The NATIONAL HOR TICULTURAL MAGAZINE

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OCTOBER, 1936 The American Horticultural Society

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS April 16, 1936

OFFICERS President, First Vice-President, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Washington, D. C. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Fairfax Harrison, Belvoir, Fauquier Co., Va. Secretary, Mrs. Eugene Ferry Smith, Bethesda, Maryland Treasurer, F. J. Hopkins, Takoma Park, Maryland DIRECTORS Terms Expiring in 1937 Terms Expiring in 1938 Mrs. Mortimer Fox, Peekskill, N. Y. Mr. F. Lammot Belin, Washington, Mr. F. J. Hopkins, Washington, D. C. D. C. Mr. Armistead Peter IV, Washington, Mrs. Floyd Harris, Aldie, Va. D. C. Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Mrs. Charles Walcott, Washington, Mrs. Clement S. Houghton, Chestnut D. C. Hill, Mass. Mrs. Silas B. Waters, Cincinnati, O. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa.

THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Published by and for the Society B. Y. MORRISON, Editor

CoNTRIBUTING EDITORS Mr. Alfred Bates Mr. Sherman D. Duffy Mr. Carl Purdy Dr. Clement G. Bowers Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mr. C. A . Reed Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Mrs. J. Norman Henry Mr. J. Marion Shull Dr. W. C. Deming Mrs. Francis King Mr. Arthur D. Slavin Miss Frances Edge McIlvaine

SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1936 Alexandria, Virginia, Garden Club, Burleith Garden Club, Mrs. Charles Holden Mrs. Clara V. Mace, Pres., Rosemont 4617 Hunt Ave., Alexandria, Va. Chevy Chase, Md. American Amaryllis Society, Business Men's Garden Club Wyndham Hayward, Secretary, 125 Hillside Ave., Winter Park, Fla. Piedmont, Calif. American Fuchsia Society, Miss Alice Eastwood, Secretary, California Garden Club Federation, California Academy of Sciences, Miss E. Marlow, Lib., Golden Gate Park 992 S. Oakland, San Francisco, Calif. Pasadena, Calif. Bethesda Community Garden ~ub, Chestnut Hill Garden Club, Mrs. William Lee, Mrs. John H. Harwood, Pres., . 5622 Moorland Lane, 64 Dudley St., Bethesda, Md. Brookline, Mass.

Publication Office, 32nd Street and Elm Avenue, Baltimore, Md. Entered as second· class matter January Zl, 1932, at the Post Office at BaltImore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club, Ohio Associa-tion of Garden Clubs, Mrs. B. C. Kennedy, Pres., Mrs. Silas B. Waters, 5605 Chevy Chas Parkway, 2005 Edgecliff Point, Chevy Chas, D . C. Cincinnati, Ohio. Chevy Chase (Md.) Garden Club, Rock Garden Society of Ohio, Mrs. Richard F. Jackson, Pres., Mrs. Frank Garry, 3 Oxford S't., 5800 Wyatt Ave., Chevy Ohase, Md. Kennedy Heights, Cincinnati, Ohio. Cleve.Jand Garden Center, Takoma Horticultural Club, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave., Takoma Park, D. C. Cleveland, Ohio. The Columbus Garden Center, Dayton Garden Club, 480 E. Broad St., Garden Center, Colum!bus, Ohio. % Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio. The Federated Garden Club of Cincinnati and Vicinity, Detroit Garden Center, Mrs. Bart H . Hawley, Detroit Institute of Art, 242 Greendale Avenue, 5200 Woodward Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio. Detroit, Mich. The Lima Garden Club, Fauquier and Loudoun Garden Club, 402 S. Woodlawn Avenue, Mrs. John T. Cochran, Lima, Ohio. The Plains, Va. The Little Garden Clulb of Sandy Spring, Garden Center, Mrs. A. D. Farquhar, President, Grover Cleveland Park, Sandy Spring, Md. Buffalo, New York. The Rose Tree Gardeners, Garden Club of Kentucky, Mrs. Samuel Howe, Mrs. T. F. Roemele, Clemmonton P.O., 3214 Wren Road, Pine Valley, N. J. Louisville, Ky. The San Francisco Garden Club, Room 133, Fairmont Hotel, Garden Club of Ohio, San Francisco, Calif. Mrs. Frank B. Stearns, 15830 S. Park Blvd., Thursday Garden Club, Cleveland, Ohio. Miss Lucy Lucas, Secretary, 333 E. Main Street, Georgetown Garden Club, Spartanburg, S. C. Mrs. S. P. Thompson, 3247 R Street, N. W., Town and Country Garden Club, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Silas B. Waters, Pres., 2005 Edgecliff Point, Glendale Garden Crafters, Cincinnati, Ohio. Mrs. Fred Monroe, Pres., Glendale, Ohio. Town and Country Garden Club of Cleveland, Lake Washington Garden Club, Mrs. W. H. Wood, Mrs. Frederick A. Bungle, Anderson and Green Road, 9249 Seventh Ave., S. W., S. Euclid, Cleveland, Ohio. Seattle, Wash. Trowel Club, Magnolia Circle, Mrs. Theodore Joslin, Pres., 950 Bay St., N. E., 4934 Indian Lane, St. Petersburg, Fla. Washington, D. C. Newtonville Garden Club, Woodridge Garden Club, 70 Washington Park, Woodridge Branch Library, Newtonville, Mass. Washington, D. C. North Carolina Garden Club, Worcester County Horticultural Society, Miss C. S. Black, Chairman, 30 Elm Street, Wake Forest, N. C. Worcester, Mass. Northern Nut Growers Association, Washington Garden Club, Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, President, Mrs. H. Latane, President, 32 S. 13th St., 311 N. Washington St., Harrisburg, Pa. Alexandria, Virginia. [i) The National Horticultural Magazine

Vol. 15 Copyright, 1936, by THE AMERICAN HORTIOULTURAL SOCIET'Y No.4

OCTOBER, 1936

CONTENTS

Notes on Old F loral Decoratiolil. KATE DOGGETT BOGGs ______223 On the History of the Introduction of W Gody P lants into North America. ALFRED REImER. Translated fr0111 the German by Ethelyn M. Tucker 245 A Book or Two ______258 The Gardener's Pocketbook: A Note on Lilium s%pe1,b$t111 ______.____ 261 Clematis B oweri. J. E. SPINGARN ______261 A Good Hedge Rose. MARY SELDEN ______262 A Garden Center ______..______262 Six useful blue-toned irises. S. STILLMAN BERRY ______262

S yring a 0 b tat a dilatata______264

N a1' cis sus, God 0 1phi n ______. ______266 P entstemon cobaea. ______266 S y111 Plo cos p a11liculat a ______268

An As te r 0 r Two______268

C r 0 c~£s iridi fl orus ______270 Heleniums from European Gardens ______270

P hlo x a111 plifo lia ______. ______~______272

Ghrysaruthem ums : C. 11'bOrifoliu111 274 C. i1q,dicU111 ______274 In p lanti ng 1i 1i, es ______276 A llium amp 1e ctans ______276 Shrubs as Ground -IGovers ______276 In d ex ______281

Published quarteFly by The American Horticultural Society. Publication office, 32nd St. and Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. Ecl itoriaJl office, Room 821 Washing ton Loan and Trus t Bldg. Washington, D . C. ContnbutlOns from a ll· members are cordiall y invited and s hould be sent to the Editorial o ffi ce. :,,>-dvertising Manager, Mr. J. S. E lms, Kensington, Md. A subscription t o the magazine is included 111 the annual dues to al1 membel"s; to l1 oll-mem,bers the prioe 15 seventy-five oen ts th e copy, tluee dollars a year. Iii] Notes on Old Floral Decoration

KA TE DOGGETT BOGGS

"And the Lord God planted a gar­ Jerusalem were outsi,de the walls, be­ den." Since childhood we have all cause the use of dung within the holy been thrilled by those myshc words, city was againSlt the Law, but there but are we aware that, according to was one famous rose Karden inside Miss Rohde, in the fir-st chapter of the walls during the time of the Genesis -the earliest garden plan is de­ prophets. scribed? Here we are told of four The Greek garden of Homer's day rivers which run in four directions. was more simple than the Eastern This foursquare plan with elaborations "Paradise," ·but, later, when dose con­ has persisted to a remarkable degree tact was estaiblished between East and and seems by its balance and adapta­ West, the Greeks used more complex bility to have satisfied alike the eastern plans. ruler for his "Paradise" and the mod­ In Rome, during the Empire, gar­ ern woman for her village dooryard. den cmft rose to such tremendous More than three thousand years ago, heights of elaboration that Rome was the kings and nobles of Egypt and called the garden of the world. Shears Ba:bylonia made pleasure grounds to were used ruthlessly on shrubs and charm their leisure hours and we are trees and so we find topia.ry work car­ astonished to learn of the magnitude ried to absurd lengths, even before the and splendor of these enclosures of the Christian era. Many temples, seats ancients. Rare trees and herhs were and statutes decorated the estates of brought long distances to beautify the wealthy, some of these being spoils their gardens, while streams or canals of Greece and others copies of the for irrigation were a necessary part of Hellenic masterpieces. the scheme. The great queen of Egypt When at last Rome fell, the lore of Hatshepsut sent an expedition to the plants was kept alive by the monks, land of Punt to bring back "incense who, through the dark ages, tended trees," along with other tribute, while their herbs with loving care within the Thutmose 3rd gave herbs and trees cloister garth. from Palestine and Syrva for the gar­ During the thirteenth century, we den of the temple of Amon. On a read of the "Fair pleasaunce" pro­ tomb painting alt Beni-Hassan upon a tected by wall and moat. Here the terrace of about 1900 B. C. plants are kni'ghts and ladies could walk on shown growing in very modern look­ "Flowry medes," dally by the foun­ ing pots. tain or rest on sodded seats and listen Noah is supposed to have planted a to the troubadours. It was not until garden after the flood and we read the Renaissance that our ancestors that, during !the Captivity, the Egyp­ could safely leave the protection of tians forced the children of Israel to strong walls and establish those stately layout their gardens and parks. Per­ inclosures full of ponds, fountains, haps it was from these task-masters wooden beasts, Sltatues and arbors with that the Israeli tes learned to excel 111 which we are familiar from the old horticulture. Most of the gardens at prints and garden books. [ 223) 224 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

Thus it is seen that trees and 'blos­ cyclopedia, "in their own land appre­ soms have been esteemed in all civili­ ciated flowers as a means of natural zations. Trees were commonly wor­ decoration." We know that many of shiped, and certain flowers were for the Hebrew works of art were adorned centuries held sacred to heathen gods wjth represenJtations of flowers and the and chri'stian saints alike. The temples Talmud says that the temple court and homes of the Egyptians were contained mimic flowering trees of strewn and decorated with bouquets gold. When the first fruits were car­ of the sweet scented lotus and other ried to Jerusalem, an ox with gilded flowers and in the tombs funeral of­ horns and crowned with olive 'branches ferings of dried hel'bs and collars of went before them, and the baskets flowers are found, many of the species were wreathed with flowers for the being still recognizable. Garlands were sacrifice. At the Feast of Tabernacles worn on head and breast and the first tile willow and palm (lulab) sur­ historic professionals in floral decora­ rounded the altar and the Jewish mar­ tion were the garland makers of riage canopy was a bower of roses and Egypt. Blooms were used much as in myrtle. The carnation and the chest­ our own time. Food at banquets was nut are mentioned in the Talmud. The decorated with flowers; they were composition of the holy incense has given to guests, sent to friends and always been to me a matter of interest, placed in lovely vases to decorate the for the very names of spices, frank­ rooms, while bouquets of the lotus and incense and myrrh take one's mind to other flowers were presented as marks far away lands. For those who are of honor. Perfume so wonderful was likewise curious, I shall quote from extracted from flowers by the Egyp­ the "Holy Incense"* by Dr. David 1. tians that after three thousand years Macht of Baltimore. the odor still lingers in jars found in Balm - a resin that exudes from the tombs. the wood of the balsam tree (Opobal­ Thus we look to ancient Egypt and samum or balm of Gilead). Mesopotamia as the sources of floral Onycha-animal or mineral, Strom­ decoration. Excavations at Dr of the bus mollusc. Chaldees seem to prove that at a very Galbanum-gum of Ferula Galbani­ early date the Sumerians had achieved flua, Asia Minor. a high state of civilization and it is to Frankincense or Olibanum - from this nation and to Egypt that the an­ Boswellia. cient Near East probably owed its art Myrrh-resin from several species and culture. While true that gardens of trees. Cammiphora Abyssinica or at Dr are not menlti'Oned by Woolley, Balsamodendron Myrrh. the golden wreath of beech leaves, wil­ Cassia-the kidda of Exodus, bark low leaves and flowers found on the of Cassia Lignea. head of Queen Shub-ad would indicate Spikenard - probably Andropogon a previous use of natural flowers for Nardus, used to make citronella oil. personal adornment. Saffron-Crocus sativus, blooms in Herodotus (ca. 484-424 B. C.) tells autumn, purple flower. us that the Babylonian women sat in Costus - probably root of Auck­ their places of worship bound about landia Costus. the temples of the head with sweet and Aromatic Bark. pleasant flowers. "The Jews," says the Hebrew En- *Waverly Press, B altimore, 1928. Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 225

Uppe'r. Tena-cotta Flower Pot fownd at Olyn.thm in Macedonia Date abo'Ll,t 400 B . C. COtl1't esy of David M . Robinson Ce n.t e?'. Glass Vases. Egyptian From B en-i Rasa'/1" Pa?'t IV, P late XIX Lowe?'. Egyptia.n Frower Pots. F?'om A rchaeological Survey at Egypt El B ersli eh, Part I , prate XXV I 226 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

