basin. the morphology of topographIc track analyses of apatite and zircon from the slopes is rugged. In the downstream portion. the basement rocks ofthe Sila Massif indicate a major drainage system presents a wide. braided alluvial period of exhumation ranging from =35 to =15 Ma plain. Alluvial sedimentation. in the form of (Thomson. 1994). gravelly sand. is widespread throughout the coas­ A section of Miocene to Pleistocene sedimen­ tal plain. Sand accumulates at the southern tary rocks. 2000 m in thickness. crops out along portion of the Neto delta system. the eastern border ofthe Sila Massif (Roda. 1964; The Mediterranean climate of Calabria is zoned Critelli. 1999). This section consists of (a) Mio­ according to elevation and is generally humid cene shallow-marine and turbiditic strata (Roveri above 1000 m. The average annual precipitation et al .• 1992). including arkose. hybrid arenite (1176 mm) ranges from 600 mm at the Neto delta and calcarenite (Critelli & Le Pera. 1998) and to more than 2000 mm in the mountainous areas conglomerate; (b) Messinian evaporitic deposits (Versace et al .• 1989). The mean annual tempera­ (limestone. gypsum and halite; Roda. 1964); (c) ture at about 2000 m is between 10°C and 12 QC. Late Messinian to Pliocene conglomerate and but ranges from 12°C to more than 16 °C for the sandstone, over lain by basin-wide marine shales coastal zone (Versace et al .• 1989). (Roda. 1964; Roveri et al .• 1992); and (d) Pleisto­ Vegetation is strongly correlated with p~ecipi­ cene shallow-marine calcarenites and non-marine tation and elevation. The uppermost porhon of clastics (Cosentino et al .• 1989). the Neto watershed maintains a well-developed Throughout most of its length. the main chan­ forest cover of fir and beech trees. With decreas­ nel of the Neto River system drains plutonic ing precipitation. the hillslopes of the lower B Fig. 2. (A) Drainage network of the Neto River showing the
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