CinnamOtl - bark from China and appear wearing a wreath of plant ma­ Ceylon. terial unless entitled to do so. These Lye or Alkali from Karshina. garlands and wreaths of many 'familiar Cyprus Wine. flowers played an enormous part in all Salt of Sodom-o·f the Red Sea. important ceremonies, such as mar­ Herb Maaleh Ashan - grass which riages, feasts and in the -Norship of caused the smoke of the incense to go the gods. up in a straight line. Before leaving the ancients let me Odoriferous Herb-kippath-ha Jar­ quote from a letter written by Sir den. Thomas Browne to John Evelyn en­ It is difficult to determine how floral titled "Of Garlands and Coronary or decoration reached Greece, but prob­ Garland Plants." "They were con­ ably through commerce with the Near vivial, festival, sacrificial, nuptial, hon­ East. The Greeks had a market in orary, funebrial" and again "Their Athel1!s where flowers were sold f,or honorary crowns, triumphal, ovary, their gay color and sweet perfume. civical, obsidional." (That is of grasses Coronary plants such as carnation, and weeds given to the General who thyme, gilliflower, wall flower, ber­ raised a Siege.) Sir Thomas says gamot, violet, calamint, saffron crocus, "The ancients had garlands also the narcissi, roses, lavendar, lilies, anemo­ hyemal . . . . made of horn, dyed nes, iris, etc., were specially cultivated. several colors and shaped into figures Often twigs of mulberry or wild fig of flowers ...." Some of the em­ were used to add strength and ease of . perors had roses brought from Egypt bending. Many of the plants were and later they were grown in Rome in symbolic and floral crowns were worn winter. This was in the time of by philosophers and warriors, as well Tiherius. as by guests at feasts. Garlands some­ No flower seems to peep out so con­ times decorated the gates at enter­ stantly from the far away past as the tainments and flowers were strewn on little fall flowering purple Crocus sa­ the tables, as their proximity, while tivus, known as saffron. It was be­ drinking, was supposed to clear the loved by the ancients for spice, per­ minds of the diners and counteract the fume and dye and used in the Hebrew effect of wine. Theophrastus says incense. In Elizabethan times, it was that the flowers most popular were considered a panacea in illness, strewn roses, gilliflowers, narcissi, and violets, with the rushes on floors and used in which were used on the altars of the salad. In some districts of England, gods and in the service of the temples. the bright colored stigmas color the The Greeks, like the Egyptians, had food today. professional garland-makers as the Ro­ Early in the thirteenth century, mans had at a later pe'riod. The lavish flowers were used extensively in the use of blossoms reached its peak in service of the church. For great pro­ Rome, where Suetonius says that Nero cession the priests and minor clergy spent fabulous sums on roses for one were crowned and garlanded with feast. Even the floors at banquets white roses, red roses and periwinkle, were covered with roses and the petals according to the season, and the of the saffron crocus. Sometimes Ro­ shrines of the saints and even the can­ mans were carried in litters padded dles were decorated with flowers. with flowers, until finally a law was There were gardens within the mon­ made that no citizen be allowed to astery walls in which these flowers Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 227

Uppel'. F'ive Vases, porcela:in, Chinese; reign of K'ang H 'si (1662-1722) CQ1,wtesy of The Victoria and Albert Museu11t, London Lowe'r. Two bt£lb pots, blu.e jasper ware. English (111,ade by Josiah Wedgwood at Etnwia) abou.t 1780. CMwtesy of Th e Victoria and Albe1't Museum, London 228 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 were grown by the sacristan, to deck are ,either mixed or of one v~ri etr the church, together with herbs and At the time of the ReformatIOn 111 simples for healing the sick in the in­ England the use 00£ 'blossoms in the service was being given up as a firmary. Potions, powders and poul­ Romish practice, but, about 1660, hol­ tices were made of physic herbs by ly rosemary and other evergreens still the monks and every blossom seems the church on saints' days to have been held beneficial in some d~corated and at Christmas. This usage was disease. Gardens were attached to many churches and chapels as well as to brought to America by our ances.tors monasteries, but, on great occasions, and has come down to our own tIme. fl owers had sometimes to be bought, Mistletoe, long associated with pagan and large payments for them are li sted rites, was prohibited, but rosem~ry in the church accounts. Rushes and was considered an holy herb whIch sweet herbs were laid on the fl oors of would only thrive in the gardens of the churches, and herbs such as peri­ the pious. winkle and saffron were used in the In the fourteenth, fifteenth and six­ teenth centuries we read of long, nar­ hope of protecting the congregation against the plague and were also row tables covered with cloths and placed in homes or held in the hand then strewn with odoriferous herbs for this purpose. such as pinks, lilies, daffodils, roses, jasmine, lily of the valley or lavendar. Thus fl owers, especially roses, were This is the first mention of fl owers on used to decorate the churches. It the banquet table that I can find since would be interesting to trace back as Roman times and I must add that, al­ far as possible ecclesiastical fl ower though I found the strewn flowers containers placed on the altars and be­ thus described, I have never seen Illus­ fore the shrines of the saints, but this trations of them. would be well nigh impossible without It is in the sixteenth century that we making a trip to the cathedral trea­ berrin to read of the extensive use of suries of Europe. Some illustrations fl o~ers for decoration in English of these vases may be seen in early re­ homes. Levinus Lemnius, a physician ligious paintings and in illuminations of Holland, who travelled through in the old missals. Frau Angelico Enrrlandb in 1560, wf'ites of the Eng- painted a row of brass or gold vases lish * "thei r chambers and parlours buIging near the base with small lips str;wed all over with sweete herbes and holding four roses, two pink and refreshed mee; their nosegays finally two white. This is on what seems to entermingled wyth sundry sortes of be an altar under one of his Madon­ frarrrunte fl oures in their bedchambers nas; neither foliage nor stems of the and privyroomes with comfortable fl owers show. There are many elab­ smell cheered mee up and entire lye de­ orate containers holding lilies in the lyghted all my sences." This Hol­ church paintings of the Annunciati on. lander was so much impressed by the In missals, some of the vases have Enalish decorations that he wants "to wide mouths and two handles and are b . I trimme up our parlours WIt 1 greene of pottery or brass. As far as I can boughes, freshe herbes or vine leaves; learn, there appear to be no traditional which thing although in the Low church flower arrangements or con­ Country it be usually frequented, yet tainers; sometimes the stems are long no nation more decently, more trimme- with few fl owers, again, the fl owers * As tr~n s l a te d in li The Touchstone of Com· are crowded and show no stems. They plexions," London, 158 1. Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 229

Waite1's A1't Gallery, Baiti11'l,ore Pai1' S11iLall ] ardinieq'es and Flower Vase Fre11ch (Sevl'es) a-bo'ut 1760

ly, nor more sightly than they doe in every windowe you may make square Englande." frames either of lead or of boorders, Queen Elizabeth loved flowers. She well pitched within: fill them with paid large sums for "strewing herbs" some rich earth, and plant such flow­ and employed a "strewing woman to ers or herbes therin as you like best. the Queen," which office still existed ... And if you plant them with Rose­ in England during the early eighteenth marie, you may maintaine the same century. In Elizabeth's time, bou­ running up the trans'Omes and mouels quets were placed about the rooms, of your windowes .... You may also but these nosegays were tight and stiff hang in the roofe, and about the sides and of all sorts of flowers. Herbs and of this room, small pomp~ons or cow­ flowers were valued especially for their cumbers, pricked fulll of Barlie, first scent and healing properties and the making holes for the Barlie (quaeq'e, more crowded the containers and what other seedes or flowers will grow heavier the perfum.e, the better. We in them) and these will bee over­ must not forget the still rooms of this growen with greene spires, so as the period, where sweet waters were' dis­ pompion or cowcumber will not ap­ tilled and rose leaves, lavendar and peare ... in Summer time your chim­ many pungent herbs were dried to ney may be trimmed with a fine banke scent my lady's linen, or to be placed of moss, which may be wrought in in rose bowls. workes being placed in earth, or with Flowers are being grown inside the Orpin, or the white flower called houses and suggestions are given by Everlasting. And at either end, and some of the florists as to what to grow in the middest, place one of yvur and where they should be placed. Not flower or Rosemarie pottes . . . or even our window boxes are new. They els, from platformes of lead over your were used in ancient Rome and Sir windowes. . . . You may also plant Hugh Platt, the great horticultural au­ vines without the walls, which being thority of Elizabethan days, says *"In let in at som quarrels (holes left in the mullioned windows) may run *Floraes P aradise, by H . P. Knigh t (Sir Hugh Platt), London, 1608 . about the sides of your windowes, 230 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct. , 1936 and all over the seeling of your I want to call your attention espe­ roomes . . . ." cially to the fact that bowls of fruit A fo reigner visiting E ngland at this stood on a side table unt il dessert, and period says that holly filled the fi re­ thus cannot be considered a typical places like an arbour from Good Fri­ table-centerpiece. The first use of fl ow­ day until All H allows Day. ers in vases on a dinner table that I Meadowsweet and box are men­ can find occurs about 1686 at a ban­ tioned t o "deck up" houses and strew quet given in Italy by Lord Castle­ in chambers, halls and banqueting main to the Pope. The table was houses. T hese banqueting houses were covered by a tremendous service, a sometimes built in the garden by peo­ si lver cross in the center. E xtending ple of wealth and posi ti on, especially from the cross in ,both directions were fo r feasts, and "a fleur potte" fo r vases of fl owers, but whether used for fl owers is mentioned about this time. their scent, to guard against disease, T he seventeenth century brings us or merely fo r decoration, I am unable to the fo rerunner of the fl ower show. to say. As early as 1665, the F lorists held an­ Customs changed slowly in early nual feasts "where they crowned the days and scholars rarely give definite best fl ower wi th a prem.ium or a pres­ dates. T hus, when some custom or ent." Speaking of presents, I must decorati on came into use at the end of say that, at this period as in ancient one century, it would have lasted well tim es, fl owers were greatly pri zed as into the next in the cities and continue gifts and, although we read especiall y in the country even longer. T he use of plants being exchanged by lovers of of fl owers fo r decoration in the eight­ fl owers, doubtless the charming bou­ eenth century is proved by F ai rchild quets which Parkinson calls "Tussie­ who, writing about 1721, says "One mussies" were also esteemed fo r this may guess the general love my fe llow purpose. ci tizens have of gardening in furnish­ It is difficult to think only of E ng­ ing their rooms and chambers with li sh usage, fo r our Island ancestors, basins of flowers and bough pots like the rest of Europe, were borrow­ rather than not have somethi ng of a ing luxurious styles from abroad. garden before them." The question of *Nicander N ucius, a Greek, who vis­ table decoration in thi s century is a ited England 1545-46, writes, "As re­ very difficult one. I have read in gards their manners and mode of li v­ modern books on the manners and ing, ornaments .. . and vestments ... customs of this period that fl owers they resemble the F rench more than were never used on an E ngli sh dinner others and in feasts and drinkings . . . ta:ble. I feel, however, that this state­ they diffe r nothing from the French." ment is entirely too broad, for the Evelyn in hi s D iary, "Dined at Go­ print of 1688 shows vases of fl owers ings House, whither my Lord A rling­ on a banquet table. T his indicates ton carried me from W hitehall with that fl owers were certainly used for the Marquis of Worcester. ... Lord feasts, although I am inclined to be­ Stafford rose from the table in some lieve that their use was restricted to di sorder because there were roses tables for elaborate entertainments. A stuck about the fruit when the dessert large join of butcher's meat or a pyra­ was set upon the table; such an an­ mid of poultry generally occupied the tipathy, it seems he had to them." place of honor in the center of the *From Camden Soc. ed . 1841, p . 13. table for the family meal or even for Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 231

C o ~~rtesy, Victoria and AlbeTt J.l1HseUIII· Salt-glazed Stonewa1'e Flower Horn, Staffo1'dshvre, about 1760 232 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAG1I.ZINE Oct., 1936

CoP311'ight 1'ese1'7Jed, E. H01'de1' Flowe?' Vase, P01'celain, Lu,dwigsb1,wg, abou.t 1765

small gatherings and this was called a handed around to the guests one by "dormant" because it was not to be one. When the richer classes tired of eaten, but was solely an ornament. the Surtout, well on toward the end In time, the huge pieces of meat of the eighteenth century, they began were replaced by a china or silver to use more flowers, so as not always Epergne which often held candied to look at the same table decoration. fruit or sweets. The early Epergnes Another decoration of this period was were usually perforated and would not a cake of potter's earth lCLid directly on have held water for fl owers, but there the cloth in the center of the table. In are exceptions to this rule, as some this, the florist stuck cut flowers to were made to hold flowers as well as represent a Hower bed. Sometimes a bonbons. These Epergnes for the cen­ landscape was depicted and an arti­ terof the dining table continued in use ficial hoar frost was invented by a all through the Victorian period. In Frenchman which, as it melted in the France, the "Surtout," a frame of s,il­ heat of the room, would cause the ver or gold with branches holding flowers to open. An especially elab­ glass vases for a few flowers and orate decoration consisted of statues, dishes for sweetmeats was popular. columns, temples, bridges, triumphal This became so elaborate, as it was arches, domes, trees, arbors, flowers, interspersed with statuettes and can­ vases, etc., all made of porcelain or delabra, that it in time covered the paste, which were frequently designed whole table and, so, we reach the by distinguished sculptors. There were 'period when the dishes had to be also sableurs who, by the use of col- Oct>, 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 233

COllrtesy, Victo1'1>a and A lbert lIlllsenllt Flower Vase, Pm'celain, painted in col01'> English (Chelsea); about 1765 234 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

Top. Flower Vase, black Basalt W GJre with Term-cotta appliqLt e. English (Jos'iah Wedgwood at Et1'u?'ia) abo'ut 1780. CMwtes), of The Vict01"ia a'l1d A lb ert j\l[q,tSMt??~ Lower. Bouquet Holde?', ena111,eled ea1,thenwGJre. French (Nevers)Seco'l'/d Half of 1?th C e17tu1'),. Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 235

Upper left. Bulb Grower j7'01n Hampton Court Palace. Owned by Queen Mary about 1780. Courtesy Lord Cha11'1,berlain's Office Upper 1'ight. W edgwood ({T '~£hp)} Vase. Walters Art Gallery, Baltim01'e Lower left. B~£lb Vase, ea1,the'nware with gold l'ust,'e decomtion. Persian; Second Half 16th Cent~£ry . CO~£rtesy of The Victoria and Albe1't Museu11J1 BOtt011'L right. Flower Vase, Rhages, 13th Century. Walters A1,t Gallery, Balf'i11~ore 236 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

ored sand, made wonderful representa­ hair. Flowers with long stems, orna­ tions of Persian carpets upon the cloth, mental grasses and ever-greens were and this form of centerpiece, though used during the summer in large con­ very fragile, was thou~ht to harmonize tainers and set in fireplaces as during well with Chinese services. While the Victorian period. Sets of three, these French decorations may have five or seven jars and beakers adorned easily been adopted by the wealthy the mantel shelves, the beakers hold­ gentry of England, I have no positive ing cut flowers. We all know that data on this subject. All elaborate the English were especially partial to table decorations were for banquets all things Chinese, whether for the and the illustrations in contemporary garden or house. Old-fashioned man­ cookery books, showing how to place tels were "cluttered," for, even in the food on a family dinner table, have Dime of Queen Anne, the narrow man­ very dull dishes in the center­ tel shelf frequently was crowded with roasted ham, rump of steak, salad, Chinese porcelain jars, large and pickle, lemon cream or roasted lobster small. It is for this rea:son natural appear on the cookery book charts. that in Holland, England and Euro­ Our familiar dessert called Floating pean countries, the makers of porce­ Island sometimes occupied the center lain and pottery copied the jars and of the dinner table adorned with beakers of China with decided varia­ "candy sheep pecking at a greenery tions, in order to undersell the for­ of myrtle." Flowers in sets of pots, eign importations. Vases of flowers both growing and cut, decorated din­ or potted plants were put on one end ing tables. Please bear in mind that of the mantelpiece, on both ends or cut, as well as growing flowers, were used in sets of three. They were also placed on the table in pots. placed on console tables, on dressing The plateau, a mirror in one or tables, or on very small tables, but many sections set in silver or ormolu, usually near the wall. Bulbs, in hand­ was U'sed and has continued as a table some bullb or tulip vases, were used, "center piece" until the present time. while large growing plants are seen This is almost too familiar to need on the floor, at each side of the hearth, mention. You all know the plateau at on a table or on tall stands and in Mount Vernon, sent to General Wash­ elaborate pots. Rows of potted flow­ ington from France, which originally ers not only often filled the windows, had sepamte figures to be placed upon but were placed on the window ledge. it. Weare familiar today with the cover­ HaV'ing discussed table decorations, ing of flower pots with "ornamenTal" we turn to other uses of flowers in the paper. It is very interesting then to eighteenth century. They were can­ find listed in the inventory of Au­ died for sweets, and put in salads, gustine Washington November 3rd, borage flowers, marigolds, prImroses 1762, the following: "8 pss. flower pot and cowslips mixed with eggs and paper, 1 piece borders for do., 4 pcs. curd were l11'Cl!de into tarts. Sweet tulip crimson paper, Yz piece of bor­ herbs and dried leaves were used in dering for do." sick rooms to overcome disagreeable I must call your abtention to the {)dors and in pot pourri bowls to scent ancient lineage of potted plants. They drawing rooms. Roses and other were used by the Egyptians, Greeks flowers decorated the fruit, were stuck and Romans, and we find them all j'n Epergnes, worn and placed in the through the old English garden prints Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 237 on terraces, .walls, gate posts, and flowers is undoubtedly an Egyptian around blooming flower beds, as well vase of glass illustrated in a painting as in the house. at Beni-Hassan holding three lotus Some of you may have seen an flowers about 1900 B. C. I have early eighteenth century book, "The found no especial receptacles for flow­ Garden Displayed," -- which con­ ers referred to in available sources tains iUustrations of arrangements of about Greece or Rome, although I flowers for each month in the year. have seen contemporary decorations You will notice that the vases are very picturing vases of flowers. large and ela:borate, and on small This, however, is not conclusive, as bases. They may have been of terra­ my information must be relayed cotta, maIible or alabaster, perhaps of through translations of the classics. I pottery. The arrangements are high felt quite happy on one occasion over and crowded and, while these particu­ some mention of "flowers" in a trans­ lar drawings were to show the flowers laotion from Leviticus by old John available in the various months, most Parkhurst (a famous Eng-li'sh bi'blical old arrangements were of mixed flow­ lexicographer of the 18th century). ers and the containers very full. It is My joy was short lived, however, for my opinion that wet clay or moss was a modern Hebrew sdholar assures me used to hold the flowers, for, in spite that the Hebrew word translated as of crowding, the containers seem not "flowers" has two roots and does not tall enough to balance such large and here mean "flowers" at all. heavy stalks. I have never seen in the To return to vases with tubular oM prints and paintings a punch or openings which must have been widely ~ dreg bowl used to hold flower-so Rather distributed. There is a very interest­ shallow copper, silver or china "ba­ ing example of a 13th century Persian sins," however, do appear. flower vase of this sort at the Walters The lore of floral decoration in gallery and Dr. Bushell quotes from China and Japan is too vast for casual an ancient Chinese writer the follow­ research, hence no mention of these ing description of "a flower vase of countries has been tnade in this discus­ crackled porcelain with an oval mouth sion. However, one could hardly be­ surrounded by four smaller tubular gin a description of china flower con­ mouths springing from the shoulder of tainers without reference to that fa­ the vase," made sometime betweeL1 the therland of porcelain where scholars tenth and fi1teentb. centuries. This . wrote whole volumes on receptacles vase was used to mingle the perfume for flowers alone. The Chinese took of various sorts of roses. For cut many of their patterns from ancient flowers, the Chinese made special ritua~ vases of bronze. When, later, vases of many shapes and preferred I write of Chinese containers, it is to them smaller at the top, as a bulge be understood that, aside from some near the bottom was thought to keep kindly guidance by the keepers of disagreeable odors out of the room. Chinese collections in various Mu­ They ranged in size from two or seums, my information has been ob­ three inches-for a single bloom-to tained from Dr. S. W. Bushell's five or six feet. One of their best "Oriental Ceramic Art Collection of known shapes so frequently copied by W. T . Walters." The ancestor of European nations was the previously flower containers with tubular or mentioned beaker. This was an an­ other groups of openings for separate cient form with trumpet shaped mouth, 238 THE NATIONAL HORTICCLTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 1936

Arra ~IJ,g em ent w ith F ew Flowe1's Fr01QlJ, an old p1'int. Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 239

A C1'owded A r1'ang e 11~e11 t f1' om Th e Flower Gm'den Display'd L011don MDCCXXXII 240 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 called by an early Chinese writer the following items from sales lists "Golden halls for flowers." Contain­ will show: Quintal Flower Horns at ers were considered most important in the Leeds pottery late 18th century arranging cut flowers, but one suitable copied from earlier designs in Queens­ for a lady's drawing room was thought ware. Stratford-Ie-Bow (1745-1776) too frivolous for a scholar's library. flower pots. Chelsea (1745-1770) There were special flowers for each beakers and jars in sets or garnitures season, and the flowers were not of three, five and seven. This fac­ mixed. Gourds were approved to hold tory made hundreds of separate flow­ lotus flowers and a round dish often ers with ormolu stems which could be held citron or fragrant melons to per­ used in vases when fresh flowers were fume the air. In fad, Chinese porce­ not available. Epel1gnes, flower pots lain containers were orr the greatest and hanging flower vases were also variety-there were pots for growing manufactured there. Worcester sets of flowers, suspended perforated baskets covered jars and beakers in 1769. for sweet-scented blooms, joined sec­ Bristol (1770-1781) pairs of hanging tions of bamboo, dishes for flowering flower vases, beakers and jars. Lowe­ bulbs and many more. stoft, a set of porcelain beakers deco­ Their famous garnitures originally rated with a crest. consisted of two jars, two beakers and Flower pots were made by Josiah a vase in the middle. After the Chi­ \i\Tedgwood, after 1760, of Red ware nese began to make porcelain for the and Basalts as well as of Queensware. European trade, the middle vase was He turned out elaborate Epergnes not used and the garniture consisted with pierced baskets for bonbons and of three jars and two beakers. plain ones for flowers. Later on he The Hollanders were the first to use lists a large selection of flower pots, this decoration in Europe. Late in the holders and buLb pots for halls, bou­ 17th century and early in the 18th doirs and drawing rooms, some of century, it was greatly esteemed; the which were very ela:borate. Flower earliest garnitures were in blue and pots and flower holders were made white and later in polychrome. These especially for the table, both "for roots sets of beakers and jars were copied al1d the dressing with flowers" and by hundreds in Delft ware, and of all some of the Wedgwood bulb pots rep­ mantel ornaments were considered resented ruins. We read of a "Bow most desira'ble to li.ght up dark rooms, Pot" (bough pot) in 1772, and green especially when the beakers contained hooped flower pots in 1778. Flower cut flowers fr0111 the garden. The·re containers were made in Italy about was much traffic between Holland 1762. In France at St. Cloud greenhouse at her Chateau handsome containers made especially with porcelain flowers made at this for growing or holding flowers either factory. She drenched them with per­ in old arrangements at the average fume, so that they seemed to be bloom­ Flower Show or in Museum houses. ing in the dead of winter. Many of thes·e beautiful pieces of pot­ Atbout 1753 flower pots, jardinieres tery and porcelain were made in Eng­ and table garnitures were being made land, and also on the Continent, as at the Sevres factory. Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 241

Upper left . lardiniere, painted p01'celain. English (De1'by or Pinxton) about 1815. Courtes'y of The Victoria and Albert MUSe~~11'L Upper 1'1·ght. Cache-pot (fiowe1' pot holder) . F1'ench (SailJ1. t-ClM~d) ab01d 1730. CMtrteS')I of The Vict01"ia (md Albert Nh~seum Lowe1' left. Cache-pot (fiMt)e'r pot holder). French (Ar1'as) about 1785. CMl1'tesy of The Victoria and Albe1't Muse1,~m Lower 1'ight. 1 a.1'diniere. Fre11 ch (Se vres ) , 1758. Courtesy Walte1's Art Galle1'y, Baltimore 242 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

Germany, although last on my list, jeune ... in every respect was the should perhaps have come first. '1 am most delightful assemblage of beauty not familiar with German flower con­ and pleasure we have been presented tainers, but they were certainly made with this seas'on, and artificial flowers at the Dresden factory about 1715, at embellished the gardens and grounds Nymphenburg about 1750 and at where nature with-held her decora­ Strassburg during the last quarter of tions." We would be greatly aston­ the eighteenth century. ished, I feel sure, if, on a pilgrimage, Corcucopias, although not made we beheld an old garden adorned with especially for flowers, were often used roses and tulips of cloth or paper, but to hold them. They appear in a late contemporary data proves such deco­ eighteenth century print holding hya­ ration was used in the eighteenth cinths, and on an early Victorian century. mantel shelf with three roses just at Eighteenth and early nineteenth the top, but no foliage. Many ship­ century centerpieces for the table or loads of china came to this country mantel arrangements make interesting from England, and although I have classes for Flower Shows. The flower not looked particularly for flower con­ beds and landscapes should give end­ tainers in American inventories, many less scope for originality and are of our wealthy famiLies must have or­ rather amusing to make, although I dered them just as they did plates, suppose Persian carpets of sand would platters, dishes and tea sets. A pair have to be left out. of flower pots is in the inventory of Since we brave evidence of vases on Augustine Washington, and I can the table at the end of the seventeenth vouch for a set of three lovely Wedg­ century, they may have been used in wood pots (a mantel garnitur,e) which the eighteenth and, in any event, the was imported about 1775 by the an­ Epergne, Floating Island with green­ cestor of a friend who lived in South ery, flower-beds and sets of flower Carolina. Some fine containers were pots would be allowed. Our horticul­ made during the Empire period, and turists of today could hardly be more even the early Victorian jardinieres enthusiastic over some pampered blos­ and flower pots are now eagerly col­ som than the members of that 18th lected. century "Florists Club" which is de­ We know that, in the nineteenth scribed as an "Odoriferous society century, artificial flowers were used consisting of pink and tulip worship­ extensively for all sorts ry.f decoration, ers, who would walk ten miles to see but they were made at china factor,ies, a new stripe in a gill-iflower and gaze and by ladies in the eighteenth century away whole hours upon an odd col­ as well. An eighteenth century gen­ oured daisy." tleman speaks of seeing in the house The question "What rules does one of a friend, "v·essels of Chelsea china use for old arrangements?" is fre­ in which were placed sprigs of vari­ quently asked. None that I know of! ous coloured artificial blooms." These It would be hard to picture our an­ blooms may have been either of china cestors struggling with Japanese regu­ (since separate flowers were made of lations and puzzling their heads to porcelain about 1755 to us'e in vases) avoid the pitfalls of our modern re­ or of silk or paper. The Ladies' strictions. We can be guided only by Monthly Museum describes a very re­ period flower paintings and again by cherche party. "Mrs. Crespigny's De- arrangements seen 111 conversation Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 243

Upper left. Enam"eled Earthenware Bu.lb Holder. Du.tch (Delft), about 1780. Cou1'tesy of The Victoria and Albf!1,t Mt~Seu111 Upper right. Flower Vase, painted. English (Josiah Wedgwood at Et­ ruria) , late 18th Century. CMwtesy of The Victm'ia and Albert Museum, Lower left. Enmneled Ea1,thewwa1'e Bulb Vase. Ge1'11l/,an (probably Frank­ fort-on-Main), second half 17th Century. CMwtesy of The Victoria and Albert Museu,111 Lower right. Quintal Flowe1'ho1'n, pa,inted ea1,thenware. English (Leeds). late 18th Cenh,wy. Courtesy of The Victoria and Albert Museu111 244 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 prints showing rooms in which flowers these should hold, your guess IS as were used. I have waded through good as mine. hundreds of prints in book shops and Pots and jardinieres lend themselves to the display of transplanted growing English and European Museums. flowers of various kinds. Other con­ Some of these illustrated arrangements tainers can be used for bulbs which might pass the judges at Flower have slender stalks that can be Shows, but more would fall by the trained through the holes. Still others wayside. They are often stiff and will not admit either bul,b or shoots regular, sometimes very tall in low and can only be used to hold cut containers and others squatty in high flowers. The lids of bough pots have ones. Frequently the vases are crowd­ usually three holes towards the back; ed with all sorts and colors of flowers, these are made for one stem each, the less often they hoM a few. Strive for branches going hither and yon -let crooked stems rather than straight them cross as they like without cut­ ones, for in some of the loveliest old ting. Modern rules of judging do not composit,ions tulips and poppies, as apply to old arrangements. We should well as other flowers, show a wavy try to use plant material which could growth. A famous judge, on one oc­ have been in our country at the pe­ cas10n, complained bitterly that one riod represented. Cottage tulips, class was made up of "Flowers merely rather than Darwin, native Wistaria, stuck in bowls." Naturally, lack of instead of Chinese, larkspur and not composition rates as a fault in this improved delphiniums; and, when year of grace, but how could old­ possible, the old sorts of roses. Our fashioned ladies be expected to con­ ancestors doubtless decorated their sider dominants and sophisticated homes with many flowers of the field, grouping? but could not have used those varie­ In the crocus and bulb pots, there ties introduced from abroad by their are from two to five or more holes in great-grandchildren. the lid. These must be filLed as if the I will conclude with the words of bulbs were growing in the pot, one Brother Francis Gentle, Lay Car­ bloom for each hole. The containers thusian (London, 1706): "Perhaps I with pierced grids have as many as have more Rote than Knowledge, fourteen openings in the lid, some­ more Presumption than Ingenuity, al­ times with one large hole in the mid­ though I do not Bear Malice to those dIe; and about the number of Howers who tell me my Faults." On the History of the Introduction of Woody Plants into North America

ALFRED REHDER T1'anslat ed from the GermanI by ETHELYN M. TUCKER (Revised by the a'uthor)

The introduction of North Ameri­ The first fruit tree introduced into can woody plants into Europe has the New World was the peach, which been treated frequently, and especially as early as the 16th century was more recently by K. Wein,2 while of brought into Florida by the Spaniards; the introduction of woody pLants from from there it spread west and north other countries into North America and was planted by the white settlers almost nothing has as yet been writ­ as well as by the Indians. The intro­ ten. It will, therefore, be appropriate duction of woody plants in the North to g,ive here a brief sketch as to when began in the first half of the 17th cen­ and how foreign and also western tury. The first account of this we American woody plants reached the find in Josselyn (New England Rari­ gardens of eastern North America, as ties, 1672, and Account of Two Voy­ well as to mention the earliest and the ages to New England in 1638 and more important gardens and arboreta. 1663, 1674) where he mentions the The history of the introduction or apple, pear, quince, cherry, plum and ligneous plants into North America bal,berry as thriving in New England; may be divided into three periods, the he menti'ons also Salvia 0 fficinalis and first of which embraces the time from remarks that Artr:J11Iz,isia abrotanu111,) the arrival of the first European set­ rosemary and lavender were not suit­ tlers up to the middle of the 18th ed to the climate of New England, century. This period is characterized which shows that their introduction by the fact that the introduction o>f was attempted, but was successful European woody plants is restricted only in the southern states. Of or­ chiefly to fruit trees and other use­ namental shl'ubs he mentions only the ful plants with the addition of but a rose. We can, however, be almost few ornamental shrubs. This is not certain that some other ornamental to be wondered at since pioneers in shrubs, such as the lilac, snowball a strange land have a hard struggle ( V ib1wmtm 0 pulus f. 1'OSeU111,) and box for existence and are forced to seek had already in the second haH of first to assure for themselves the neces­ the 17th century been found here and s,ities or Me, and only with increasing there, as in the garden of Van Cort­ wealth and security of possession do landt in Croton on Hudson estab­ they find leisure to think of beauti­ lished shortly after 1861 , and in fying their surroundings. that of Peter Stuyvesant in New Am­ 'Mittei/Jungen der D eutschen den rkologischen sterdam (New York) which was es­ GeselUchCLft, 1932, pp. 114·129. . 2Mittei/Jungen der D eutschen del1Hibiscus by the introduction of an ever-in­ syriacus. In the earlier Prince estate creasing number of ornamental trees still stand the oldest specimens in and shrubs, exclusively however from America of the cedar of Lebanon and European gardens, and may be con­ Atlas cedar, Paulownia, the copper sidered as extending from the middle beech, Asiatic magnolias and others. of the 18th to the middle of the Toward the middle of the 18th 19th century. In this period two century wealthy landowners, especially men are outstanding figures, pio­ in Pennsylvania and Virginia, began to neers in garden-craft. One is John layout large gardens in which among Bartram, who in 1728 established other things one finds box, lila<:, a botanic garden at Kinsessing near Ta;rus bacca.ta, and Sahx babylonica. Philadelphia, where he planted and Washington's garden at Mount Ver­ cultivated American trees and shrubs, non, begun about 1760, was one of which he had collected in his travels the most important and contained extending from Lake Ontario to many American and foreign trees and Florida. He was in active communi­ shrubs. One other very rich garden cation with England and introduced was laid out some years later by Wil­ many American plants there; in ex­ liam Hamilton on his estate, "The change he received plants from Euro­ Woodlands," near Philadelphia. This pean gardens and propagated them estate was later converted into a ceme­ in America. Among these may be tery, "Woodlands Cemetery," in which mentioned the horse chestnut, which today many of the trees planted by probably came to America in the year Hamilton still stand, among them the 1746. His work was continued by first Ginkgo in America which was his sons, John and William. Bar­ planted in 1784. Humphry Marshall, tram's house and garden stand to­ inspired by his cousin, John Bar­ day, preserved in their original form. tram, began in 1773 the foundation The second man is Robert Prince, of an arboretum in Bradford, now who in the year 1730 founded a nur­ Marshallton, in Pennsylvania. In 1785 sery in Flushing, Long Island, which he published his "Arbustrum ameri­ has been managed continuously canum," the first work written by an through five generations of the same American on American trees and Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 247

A1'Iwld Arbol'ef1m~

Ginkgo biloba in Woodlawn Cemetery 248 THE NATIOI AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 shrubs. Many of the trees whi·ch Marshall planted stand today. The first actual botanic garden in America was founded in 1801 ,by David Ho­ sack in New York under the name "Elgin Botanic Garden." In the year 1810 it was taken over by the state of New York and later transferred to Columbia University, but was finally discontinued for want of funds. The second edition of the catalogue of this garden in 1811 contained many European and a number o,f Asiatic trees and shrubs, among which are Gleditsia sinensis, Malus spectabilis, Rosa multiflora, Mag1wlia lilifio1'a, Hydrangea macrophylla (H. opuPo'i­ des), Sopho1'a japonica and Anc'btba japonica, the last two grown as green­ house plants. A second 'botanic gar­ den was established at the beginning of the 19th .century in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and still exists a's the Botanic Garden of Harvard University. In the year 1818 a catalogue of the garden by W. D. Peck was issued Sequoia giga·ntea. 'i.n Pail7te/s Arb01'e­ listing the following Asiatic trees and tll1ll, NI edia, Pa. shrubs not mentioned in the cata­ logue of the Elgin Botanic Garden: denced through the collections of lig­ Vitex N egundo var. incisa, EriobotTya neous plants begun in 1800 by the ja,ponica and Th'btja orientalis. Other brothers Samuel and Joshua Pierce in eastern Asiatic trees and shrubs list­ Longwood, Pennsylvania, and through ed in Prince's catalogue for 1828 are more than 50 years carried on by the U l711/,'b('S pa;rvifolia and W iste1'ia sinen­ family. The garden which still con­ sis. In the year 1806 an expedition tains many of the trees planted by under command of Lewis and Clark, the Pierce brothers is now the prop­ sent to the west coast by the United erty of Pierre S. Du Pont. Another States government, brought back to the well-known collection is the Painter East the first west American plants, Arboretum, near Lima, in Pennsyl­ which were distri.buted by Maomahon vania, founded in 1825 by the 'brothers and Philip Landreth, two gardeners Minshall and Jacob Painter, who ex­ in Philadelphia; by far the most im­ tended and maintained the arboretum portant woody plants so brought were up to the time of their death in the M aho11ia Aquifoliu11l/" Ribes aU1'e'b('11'b, 70's. The garden exists today and and Ribes sanguineu11'b. At the begin­ contains among other plants the old­ ning of the 19th century a greatly in­ est specimen of S eq'bwia giga.ntea in creased interest in gardening and plant eastern North America unless the S e­ culture and especially in the culti­ quoia at Aurora, N. Y, which is a vation of trees and shrubs was evi- taller tree, is older. Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL "MAGAZINE 249

Ginkgo biloba, m, Ba1,tmm's Gal'den 250 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

In the year 1828 John Evans entirely by way of Europe, with the founded a garden on the I than Creek possible exception of a few important near Philadelphia and brought to­ trees and shrubs such as Rosa laev'i­ gether a remarkable collection CYf trees, gata Michx., which had previously shrubs and herbaceous plants. He come direct to America and by the corresponded with both Hookers, end of the 18th century was already father and son, and exchanged seeds, growing wild in the southern s'tates. and also received seeds of Himalayan How it may brave come there remains plants which Joseph Hooker had col­ unknown. lected. In the year 1841 Henry Win­ In the year 1861 Dr. George R. throp Sargent bought the estate Hall, who spent nearly fifteen years W odenethe a:bove Fishkill Landing in in China and had also visited Japan the state of New York and planted sent a number of plants from Japan and attempted to raise all the conifers to America; in the following year he which he was able to obtain; from brought still more Japanese plants, here was distributed Pinus ponderosa some of which he sent to Parson's f. pendula. Another Pinetum was es­ N ursery, in Flushing, some ~o Fran­ tablished by Horatio Hollis Hunne­ cis Parkman, in Boston, and some he well, of Wellesley, in the year 1852, planted on his own estate in Bristol, and is still maintained by the family. Rhode Island, where many of them No garden in the eastern U nlted are growing today. Among the plants States can boast a tbetter collection which he introduced may be men­ of fine large specimens of various tioned some then not even known in conifers. Europe, as his Malus H alliana, M ag­ Here also mention should be made nolia stellata and M. kobus, Hydrangea of some famous nurseries such as that paniculata f. grandifiora, Hypericum of Ellwanger and Barry in Rochester, patulum, Taxus cuspidata f. nana, New York, established in 1840, the S ciadopitys verticillata, P hello dendron nursery of Samuel B. Parsons and his Lavallei, Evonymus patens and Lilium brother Robert established at the same m£ratw/IItL. Other Japanese plants were time in Flushing, Long Island, and introduced by Thomas Hogg, the later that of Thomas Meehan, 111 American consul in Japan in the Germantown, near Philadelphia, 111 years 1865 and 1875, and propagated 1853. All these firms carried a in Parson's nursery; among these large number of trees and shrubs C ercidiphyllum japonicum, Hydrangea and thereby made many of the plant petiola?-is, Symplocos paniculata, M ag­ treasures of European gardens avail­ nolia parvifiora and M. obovata (M, able to American garden lovers. hypoleuca) deserve special mention. A third period may be marked from In the year 1872 the Arnold Ar­ the year 1861 in which the first J apa­ boretum was founded as a department nese plants were sent to America and of Harvard University with Professor thereby direct communication with C. S. Sargent as Director, an institu­ Japan and later also with China was tion whose purpose was to grow all initiated, countries which were des­ the woody plants which would be tined to enrich American and Euro­ hardy in the climate of Boston. All pean gardens through a large number plants already cultivated in European of beauti.ful and valuable trees and and American gardens were collected shrubs. Up to this time America had and planted. As to those not yet received eastern Asiatic woody plants found in cultivation the director made Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 251 it his aim to introduce from eastern years Wilson sent more than 1,200 Asia the rich ligneous flora up to numbers of seeds to the Arnold Ar­ that time only slightly known in west­ boretum as well as a number of cut­ ern gardens. The first shipment of tings and young plants of Populus seeds from eastern Asia was sent to and Salix and some other woody the Arnold Arboretum in the 80's by plants. Many of the plants collected Dr. E. Bretschneider, who was by him proved to be new not only physician to the Russian embassy to cultivatioll, but also to science. in Peking. It consisted chiefly of Wilson's new introductions and even trees and shrubs from the mountains those of horticultural merit are too west of Peking, among which may be numerous to mention here and only mentioned Syringa pub esc ens and the following selection may be noted, S. villosa, Sorbus pohuashanensis and among which are found some pre­ S. disdolor (S. pekinensis) , Deutzia viously collected by him for Veitch; parvifiom, Rhododendron dauricu111, Abies Fa1'gesii, Actinidia chinensis, var. 11'1,ucronulatum" Pyrus Bretschnei­ Aesculus W ilsonii, Berberis Sargen­ deri, P. betulifolia and P. phaeocarpa. tiana and B. triacanthoph'cira, Cercis From Japan the Arboretum received racenlf.osa, C 01'ylopsis Veitchiana, C 0- in 1890, through Dr. William S. toneaster diva1'icata and C. hupehen­ Bigelow, seeds of Prunus Swrgentii. sis, Dipte1'oni.a sinensis, Fagus lucida, Two years later the director, Profes­ Hydmngea Sargen tiana, flex P ernyi, sor Sargent, visited Japan and brought ] asmi'}'bu1% M esnyi (1. pri111f.$~linum), back seeds of many trees and shrubs K olkwitzia am.abilis, Malus hupehen­ chief among which were Rhododen­ sis, Populus lasiocwrpa, Picea asper­ d1'on obtusum var. Kaempferi, one of ata, Rosa M oyesii, Salix magnifica, the most valuable introductions of the Sarge'ntodoxa cuneata, S inowilsonia Arboretum, Malus Sargentii, Acer ca­ H enryi, S 01'ba1'ia arborea, S pimea pitlipes and S orbus alwifolia. In the Veitchii, Styrax WilsOl1,ii, Syringa re­ year 1905 J. G. Jack made a trip to fiexa, V iburnu11i rhytidiphyllu11'L. Also eastern Asia and brought back, among a part of the seeds of woody plants other plants from Korea, Rhododen­ collected in western China by C. dron yedoense var. poukhanense, Schneider for the Austrian Dendrolog­ Tripterygiu111f. Regelii and Evodia ical Society in 1914 came to America Daniellii, and from northern China owing to the interruption of commu­ Quercus aliena and Salix Matsudana. nication with Europe by the World A year earlier the Japanese botanist War. In the year 1914 Wilson went Uchiyama had sent seeds ' of Korean again to eastern Asia and this time woody plants to the Arnold Arbore­ to Korea and Japan. Of the Korean tum, among them Ab'ies holophylla ligneous plants which he introduced and N eitlia U ekii. In the years 1907 those deserving of special mention are and 1908 E, H. Wilson, who had for­ Forsythia ovata, P entactina rupicola, merly collected yery successfully in Stewartia koreana, Buxus 11iicrophylla China for the English nursery firm var. koreana, Thuja koraiensis and of Veitch, traveled for the Arnold Syringa velutina; of the Japanese lig­ Arboretum. Two years later he un­ neous plants may be named the nu­ dertook a second journey to China, merous garden forms of Japanese chiefly to western China, to collect cherries and the Kurume azaleas. seeds of conifers which in 1908 had From Formosa, which he visited in borne no cones, During these three 1918, he introduced the only recently zsz THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 discovered Tatiw(ul[.ia crypto11l/,e1'ioides, in the years 1907-1914 traveled in the tallest conifer of eastern Asia, a central and eastern Asia, where by ac­ counterpart o,f the Sequoia gigantea cident he lost his life in the Yangtsze of California. In the year 1910 and River. Among his new introductions 1911 William Purdom visited the m,ay be mentioned Juniperus squa- northern provinces of China and sent 11wta var. M eye1ri, Syringa M eYe1'i, back a large number of valuable Albizzia kalkora, B etula chinensis, seeds of ligneous plapts, such as Buxus 11I/,icrophylla var. sinica, Daphne Malus tmnsitoria, Prinsepia unifiO?'a, Giraldii, Wisteria villosa. The botanic B erber'is circumserrata and B. Pur­ gardens with arboreta connected such d0111,ii, Sorbus Koehneana, D eutz1:a as the Missouri Botanical Garden in g1'a1'bdiflom and D. hypoglauca, and St. Louis, founded by Henry Shaw Picea M eyeri. The last collector for as a private garden and opened to the the Arnold ArAgriculture with plants, especially those from the its experiment gardens in different Rocky Mountains and from th.e west­ parts of the country, America is in­ ern states, came by way of Europe debted for many new introductions of into eastern American gardens. trees and shrubs through collectors Since most of the plants reached sent to all parts of the world. One America by way of Europe, it may of the most successful of these col­ not be amiss to give here a short lectors was Frank N. Meyer, who sketch of the history of the introduc- Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 253

For sythia ovata tion of woody plants into Europe. If fairly complete li st of woody plants we di sregard the gardens of Babylon, cultivated in middle Europe in the Egypt, India, Persia, Greece and middle of the 16th century we find Rome, since we are chiefly concerned in Conrad Gesner's "Horti Germaniae" with the woody plants of the cooler under the date of 1560. He names temperate zone, we find the first writ­ nearly all the known woody plants ten proof of cultivated trees and growing wild in Germany and also shrubs in middle Europe in connec­ some in south Europe such as Cer­ tion with cloister gardens, as in the cis, Colutea , L abunf/,U11IL, Staphylea, plan of the cloister garden of St. Vitex and Cotinus, while some east­ Gallen published in the year 830, and ern trees and shrubs, as the horse­ in the "Capitulare de villis" promul­ chestnut, lilac and mock-orange are gated by Charlemagne in the year 812, stil1 lacking, but in J ohn Gerard's in which many fruit-bearing trees Catalogue of the plants in his garden, such as the apple, pear, plum, cherry, published in 1596, which is the first quince, walnut, mul'berry, peach, al­ catalogue of plants cultivated in Eng­ mond, chestnut, hazel-nut, medlar lish gardens, the last named plants and grape, also salvia, rosemary, and are fo und together with others fr0111 Arte71~esia abrotanu71·t are mentioned. eastern and southern Europe. About Of ornamental shrubs only the rose the same time J ean Robin published appears, probably Rosa centifolia. A a catalogue of cul tivated plants in the 254 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

Royal Garden at Paris, and Richier baccata and Malus pr'unifolia were de Belleval a catalogue of the botanic received. From the middle to the garden in Montpellier. These are the end of our present century we owe first catalogues of garden plants for our introductions of north and cen­ France. The first North American tral Asiatic woody plants in large woody plant reached Europe through part to the St. Petersburg Botanic France. It was the arbor-vitae (Thufa Garden and its collectors. occide11Jtalis) which probably was The very first Chinese plants brought to France in the year 1536 reached Europe before or about the through Cartier's expedition. In the beginning of the Christian era by way first quarter of the 17th century a of the old trade route from North large number of American trees and China through Tibet and Turkestan shrubs were introduced into France as to Persia. The most important shown by J . Robin's "Enchiridion among these are the peach, apricot, Isagogicum" of 1623, and Cornut's M orus alba, Hibiscus syriacus, Salix "CanadeJ1lsium Plantarum Historia" of babylonica, and Syringa persica, which 1635, in which among others were for a long time was thought to be a listed Robinia Pseudoaca6a, Pwrtheno­ native of Persia. Some few east cissus quinquefolia, Rhus To,'(:ico ­ Asian plants came to Europe through dendl'on and R . typhina, Ca1npsis radi­ India, such as Rosa chinensis, which cans and Prunus serotina. From the therefore was called Bengal rose. The middle of the 17th century, however, first direct introduction we owe to the most of the new introductions came Jesuit father d'Incarville, who in 1750 first to England and by the end of the among other plants brought to Paris 18th century nearly all the more im­ Ailanthus altiss'i11'l,a (A. gland~dosa) portant trees and shrubs of eastern and Sophora faponica. Toward the end North America, partly through the of the 18th century and at the begin­ agency of John and William Bar­ ning of the 19th century Chinese tram, had reached Europe. The first plants began to be introduced into plants of western North America, England through the English East In­ through the expedition of Lewis and dia. Company, among them Paeoni.a Clark, came in 1806 to the East and sujjndicosa (P. 11'wutan) and magno­ from there to Europe ; however, most lias. Between 1810 and 1830 John of the woody plants of the west coast Reeves sent many valuable trees and of North America and of the Rocky shrubs to England, such as liViste1'7:a Mountains were introduced into Eng­ sinensis, Spiraea cantoniensis and va­ land through W. Lobb, R. Douglas, rious azaleas. Very important intro­ and Th. Hartweg between 1825 and ductions we owe to Robert Fortune, 1850. For later introductions we are who in the years 1840 to 1860 col­ indebted chiefly to American gardens lected in China from whence he sent and various American and European to England among other plants Prunus collectors. Among the latter we may triloba, Exoch01'da gmndifiora, S pi­ here mention the two German collec­ raea pl'unifolia, Viburnu111/, tomento­ tors, C. A. Purpus and A. Purpus. sum, Jasminu111/, nudifiorum, Forsy­ Siberian plants reached Europe thia viridis sima and F. suspensa var. scarcely before 1750, when such spe­ Fortunei, Chionanthus retusa, Syringa cies as Lonicera tatarica, Caragana oblata, and Pseudolwrix a11'l,(]}bilis (P. arborescens, C. frutex and C. pygmaea, Kae11l/,pferi). Another English collec­ C ornus alba, S orbaria sorbifoli.a, Malus tor who in the year 1880 was sent out Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 255 to China by the nursery firm of Veitch century were the treasures of the was Charles Maries, to whom we owe Japanese gardens made available for the introduction of H a11W11'Lelis 111Ollis. Europe, first through Philipp von In the years 1870 to 1880, through Siebold, who traveled in Japan in the French missionary, A. David, 1823 to 1829 and returned again in many important northern Chinese the year 1856. Of the numerous plants were brought into France and valuable trees and shrubs which he at about the same time a Russian, introduced we may here mention Dr. Bretschneider, in Peking, sent Malus fioribunda and M. Sieboldii, woody plants from northern China to C ornus kousa, C ercis sinensis, H y­ Europe and also to America. Be­ drangea paniculata, Callicarpa japon­ tween the years 1890 and 1900 va­ ica, Spiraea T hunbergii, many forms rious French missionaries as J. M. of Acer palmatum and of Diervilla. Delav,ey, P. Farges and J. A. Soulie Other J cupanese plants were brought sent seeds of central and western to St. Petersburg by the Russian bot­ Chinese woody plants to France and anist Maximowicz about the year the Italian missionaries G. Giraldi 1850, and cultivated there. In the and C. Silvestri sent seeds of north­ year 1860 John Gould Veitch jour­ ern and central Chinese trees and neyed to Japan and brought many shrubs to Italy. From 1900 to 1904 plants, especially conifers, to England. E. H. Wilson collected very success­ Of the introduction of trees and shrubs fully for the English firm of Veitch to America through Hall, Hogg, Sar­ and from 1907 to 1910 for the Arnold gent and Wilson we have already Arboretum in central and western spoken. In more recent times new China, as already related above more woody plants have been sent to Eu­ in detail, where also the explorers F. rope and America by Japanese botan­ N. Meyer, W. Purdom and J. F. ists and nurseries. The introduction Rock are mentioned. In more recent of woody plants from the Himalayan times F. Kingdon Ward, Reginald Mountains began chiefly about the Farrer and G. Forrest sent many 'year 1820; particularly were the Eng­ woody plants from western China to lish gardens enriched through the England, especially rhododendrons. collections of Joseph Hooker, who in During the last decade with the cre­ the years 1848 to 1851, traveled in ation of Chinese universities and scien­ India and especially in the Himalayan tific institutions Europe as well as Mountains. The influence, however, America is beginning to receive seeds of the Himalayan introductions of and plants directly from Chinese bot­ woody plants on the gardens of the anists and collectors. cooler temperate zone has remained As in case of the Chinese plants comparatively slight, since most of so also the first Japanese plants came the plants have proved more or less to Europe by way of other countries, tender, especially the rhododendrons, as Rhododendron indicum, which was among which are many of great or­ brought from Java to Europe in the namental value. year 1680. Others as the Hydrangea That portion of eastern Asia which macrophylla (H. opuloides) and Deut­ was the latest to disclose to us its zia scabra, which were cultivated in ligneous treasures is Korea. Some China, were introduced into Europe woody plants such as Pinus koraien­ from the last named country. Not sis, C ornus 0 fficinalis, P oncirus (Cit­ until the second quarter of the 19th l'US) trifoliata and Rhododendron 256 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

Schlippenbachii had already reached L. M orrowii and many others, Their us by way of Japan before the end of number increases from year to year so the 19th century and Viburnum Car­ that in time the fl ora of the wooded lesii in the year 1902, but the first areas, at least in the more densely direct introductions to America came populated regions, takes on a mixed about through J. G. J ack, T . Uchi­ character. For the most part, how­ yama .and E. H. Wilson, as has al­ ever, the foreign trees and shrubs will ready been reported 3!bove. probably never become so predominant The southern hemisphere has con­ as is the case with herbaceous plants tributed little to the ligneous fl ora on cultivated and uncultivated ground of our northern gardens. Of the in proximity to settled communities. Australian and New Zealand flora the Here the native plants are often al­ New Zealand Cassinia fulvida is the most crowded out by the European only hardy shrub, and from Antarctic aliens, and when a European who has South America there are but a few a knowledge of plants comes to north­ species of Berberis, especially B . eastern America he will scarcely be b1J(,xifolia, some species of P e1'1~ettya, as reminded by the surrounding vegeta­ P. mucronata, and Escallonia virgata tion, so long as he stays in and near (E. Philippiana) , which have proved the citi es and does not go out into to some extent hardy. the country, that he is in another part Of the woody plants introduced of the world. into North America from Europe and In Europe this is far less the case; Asia may be found so favorable American plants have not become condit ions for their growth that they, naturalized to such a degree as to especially in the eastern states, have change the character of the vegeta­ to a large degree escaped from culti­ tion; in contrast to the European vation, and many are so well estab­ plants the American plants appear li shed that they actually form a part to possess less vitality, which pos­ of the native flora. Among such woody sibly may be explained by the fad plants that have become naturalized in that the European plants represent a many places may be mentioned the geologically younger fl ora. The following: Picea Abies (P. excelsa) , American plants belong in the main to Salix fragilis, Populus alba, P. n·igra, the tertiary flora, while the European Alnu.s gl.~tinosa, B erbe1'is vulgaris, B. flora has developed and spread since Thunbe1'gii, R 'ibes sativu111" Philadel­ the ice age. But the European and ph'/J£s coronarius, S orbaria sorbifolia, Asiatic flora wi ll also change with M al1J£s p%111.ila, S O1'bus A 'bKU,Par'ia, time. As a consequence of the inter­ Crataeg1J£s Oxyacantha, Pyracantha course between the different countries coccinea, Rubus laciniatus, Rosa ca17- ever becoming closer one may expect ina, R. Eglanteria (R. 1'%biginosa) , that an increasing mixture of floras P,'unu.s Persica, P. avium, P. Ce1'a­ of each of the climatic zones will take sus, P. spinosa, Genista tinctoria, Cy­ place and that finally each climatic tisus scopa1'i'b£s, Ailanthus altissi111,a (A. zone around the world will have more glandulosa) , Evonymus eU1'opaea, or less the same or similar vegeta­ Rhamnus cathartica and R. F1'angula, tion, as this is already the case today Daphne M eze're'um, S o la11'b£11~ D1J(,lca­ to a higher degree in the Tropics mara, Ligustrum, vulga1'e, Paulownia than in the Temperate zone. t0l1W1 1J tosa, Lowicera Caprifoliu111o, L. TRANSLATOR'S NOTE japonica, L. tatarica, L. X yCosteu111" In the foregoing article Professor Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 257

Rehder has made an important con­ them, and why they bear the names tribution to our knowledge of the they do. It is hoped that someone dates of introduction into America of will carry forward the fascinating many of our well known trees and study which Professor Rehder has so shrubs. There is a constantly increas­ ably begun and thus give to garden ing interest in the history of our fa­ lovers a better acquaintance with their vorite or familiar plants, where they plant friends. came from, how and when, who named E. M. T. 258 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 A Book or Two Our Friends, the Trees. By Dr. P. G. "to cover the subject of garden mak­ Cross. E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., ing in the tropics from two angles­ New York, 1936. 334 pages. Illus­ design, whid1 is its art and philosophy; trated. $5.00. and the choice of plants and their culture, which is its science." The When one has read innumerable authors recognize clearly the inex­ books that have to do with horticul­ tricable relation of these parts and ture and its allied subj ects, one falls throughout the book touch first upon into rather easy ways of classifying the essential note of design and then them according to several more or less discuss plants useful to obtain those sharply ddined groups. This can be ends. done for the present volume, but one is not happy about it. Your reviewer The chapter headings give an idea would rather say first of this book of the contents of the book : Design that it was written with a passionate of Tropical Gardens (much too brief) ; love of the subject that fires all the Outdoor Rooms for the Tropics ; Dry writing. This differentiates it at once Gardens and Patios in the Hot Cli­ from all those books that seem to mate; Tropical Vvater and Rock Gar­ have been written as assignments, no dens; Beach and Mountain Garden­ matter how competent that may be. ing; Lawns in the Tropics; Trees .for the Tropics; Large Trees; Small There are thirty-four chapters and Trees; Palms; Tropical Fruits as four appendices. They are not all of Ornamentals; Evergreens in the equal length or equal value. Much is Tropics; Tropical Shrubs and Hibis­ touched upon that has been written cus; Filler Shrubs; Vines for Trop­ about before this. Some of the de­ ical Gardens; EX'otics ; Tropical tails seem to be slight, but once one Ferns; The Tropical Greenhouse and starts the book, there is no escape Orchids; Annuals and Perennials in until it is read through. the Tropics; Tropical Hmticulture, Since today we are more aware with special reference to Hawaii; than ever before of the fo lly of our Color and Blooming Charts; Index. past life in our lack of understanding All garden books need a certain of the relatiol1 of trees to the conser­ amount of interpretation for use by vation of water and so il , everyone any reader. The present book will should read it, even to the city be more useful in Florida than else­ dweller. Try it yourself and have where in our country, but the enthu­ a new view on our national life. siastic reader will have to remember constantly that there are frosts in The Tropical Ga1'den. By Lorraine Florida and that there is not, there­ K uck and Richard Tongg. The fore, the wide flora available to the Macmillan Company, New York, gardener in Hawaii. He should dis­ 1936. 378 pages. Illustrated. cover, however, a vast number of The introduction of this book is plants more worthy of his attention dated from Honolulu and the ac­ than some he now grows, many pic­ knowledgments suggest that all of it tures of excellent group combinations may have beel1 prepared there. It and ideas for designs that are well states that the aim of the book 1S worth study. Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 259

Rafi1'besque's Kentucky Friends. By Before these, come pleasant chapters Harry A. Weiss. Privately print­ in which are discussed the genus as ed, Highland Park, N. J. 1936. a whole and of the hybrid gentians This is not a horticultural book but (of which there are more and more). since Rafinesque figures widely in The photographs are numerous and early American botanical work on ac­ excellent, rather more infectious than count of his travels and collections the chill blue green color drawing by as much as his varied activities, it John Nash that introduces Gentiana seems well to record here a note on sino-O?'nata as a frontispiece. this pleasant book with its brief but informing introduction and the series Carnations and AU Dianthus. By of twenty-five pencil portraits with Montague G. Allwood. Published their quaint legends and remarks. by Allwood Bros., Hahward's Heath, England. Gentians. By David Wilkie. London, The title of this very interesting Country Life, Ltd.; New York. book is a poor one because the book Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. 187 does not cover all dianthus. It would pages. Illustrated. have been better to have had some less i:ndusiv,e title since the volume There might have been a time, not deals with carnations for greenhouse long ago, when anyone would have and border, sweet williams, Chinese been surprised to find a whole book pinks and a few hybrid strains. N ear­ on gentians. Now that rock garden­ ly everything is tinged with the work ing has come to such enthusiasm it and thought of the Allwoods and the is less surprising, although the genus book has a cultural and historical is not confined to rock gardens for its value for that reason. living. No American who cares about these The major portion of the book is things should fail to read it, but no given over to alphabetically arranged American need feel it is a new rule descriptions of species in cultivation of thumb by which he can proceed. or likely to be reintroduced. The name is supported in e31ch case by a Garden Variety. By Sir Arthur Hort. reference to the original description; a Edward Arnold & Co., London, reference to a good illustration, not 1936. 255 pages, with frontis­ necessarily the original one; and a piece. page or so of text that gives in sim­ ple terms a description of the plant, This is the sort of book .that is diffi­ its cultural preferences and any de­ cult to review since it is made up of tails peculiar to itself. This larger personal comments, opinions and re­ chapter is followed by an annotated marks upon the many plants the au­ list of species not in chlltivation. thor has grown in his own garden or Chapter IV has to do with cultiva­ has seen afield. Most of the work was tion which is undoubtedly the meat completed before Sir Arthur's death of the book for unless it is mastered, and the remaining portiDn, completed there is not much point in pursuing by his widow, is hardly to be distin­ the species so happily described. Im­ guished from the first part. mediately thereafter, one must master Those who are familiar with "The the facts in Chapter V-"Their Place Unconventional Garden" will welcome in the Garden." this new book with its scholarly writ- 260 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZIN E Oct. , 1936 mg, delightful prose, pungent opinions politan gardener. P erhaps the author and breadth of outlook. Each reader has t oo many roots in England-a will take from it what is most to hi s happy lot, but . not for most of us. taste and each gardener will borrow Since we have few American bulb from it something for hi s own store books that cover the wider field of this of knowledge. book, it is most welcome but one hopes that M rs. \i\lilder will do another one Adventures with H ardy Bu.lbs. By t hat is mo·re inti mate in its flavor. Louise Beebe Wilder. The Mac­ millan Company, New York, N . Y. T he Formal Garden in E ngland. By 1936. 363 pages. Illustrated. $5.00. Sir R eginald Blomfi eld, R. A. The Macmillan Co., New York, N. Y. The book is divided into two parts, 1936. 250 pages. Illustrated. $2.40. the first and smaller section, deals with the use of bulbs in the rock garden, This is a reprinting of the third in naturali zing and with tender bulbs editi on, with no foreword to indicate in the rock garden ; the balance gives any changes from the edition of 1901. group treatments of various families Although it is a book of greater value from allium .to zygadenus. T he book to students of landscape design, it may rests upon M rs. Wilder's long and be read with both interest and profit varie d experience in t wo gardens of by all who are interested in gardening. her own, visiting in other gardens and prodigious readi ng. She reminds H erbe1'tia. Vol. 3. The publicati on of us that both her gardens have been The Ameri can Amarvlli s Society; in N ew York, so that we may do our edited by Hamilton P . T raub, Or­ own interpreting as we have to do lando, F la. 160 pages. Illustrated. with any book. Each year brings a larger and more As always the wri ting is clear and interesting publication from The Amer­ felicitous, and in thi s book is fo rtified ican Amaryllis Society. by Mrs. W ilder's charming photo­ The Yearbook follows more or less graphs and drawi ngs. The book is closely t he established plan of other pleasantly printed and is re111 arkablv yearbooks with an initial section de­ free of typographical errors. It ha.'s voted to biographi cal notes on a dis­ the unpleasant requi rement of making tingui shed horticulturist in this fi eld ; one turn the book sideways to see fo r the present year, M r. A rthingtoll many of the pictures; even so, one \i\l orsley. Then follow the notes of the finds OIur Eastern dog-tooth violet on Society's business and affairs. its head. For the non-member, the most in­ There is no explanati on as to why teresting secti ons are those fi nal divi­ the illustrations ci ted in the text were sions that discuss vari ous species, little chosen. Relatively few rea ders have known or new, reports on distribution access either to Curtis Botanical Maga­ of species in various countries, various zine or the Botanical Register. There cul tural articles, papers on breeding is no denying the beauty of the col­ and allied subjects propagation, and ored plates, but the citation is a sort shorter papers on many plants within of aggravation for any but the metro- the large fi eld. The Gardener's Pocketbook

A Note on Liliu11IL s'b£pe?'bU?11/, modified in color) of C. Dm1idiana, In the fall of 1932 a friend of mine but with the rampant climbing habit gave me a single bulb of Lilium Su­ of C. Vitalba. I published an account perbum, which is a native of West of it in the N at'ional H o1,ticuU.ural Virginia. I planted it in my garden Magazine in January, 1933. No va­ in full sunlight and mulched it with riety of Clematis is more easily grown, chicken manure which had lain in the and it deserves to be far better known open about a year. I watered it than it is in this country. generously during the following sum­ C. B owe1'i was first found in a mer. garden in Waukegan, Illinois, and was This bulb threw a single stem which called to my attention by the owner grew to a height of 8 ft. 2 ins. and of the garden, Mrs. Susan M. b01'e 77 individual fiowe'rs. Bower, a native of Dutchess County, The following summer eight stalks New York. C. Vi1'giniana and C. were produced bearing eight umbels Davidiana were growing near each Qf flowers, as follows: other in her garden, and about seven Stock No.1, 97 flowers years ago she noticed some seedlings Stock No.2, 39 flowers near by. She replanted one of these, Stock No.3, 48 flowers and it proved to be different from any Stock No.4, 34 flowers other plant in the garden. She sent Stock No.5, 12 flowers specimens to a nearby arboretum and Stock No.6, 8 flowers various nurserymen, but they were Stock No.7. 8 flowers unable to identify the plant. She then Stock No.8, 6 flowers sent a specimen to me, in her be­ Total, 252 individual florets. loved Dutchess County, and it is from this specimen that I first became ac­ -c. E. LAUTERBACH, quainted with the new hybrid. Buckhannon, W. Va. It is as rampant a climber as C. Virginiana, sometimes growing as Cle1%atis B owe1'i, Spingarn much as fifteen feet the first year it is This is, so far as I know, the first set out. The foliage varies in size, account of an unnamed Clematis, a some of the leaflets being as large and natural hybrid between C. Vi1'giniana coarsely toothed as those of C. David­ and C. Davidiana, to which I have iana, while those at the end of the given the name of Clemat'is Boweri. branches are smaller and finer. The C. Davidiana is a low-growing plant flowers grow in small panicles and with blue tubular flowers, and when are somewhat similar to those of C. growing near certain other Clematis Davidiana, but of pale lavender color, species, has on various occasions cross and bloom for two weeks or so about fertilized them and produced one or the middle of August. Male flowers more interesting natural hybrids. One are found on some branches and fe­ of these, C. J ouiniana" is a cross be­ male flowers on other branches. As tween C. Davl:diana and the Euro­ a rampant and floriferous climber it pean climber C. Vitalba, with the has much to recommend it, for drap­ foliage and the flowers (somewhat ing trellises, fences, and stone walls, [ 261] 262 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

and for screenmg purposes of all Maybe the sweet brier fragrance of sorts. the leaves was unsatisfactory to the J. E. SPINGARN. rose chafers, but anyway they scorned Troutbeck, Amenia, N ew York. it. The exclamations of our guests when they came upon the cool green A Good Hedge Rose and white bouquet with itSl touch of Some ten or twenty years ago we red and the refreshing fragrance of planted a short hedge of the shrub sweetbrier through the house well re­ ros'e "Schneezwerg." It is a Rugosa paid us for the trip out in the hot sun Hybrid I presume, though I haven't to capture it. its pedigree. The only catalog (Bob­ MARY SELDEN. bink and Atkins) in which I find it Avon, New York. listed describes it: "Half-double snow white flowers, with a center of golden A Garden Center stamens, are pl10duced in clusters steadily from Spring to frost. A One of the pleasant features of an spiny plant with splendid green £0- editor's mail is that it can usually be liage. Entirely hardy and resistant counted on for at least one unexpected to rose pests." This, and more, is subject each day. true. Our hedge is some ways from Recently there came an attractive oLlr other roses in a dry place, poor set of leaflets from The Hackensack soil, full sun. Garden Center, Union and Berry Last summer on August IS, 1936, a Streets, Hackensack, N. J., and a let­ ter from Mrs. Frederick T. Fisher sudden announcement that company telling particularly of their Penny Tre~ was coming inspired a skirmish Planting Association, which "origi­ through the garden in search of flow­ nated in a Hackensack School" and is ers for our entrance hall. The early being promoted ,by the Garden Center blooms were gone, the late ones not to help the city replace trees lost in out, the in-betweens all dried up-even widening boulevards and by disease. zinnias that had been watered and It seems a feasible scheme for others marigolds were unfit to use. Every­ to follow and, now that we are so thing seemed done up by the heat. We acutely aware of the value of trees, were in the midst of one of our heat one that other clubs may want to waves-103 degrees in the shade. We follow. remembered the rose hedge outside the gateway and there to our joy Six useful blue-toned i1'ises found abundant sprays of crisp green foliage sprinkled with clusters of white Some time I should like to devote roses in full bloom, buds and charm­ an extended article to irises which ing hips. These roses had survived give a garden effect approaching true two record-breaking winters without blue and the pleasant results which protection, 33 degrees below zero one follow their extended use. Such am­ year and six weeks when it did not bition must needs lead beyond the get above 32 degrees. Thel'l two sum­ scope of the present note, which is mers of the worst drought in memory designed merely to pay my respects and an onslaught of rose chafers dur­ to a half-dozen irises of this type, ing which for two years roses, peonies, none of them new enough to be very dutzia and grapes were devastated. expensive, which have in our experi- Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 263 ence been found consistently depend­ ous habit. It yields an amazing burst able and still in the face of newer of bloom and hence makes a great rivals have been a particular source show in a sunny border. Like all of delight to us this now waning sea­ blue flowers, it loses much of its char­ s'On. acter when subjected to the yellowish ARIEL is of fairly recent English light of the usual exhibition hall or origin and as yet not widely known artificial illumination. With me the outside of collections, but it is a flowers open so fast as materially to charming thing. In stature it is rather shorten the duration of the display, modest, but it comes early, is free of which I regard as something of a bloom, and the nicely formed flowers fault, but I am glad to add that not are lightly and airily poised on stems all my friends report a similar ex­ slender enough to give them grace, perience. Wedgwood is a trifle later whence no doubt the very appropriate than Ariel and also somewhat taller. and pleasing name. The flowers are CLARIDAD is a good mid-season iris of fair size and their color seems well of an especially clean and therefore described as harebell blue. Unfortu­ pure and pleasing tone. I do not have nately I do not have a note of the a memorandum of its exact color, but exact matching according to Ridgway. it swerves enough on the blue side of The garden effect is wholly delightful, lavender to be of noteworthy effect in and could doubtless be enhanced in the garden. The flowers are large and many ways, for instance by associa­ of good substance. I well remember tion with one of the solid deep violet the enthusiasm of one of our well­ varieties like Harmony and perhaps a known eastern fanciers of the iris the yellow of the clear tone of Miss Stur­ first time he saw a clump of this va­ tevant's sunny Gold Imperial. I know riety in bloom. It is of Californian from experience that these three irises origin but I think is generally reported are beautiful in a bowl together. of fair hardiness elsewhere. WEDGWOOD is a somewhat older LADY CHARLES ALLOM brings us English variety originated by the late back to England again, and even Mr. W. R. Dykes, whose passion though it has often been damned with seems principally to have been for the faint praise, to me it has ever ap­ clearest, purest colors he could get. pealed as one of the noblest of the Here again we have a name more many fine irises bearing the seal of than usually appropriate, since the Amos Perry. With a height of a flowers are of that entrancing hue de­ yard or more, the branching stems nominated Soft Bluish Violet by carry in comfort the large, well-spaced Ridgway (the falls tending to deepen flowers which come out later and last to Dauphin's Violet). Thus there is longer than those of Wedgwood, while about as close an approach to a clear in color they really approach very pure blue as I have been able to match near. Ridgway would probably call in any of the irises at present in com­ the standards Deep Soft Bluish Violet, merce. I may be reminded that a while the falls seem rather brighter rival for color may be found in the perhaps than Dauphin's Violet. Less French variety Ideal, but the latter is technically this signifies a flower on so much less reliable in its behavior the blue side of violet, a trifle deeper that I long ago discarded it. Wedg­ in tone than Wedgwood, and in effect wood is not only hardy but of vigor- almost a self, a surprisingly close 264 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 match to some of the prettiest variants Its effect as an isolated specImen on of the peach-bell, C ampanula persici­ the show table is far from overwhelm­ folia. Overlapping in season, the iris ing, but from the standpoint of gen­ a11d the bellflower consequently plant eral utility I have found this one of well together, and are then a charm­ the truly worth-while irises. Perla­ ing illustration of the peculiar beauty donna has the pleasing habit of some which flowers similar in tone but irises in now and then showing two strongly contrasting in form so often peaks of bloom by reason of its not yield to one another. The trim out­ always responding with all its buds to lines of the segments and the fact that whatever may be the initial stimulus the color of the fall is solid to the to the attainment of its climax. beard add much to the distinction of It should be remembered that in the flower. The beard is pale lav­ the bluer tones we are in one of the ~nder, tipped Deep Chrome, a pleas­ marches of irisd0111, an outpost of ing contrast against the blue. I would variation where the banners of our not wish to be without this iris. I allegiance are being planted in every wonder if I am correct in a suspicion newer territory, however slight the that there is somewhat more than a advance possible at one tiine. Conse­ trace of the blood of his ce'l'tigialtVi to quently the technical perfection de­ be found there, as likewise perhaps in manded in a new exhibition iris of Ariel and Wedgwood and possibly lavender or purple or other standard even in Perladonna. hue cannot be expected to prevail to JOYA is a striking late iris origi­ the same extent here. On the marches nated by Mr. B. Y. Morrison. The mere occupation of territory, in other large massive flowers are of a deep words col01', is the real victory to be violet color and are substantial rather achieved; the refinements of civiliza­ than ethereal in effect. I know noth­ tion must come later with the antici­ ing else very closely like it in its com­ pated increase in population. bination of interesting form and tex­ s. STILLMAN BERRY ture with blueness and depth of hue. Redlands, California. It is, however, a little dark for use in very large masses, Syringa oblata d'ilatata, (Nakai) Rehd. PERLADONNA (Belladonna of Per­ (See page 265) ry) is also late, and having a very To the gardener who feels that the long season becomes toward the end proper remark to make about lilacs is one of the last of its type. It is that they are remarkably slow to ar­ taller than Joya and has smaller flow­ rive at flowering age, it may seem ab­ ers. Ridgway's name for the color, surd to speak about the pleasure of Dull Bluish Violet, sounds much less raising a seedling or two. Until re­ enticing than it appears in life. The cent years, however, the person who effect is really not dull at all, b\1t very wanted to grow s·pecies lilacs very often lovely indeed in sunshine, and withal had to raise them that way or go with­ of excellent carrying quality. It is out. floriferous and those who enjoy work­ The species oblata would not be a ing out color schemes will find a bad one with which to begin for it is thousand pretty ways to use it in con­ by no means slow to develop into a junction not alone with other irises bush although it does take many years but with a wide variety of flowers. in some cases at least, before it makes Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 265

L ilian A . G~£en'lSey [See pa.ge 264 ] Syringa oblata dilatata 266 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

a heavy mass of twigs. Its strong Such lists of narcissus varieties can be shoots ascend with widely-angled found in books or magazines for many branches until one has a height of about years back and if one has the time and ten or twelve feet. As these thicken inclination, it is diverting to see the into almost trunk-like proportions, the changes that come and the lengths of top develops its flowering structure. time that some few survive beyond their In a general way the foliage suggests fellows. that of the common lilacs except that it In lists of later years there often ap­ it much thinner which fact makes the pears the name Godolphin and this is Ieaves less opaque so that they have a true for catalogues as well as maga­ lighter, more yellowish green color than zines. one usually associates with any lilac. It belongs in the section of yellow Like that of many other lilacs, the fol­ trumpets and within that group among iage persists rather late in the autumn. the early flowering varieties. In vigor The flowering is as variable as the and floriferousness it is as good as any; growth and if it is possible one should in style it is rather of the informal type have a plant that has been propagated since its perianth segments do not lie vegetatively from a good specimen, with starry flatness; in color it is a rather than a seedling, if one has room self-yellow, not as golden as King Al­ for only one s·pecimen. Among seed­ fred and yet more golden than the lings, the worst forms are those bushes later and more familiar Emperior. As with meager flowering and with flowers compared with the sorts that have an that are almost colorless. In the best excess of maximus blood it is more de­ forms, the flowering is abundant and pendable in growth and increase, yet the flowers themselves are the familiar in this garden it never pleases quite so lilac color. much as Hebron flowering at the same There is no need ,to do more than season though with slightly shorter mention here the fact that this species stems. and even more so, one of its forms has \Vashington, D. C. been used to produce a race of lilacs that have all the advantages of its vig­ P entstemon cobaea (See page 269) orous growth and the very early time I enclose a photograph of a native of flowering, together with the larger Texas Pe17tste11'LOn coba.ea plant that size of bloom and some of the better has ,been gpowing in i()'llr yard for sev­ colorings of the more familiar common eral years. Iii: started to bloom April 14, lilac. and was through blooming May 7. It should be mentioned, however, When the picture was taken, April 25, that like many other Korean plants, the plant had 6 flower stalks ranging this is a very hardy species and one from 14 to 23 inches in height. The that has been reported favorably from lowest blossoms on the taller stalks .our northern Great Plains States as were 14 inches from the ground; the well as Canada. spread of the plant one way was 12% Washington, D. C. inches and 15 ~ inches the other way; the spread facing the camera was 13~ Na1'cissus, Godolphin (See page 267) inches. From earliest times in gardening The best developed plant in the yard enthusia:sts have been making lists of was just back of the hydrant observed their favorite varieties or for other rea': in the background of the picture. This :sons as personal, and as temporary. plant had 9 flower stalks, the latest one Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 267

Lilia1~ A. G7ternsey [See page 266] Na1'cissus Godolphin 268 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 being 24 inches. Of tht' 24 plants in choose for it the most conspicuous place the yard, the tallest was 32 inches. It in the shrub garden. Give it, rather, a had 3 flower stalks. The average height position towards the front of a shrub of these plants was 24 inches. Bloom­ group on a turn where one may come Gng period was from April 14 to May upon it suddenly, but it must not be 12. near a path unless there is room for its The P. barbalus plants were moved ultimate spread of ten to fifteen feet. last fall and they did n0t come up to Two groups of this plant have been normal. The P. 111d.bnayanus were al­ observed - one planted on a warm, so below normal this year, therefore, rather dry hill, the other on a sandy no pictures were taken of these two open flat where there is ample moisture. species. This year the P. barbatus The first have grown well though slow­ bloomed from April 14 to May 25, and ly, but did not begin to flower or fruit the P. munayanus from May 4 to until they were about six feet tall. All June 1. have had fruits of exactly the same hue, Last year I raised P. pubesC£'11s and dark lapis-lazuli blue. The other lot P. unilateralis from seed. This y€ar P. has grown equally slowly but began to pubescens bloomed May 3 to May 22, fruit at half the height and have shown and P. unilateralis April 27 to May 15 considerable variation in fruit color, in one location, and from May 1 to from light greenish blues to the familiar June 10 il1 another location. I under­ dark blue. Their fruiting clusters are stand that the blooming periods of these somewhat more compact and the fruits two species are well known in the North themselves are less quickly stripped by and these dates are given for cOlllpara­ birds. This may not be significant, tive purposes. however, as the first group is near a G. M. SOXMAN. wood where birds congregate and ap­ pa,rently expect food , for nearly every Symplocos paniculata \Vall. (See page fruiting shrub is cleared in its season. 271) Seeds germinate easily if planted in One's first sight of this large shrub the autumn and left where winter tem­ well loaded with berries is something peratures can act on them as is need­ to remember always, particularly if the ful for' so many hard seeds. birds have not seen it before you, for At another time it is hoped to show the berries are blue, not purple or an illustration of a flowering branch lavender or blue-gray, but blue, in the with its white flowers and conspicuous hest forms, like fine lapis-azuli. It is stamens. These in themselves are .almost unbehevable and the idea fixes worthy of a note but as was said first, itself i:11 one's mind, Symplocos, blue one thinks of this Asiatic plant in its 1)erri€s. Then, if one goes thM way in fruiting rather than its flowering. spring, there i'S an :almost equally charming sight for all the branches are An Aster or Two. wreathed in white. N early all gardeners have noted This is a plaut for which aIle needs either Last year .or this, some word of ample r00111. It cannot be hidden away the new dwarf asters in their namecl between a deutzia and a weigelia and f·orms and if they have watched them show itself to any a.dvantage and yet last season and this they have observed there is such a space of time between that their performance is not uniform 'its flowering in May-June and its fruit­ season after s-eas'O11. lng in September, that one should not From the horticultural point of vie"" Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 269

The Fosb'y Stlfdio [See page 266 ] Pelltsi"P1'l'Ion cobara 270 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 they are essentially like our familiar a valued perennial for the last half of Michaelmas daisies except that they September. have been reduced in stature, forming Aster ericoides in the wild is worth low mounds not over twenty inches in observation and selection, especially of height and when all conditions con­ those forms that are most floriferous, spire for an optinum covered with small and Aster acris with its curious lax flowers that vary in color from pinkish stems and shaggy lavender flowers is a lilac to lilac pink with a few whites, sight to see when well fed and watered. deep reddish violets and a few blue Washington, D. C. purples for good measure. One's first feeling is that there are too many of Crocus iridifiorus them and that they are too much alike, Some years ago in an order of crocus but if one sees them through a season species, there were a few forms of what or two, he discovers that they do not was then known as Crocus iridifiorus, flower at precisely the same times and a telling name because the three inner that there is not as much overlapping segments are much smaller than the as was first thought. No two persons outer three. Although their carriage ever choose the same half-dozen named is not similar, this difference in size sorts so there is no point in naming in some way suggests an iris flower. any. Nevertheless, one is tempted to \Vith other species, these were plant­ record the fact that Snowsprite might ed in a bed lightened with sand and in be snowier to its advantage; that Little as sunny a spot as the garden provided. Pink Lady is quite nice in spite of her Ordinary heather was their neighbor name; that Little Blue Boy is not a and now after seven years, the crocus masterpiece and that Blue Emperor flowers appear each October through which differs from all its fellows in the twisted stems of the heather, just general habit is quite splendid though a few days after the forms of C. SPec1'­ lavender rather than blue as might be osus come into full bloom beyond them. expected. With their fringed stigmata of almost In poor seasons, which apparen.tly the same color as the petals, lying be­ means seasons with too much heat and tween the smaller inner perianth seg­ drought in mi,d-summer, there seems ments, they make a unique sight. to be a general tendency toward blind­ So far as has been noted there have ness and an aster that takes all sum­ never matured seed as do so many of mer to grow an<1J then fools one is an the other crocus species, but it is to aggravation. be hoped they will for they show little Of quite a different nature is an as­ inclination to other increase. ter that has been passed from garden to garden hereabouts with the story Heleniums from European Gardens that it was brought back from Florida Although heleniums or Helen's flow­ by a garden-minded traveler. Every ers or sneezeweeds, as you will, are September it is covered with hundreds American enough, they have had amaz­ of deep blue-violet flowers. This year ing attention away from home. If one it was shown to a botanist who special­ looks through a few years' files of Gar­ izes in composites and was dismissed tenschonheit one aIm a s t inevitably as being merely a very good form of comes upon pictures of mid- to late sum­ Aster laevis "which, of course, grows mer borders with magnificent masses of wild all through the East." Distin­ our heleniums and he1ianthns as well. guished or undistinguished it remains Perhaps in that cooler summer climate Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 27 1

Lilian A. Glternsey [See page 268 ] SY1'1'I,plocos pani culata 272 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1()3c they do take on a beauty they cannot Phlox am.phfolia (See page 279) achieve in our hot July or August, but Some years ago Mrs. G. Latta even so there are more worth trying Clement sent this species to my garden than the scant half-dozen one finds com­ with' the note that as I was interested monly listed. in phlox species, I would want to see As is the case for other composites, it but that it was not "very wonder­ notably chrysanthemums, a dry period ful." The root system, the ends of last in mid-summer leads to a hardening of year's stems, and the new shoots sug­ the growth and a loss of the lower gested Phlox paniculata, so it was leaves on the stems which is most un­ planted among azaleas within sight of sightly if these show. One can al­ some wild plants of that latter specIes ways count on the prolific Artemesia from Dr. V/herry's garden. Silver Ki;lg to cover their nakedness Unlike these latter plants, which and provide a gray-white foreground have increased by root and widely dis­ for the heleniums in flower. persed seed, Phlo;r amplifolia has not The other fault of heleniums in gen­ taken possession and the few seedlings eral, is that too often they have ragged that have appeared have been slow to flowers of too greenish yellow a hue. reach flowering strength. They are N ow one need not choose such sorts easily identified as they develop for unless one wishes, or is careless. they soon show the broad leaves sug­ Of various newer sorts three seem gested by their name. particularly promising provided they Here the plants grow about three are free of increase. Peregrina pro­ feet high with a terminal panicle of vides good flowers of dark wall flower bloom much like that of a seedling gar­ crimson with just a hint of gold at the den phlox. A closer examination sh()ws tips of the ray florets. Like most of a rather different character to the flow­ the dark colored forms, this does not ers which, in our specimens, are dis­ promise abundant increase, but it tinguished by their clear lavender color. seems more vigorous than Crimson This is a hue that is hard to name. Beauty which is its nearest rival. One is almost tempted to say that it Pnmilum magn1ficu111, makes excellent comes close to the pinker lavenders clumps with many shoots from each that one finds among seedlings of Phlox crown and good branching on each divaricata but May and July are so far shoot. The flowers are a good yel­ apart that such a statement is unsafe. low and the disk does not darken until It is safe to record, however, that as the seeds are well developed. Chipper­ compared with the so-called lavender field Orange is not distinguished by varieties of P. paniculata these have any exuberance of growth but for its the better color, with none of that look flower form. In this case, there are as if the pigmentation were unstahle almost two rows of ray florets so that and might slip back to magenta pink each flower is very perfect and round. while one watched. The color is yellow with an occasional If it were an abundant phlox or one touch of rusty red that reminds one more easily come by, perhaps in the that the reverse of the rav florets is search through hundreds of plants one rusty red all over. The disk florets are might find individuals of even clearer golden yellow but turn an orange­ hue and then doubtless, one should be brown as they develop. tempted to various improvements in All are at their best hereabouts from size and shape of flower that might or August into mid-September. might not be improvements in the end. Washington, D. C. Meantime, just as it is, it makes a Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 273

Lilian A. C ll erl/sey [See page 274]

C hrysa 11th C111 U III 111,orifuli It'1n 274 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 pleasant sight with its fine head rising less evergreen in this climate. In a above shrubs in the broken light of thin general way, the plant at this stage woods. resembles the Korean chrysanthemum. Washitlgton, D. C. When the flowering shoots begin to de­ velop the difference is apparent for the Chrysanthemums­ stems are less erect, and branch many C. morifolium (See page 273) times so that each plant becomes a C. indicu111, (See page 275) rounded mass of pliant slender Every autumn brings its display of branches, which in turn are closely chrysanthemums for the garden and dotted over with small flowers opening for the greenhouse and a period of pinky white, fading to white and aging anxiety for the gardener who wonders to pink again as white chrysanthemums if his early.Jblooming sorts will flower so often do. safely before a killing frost or wait un­ The illustration shows the size of til after that date for the period of fine the flowers and their somewhat irregu­ weather that so often follows the first lar form. It does not suggest, how­ hard bost. N ow that there are so ever, their abundance, nor the beauty many early-flowering sorts, ·particular­ of their mass in the garden. Here, the ly the new varieties derived from C. usual season or bloom is late September. koreanum, the hazard is not so great Like any other chrysanthemum with as once but even so weather may play a great autumnal flowering, this species a trick or two. enjoys a liberal diet and frequent lift­ If one turns to almost any text, he ing and resetting, which should be done will find that the Tace of garden chrys­ in the usual fashion and season. anvhemums is usually ascribed to C. Our other plant, grows and increases 11wrif¥Jlium, although C. indicum is also much like any other garden chrysanthe­ accredited with a share, but one rarely mum with stiff shoots and flowers from sees plants that are representative of all the upper axils as well as the end of either of these species. Some years the shoot. Among the original seed­ ago, the U. S. Department of Agricul­ lings there was practically no difference ture brought into cultivation, a charm­ in the manner of growth, but there was ing form of the former that has never marked variation in the size of the flow­ met with the success it deserves at the ers, the lengths of their individual hands of gardeners in general. Some stalks and in their abundance on the years later, a wild form of C. indicu111, shoot. These characters varied so mnch was sent back from Peiping but that that some plants resembled merely has gone only to one or two specialists small single yellow chrysanthemums who are using it in breeding work, par­ such as one might get from any garden ticularly Mr. Alex Cumming who has strain while others were so covered done so much in this genus. with close-set flowers that they looked Before they are completely over­ more like some strange yellow Michael­ shadowed by their hybrids, if they are mas daisy. to share the fate of the Korean chrys­ Here, this group flowers in late Sep­ anthemum, a word should be saild f.or tember, but if there is any fluxuation in these species, at least as represented in season, they are likely to be more de­ these propagations. layed than C. morifolium. The former, m,orifolium, makes a For them, as for garden chrysanthe­ somewhat tufted mass of short stems mums generally, an annual division and with handsome leaves that are more or replanting is almost essential and like Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 275

L ilian A. Gue·rnsey [S ee page 274 ] C hrysanthe111/bt1n indic~tm 276 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

other chrysanthemums, a little care for Even in spring, however, there is no good drainage in winter assures their mass of foliage for the leaves are slen­ complete survival. der. Perhaps if it were exactly suited, Washington, D. C. it would form small clumps, but this has yet to be proven here, Where the In planting lilies. bulbs were given too dry a location for In many texts the necessity fo·r much increase. As the foliage ripens cushioning a lily bulb in sand is urged off and disappears soon after flowering upon the gardener. Sometimes it is time, some care must be exercised in advised that the entire bulb be buried choosing a spot for it, and here again in sand. An easy way of accomplish­ we have no advice as yet as to what ing this was devised by the late Ed­ covering plant or what associate plants ward Goucher. The cushion of sand would be best. One would be almost is prepared as usual above the layer tempted to try it in the fern-like sods of good soil, the bulb is set in place of C otula squalida or perhaps among and over it is set a cylinder of tin patches of Veronica 1'epens so that its easily made from any can of the prop­ white hearls of bloom might rise above er diameter. This can is filled with a gree'n turf that would also help con­ sand. The planting hole is filled in serve the moisture. with good soil and then the can is After flowering, the seed heads de­ gently removed leaving the bulb with­ velop rapidly and insofar as can be de­ in a column of sand but surrounded termined are content to make seed and with good soil into which its roots no bulbi Is, a habit that should be re­ from the developing stalk can easily quired of all alliums for the garden. So push their way. far no seedlings have appeared, but this too may be ·due to ,the too dry lo­ All'iu11'l, a11~plect(}jns (See page 277) cation chosen for the planting. Of small flowering alliums, there After one has tried and grown the seems to be no end. Some are of con­ showier alliums, such as Ostrowskia­ spicuous importance, and others are num, falcatum, az~t1'eu11'l. and their fel­ only mildly so; others may be seen lows, this species is worth a small spot once and then forgotten if one is main­ in the collector's garden. ly concerned with garden display. Washington, D. C. This species belongs perhaps in the second group as far as Eastern gardens Shrubs as Ground-Covers. are concerned, for it makes no great When one uses the word ground­ mass of bloom and the size of its flow­ cover, the idea that comes to mind er heads can be seen in the illustration most often is the same plant that which is natural size. It has the ad­ may take the place of grass in a lawn vantage that its flowers are not of that and yet will give a surface that may dull lavendar pink that is so common be walked over. Although this field in the family but are rather a clean has by no means been exhausted, per­ white with enough of green to make haps not even studied as much as them even whiter. well might be, some rather interesting Like many other alliums and like plantings have been noticed of late many other small bulbs from the Pacific in which the designer has abandoned Coast, it makes some new growth of the idea of finding a plant that may foliage in the autumn, which fortunate­ be walked on and has chosen instead ly is not injured by our winter weather. a plant that will preserve a flat sur- Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 277

Lilian A. Guernsey rSee page 270 1 A llium a1'/'lplectalls 278 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 face that will repeat the surface of develop into erect plants such as had the .ground covered. 'been expected. A recent planting was Such a choice admits the use of observed in which these plants had shrubs but requires their use in areas been used as a ground-cover in very sufficiently large to keep the area large masses, so that the whole area within scale. Several examples may was covered with a great sheet of illustrate the point. evergreen foliage ,filled with brilliant In a North Carolina town several frui,ts. In this planting there was large terraces were observed that had no evidence of pruning, but in another been entirely covered with prostrate of more formal outlines the whole junipers. One very steep bank was surface had been lopped off dur·ing planted with Pdi.tzer's juniper. If one the growing season so that it present­ may judge from their size, they were ed a flat top that preserved the plane plants at least ten years old. The of the soil beneath. dryness of the site had reduced the In two city parks, much used by luxuriance of their growth so that the public, large areas have been they were not mo're than three feet noticed that were entirely planted to tall. If there had been any pruning, privets that were kept cut down to it had been managed with sufficient about two feet in height so that the skill so that it was nat apparent. whole mass became an architectural Weeds did not show but if weed-ing whole as dense and green as might be were needed, it could be maJl1aged wished for. As the areas were care­ easily because the growth of juniper fully planted to repeat the formality of is sufficiently soft that one could walk ,the paths and lawn panels, the effect between the plants with ease. was surpriiSingly good in its stark Another slope much more gentle architectU1-al f.ormality. was planted with large areas of Juni­ In another park a similar planting, perus dep1'essa plu1'/1,osa, that gives an but of larger dimensions as is suitable even lower mass of growth and a with the plant used, was covered with beautiful sheet of color during the a mass of our common hornbeam_ winter when bronze and purple tones This, of course, will require more fre­ enliven the green and make a bril­ quent pruning as time goes on since liant ;contrast with the areas of lawn hornbeam is· a tree rather than a that abutted the plantings. shrub but the dense twiggy growth, In both these places, the junipers· the beautiful gray stems, the persist­ were used -in areas of informal out­ ence of the yellowish brown foliage line. in winter, all are desirable features. In another place a lawn area of Still another planting has been formal shape was outlined with a found in which Cotoneaster hor1:zon­ formal strip of Juniperus ta11w,"isci­ tal·is was used to cover a great area of folia. This was somewhat less suc­ informal shape. In its earliest stages, cessful but only because it had need­ this plant -is most compact, but as it ed some care in spraying for red develops there is a suggestion of spider that apparently had not been graceful undulation where the sweep­ done in season. ing branches of maturity rise and Of late considerable use has been fall over the surface of the whole made of some of the newer Chinese area. pyracanthas. Often they have been Where it is hardy large areas can disappointing in that they did not be covered with Moser's hypericum_ Oct., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 279 ,

[See page 272 ] Phlox amplifolia 280 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

This makes a nearly evergreen mass be forced to develop into plants of dotted with brilliant golden flowers in low height and great breadth. If season. At times it is benefitted by one were to abandon ideas of cost, it · shearing to the ground and a good would be remarkable to have a sheet feeding to stimulate active new growth. 0Jf the exquisite balsamaefiom, with In Japan there are many examples its camellia-like light salmon-pink of the use of azaleas, particularly flowers. This form, however, grows those of the Kurume and Satsuki very slowly and yields scanty wood groups. The former are well known for propagation so this idea may re­ here, but the latter are represented in main always an idea. the trade by only one or two forms From azaleas to heaths and heath­ of Azalea 11'LaC'rantha (more properly ers is no great leap of the imagination. Rhododendron t:ndicu11'/") Of the two the easier plants would The first type is usually planted probably be the heaths as they need there, in mixture, with some aston­ less frequent shearings to keep them ishing results at flowering time. We clothed with vigorous flowering wood. need not copy, however, this juxta­ Everyone who has seen a sheet of position of scarlet and magenta, but Erica ca1'nea or of E1'ica ci11erea will may combine as we see fit. The know what might be had. only feature to keep in miild is that Genista pilosla, which is mentioned all varieties do not grow with equal more often in lists of rock plants, density. If, for example, one should might well be mentioned here too, choose the charming Hinomayo, it for it also forms wide rather flat­ would always appear as a loose and topped masses of good foliage over a open mas's in the midst of the group. long season, with golden flowers in In making such a planting, the ulti­ summer and green twigs for winter. mate height should be about four The list might be continued far feet, but shearing is always possible. beyond these few plants, but they The Satsuki azaleas are much lowe'!" are enough to remind one that there in growth and more spreading in hab­ are other plants than herbs that will it. Frequently they are much more cover large areas with a surface that evergreen. Like other azaleas they repeats the surface of the earth be­ are very patient of shearing and can neath. Index to Volume 15

Figures in itaLics indicate illustrations

Actinidia chinensis ______6, 7 distichophylla ______120 Adonis vernalis ______208, 211 d ll~lc£s ______11 6 Akebia quinata ______8, 9 edul-is ______124 Allium a11'l,plectans ______277, 278 fi e b rigiana ______116, 121 .1ll-iu111. Cuthbertl:i ______216, 219 flO1-i bunda ______120 A111, pelops1:S arbo1'ea ______10, 11 f01'1%osissima ______120 Amsickia intermedia ______186 frondea ______124 t esselata ______186 9 lauc es ce ns ______11 6 Anderson, 1. N . : hm-twegii ______120 C O1'eopsis allt1'iC'"~lata ______140 incana ______120, 127 Lamiu111, 11wculatu111, ______78 involucrosa ______11 6, 117 A ntig71on leptopus ______12, 13 linifolia ______120, 128 Arabis a?nerophylla ______186 lut ea ______124 Araujia, sericofera ______14, 15 multiflO1-a ______120 Asparagus falcatus ______16, 17 ne?-vosa ______120 plumosus ______18, 19 ovata ______124 An Aster or Two ______268 pm'vi f 0 l·w ______124 Aster paucicapitatu,s ______197 patacocensis ______124 Pe1' longip es ______124 Balthis, Frank K.: p1lt1n.ila ______120, 123 Garfield Park Conserva- p·nrpwrea ______120, 126 to·ry ______188 mc e11'tifl O1'a ______120 Bates, Alfred: mCe11'bOSa ______120, 124 H edera nepalensis ______137 salicifolia ______120, 125 Berry, S. Stillman: saloyana ______124 Six useful blue-toned sals iUa ______124 irises ______264 schultz ei ______124 Boggs, l(,ate Doggett: setac ea ______120 Notes on Old Floral s huttleworthii ______124 Decoration ______223 sq·ua.11wsa ______120 Bomarea, A Genus of Showy S1t per ba ______120 Andean Plants ______115 u11-/:flora ______11 6, 122 B0111,(lJrea ang'Vfstissima ______124 veg esana ______120 aurantiaca ______120 vitelz.£l1 ,a ______124 bol-iviensis ______120 zosteraefolia ______11 6, 119 caldasii ______124 Bowers, Clement G.: campamtlata ______11 6, 118 Rhododendron Vaseyi ______202 ca?1tpylophylla ______124 B1-od·iaea capitata ______186 c(1Jrden· ______124 caudata ______120 B1fpthaI1/'lUIII saiicifolia ______212, 213 co'l'1'IJ£g era ______120 Callica1-pa pHrpu.rea ______218, 221 costar'icensis ______124 C ampanula a1nericana ______98 cras s1:fo lia ______120 apa1-inoides ______98, 99 densi flora ______.______120 divQ1-icata ______98, 99

[ 281 1 282 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

e x$q~£a ______10 1 Empetrum nigrum ______196 jloridana ______98 Encelia fari1lbosa ______186 hete1'odoxa ______97 Epilobiu111.' mimbq:le ______197 lasio car p a______99, 100, 101 , 102 E1'ige1'on divergens, ______186 linifolia ______97 E1'ysimum G!J'enicola ______197 M acDougalii ______98 obliqua ______100 F o'l!£quie1'a splendens ______185 P a1'ryi ______99 Fox, Helen M.: petiolata ______97 Visit to the South West Arboretum ______185 p1:Zosa var. dasyantha ______102 Piperi __ 101 , 101, 197, 198, 199 Ga:ble, Joseph B.: p1'enGllf/,thoides ______100 Rhododendron x C one- Revershon i ______100 wag 0 ______140 1'otu11,difolia var. intercedens 97 Gardener Afield ______207 uliginosa ______98 Garfield Park Conservatory ______188 unijlo1'a ______98 Gil'ia giUoides ______186 Campanulas of North America _____ 97 Groff, G. Weidman: Campsis radicans ______20, 21 Standardized Metal Mar- C ardiosper11l/;U1n hi1' sut~£11 1/; ______22, 23 cot Box ______103 Cass1:a a1'mata ______185 C eregus giganteus ______185 H ardenbe1'gia C 011Ib ptoniana______33, 35 C hrysanthe11f/,U111b: Hayward, Wyndham: 111b01'ifoZ,i'l!£111b ______273, 274 C1'inu111, sp. (Milk and indic'l!£m ______274, 275 Wine Lily) ______206, 209 Clark, Helen N. : H edera helix ch1'ysoca1'pa ______34, 37 Sweet Scented-Leaved nepalensis ______137 Pelargoniums ______66 Heleniums from European Gar- Clematis B OZIJe1'i ______261 dens ______270 Cle1'odend1'on Tho111/; pS011/;ae _____ 24, 25 H oya cm'nosa ______1, 36 Cletll/;ra alnifolia ______144, 146 In planting lilies ______274 C obaea scandens ______26, 27 Iris t enwis ______208, 210 Coreopsis a'l!£r1c'l!£lata ______140 Cotoneaster pannosa ______24, 86 J ones, Katherine D.: C1'inu111/; sp. ---______206, 209 Thirty Important Vines C1',oc l/;£s i1'idijlon ('s ______270 for California ______1 x Dia1q,thus W inte1'i Meg Gard.- Killip, E. P.: ner ______216, 21 7 B omarea ______115 Distichis lactijlo1'a ______29, 30 Dox antha 'l!£nqq,£is-cati ______31, 32 La11'1;iu11'l. maC'l!£ lat%11t ______70, 80 Lantana cam a1'a ______38 Dracoc ephalum 1''I!£schyan~t11L 218, 220 Laphamia gilensis ______186 E ch ev e1'ia alwntip hylla ______96 Lard'izabala b'ite1'nata ______40, 41 cam panulata ______89 L en ea t1'-identata ______185 c1' e11b~£lata ______90 L e sq ~£ e1'e ll a p'wrp'u1'ea ______186 gib bi fi 01'a ______"______92 L eyceste1'ia fOT 111, osana ______82, 83 11't'l!£CTonata ______87 Lili es Again ______218 nodulosa _._. ______94 Lilium supe1'b 'l!£111/, ______261 nuda ______.______93, 94 Loiseleu1'ia P1'OCU111. bens ______196 n£b1'o11I/;a1'gi11Jata ______95, 96 Lotus W rig htii ______186 Oot., 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 283

Luetkia pectinata ______196 Ranunc~~lus tube1' osa ______186 Luna1'ia annua ______212, 215 Rehder, Alfred: On the History of the In­ Marcot Box, A Standardized Metal ______108 troduction of V'foody Maurandia barclayana ______42, 43 Plants into North Amer­ ioa (Translated from the McIlvaine, Frances Edge: A Gardener Afield ______207 German ,by Ethelyn M. Tucker) ______245 Morri'Son, B. Y.: Tulip Species ______157 Rhododendron X Conewago ______140 micmnthum ______85, 86 N arciss'Us, Aerolite ______78 Vaseyi ______202, 205 N a1'cissus, Godoiphin ______266, 267 j 1edoense var. Nicotiana attenuata ______186 poukhJa1'J, ense ______137, 140 Notes on old Floral Decm-a- Ribes 114icrophyllus ______87 tion 223 R0111,ulea bulbocod1: ~Mn 1u valis 81, 82 On the History of the Intro­ Russell, Paul: duction of Woody P n £11,'J,t s se1'1'ulata, Ojochi'lL 138 Plants into North America ______245 Salvia COlu1111uariae ______185 o P1t1'btia fulgida ______185 Gre9 gii ---______186 Oxera pulchella ______44, 45 pmtens'is ______147, 148 sclarea ______202, 203 Parthenocissus H en1'yana ______46, 47 Selden, Mary: Pe1argoniums, A Good Hedge Rose ______262 Sweet Scented-Leaved S enecio Flettii ______198 66, 67, 69, 71 W ebsteri ______198 P entstemon cobaea ______269 266, Senior, Robert M.: E(])toni ______186 Campanulas of North hirsutus ______148, 149 Ameri,ca ______97 N elsonae ______197 Sherrard, Drew: Periploca gmeca ______.48, 49 Iris tenuis ______208 Plwedmnthus buccinatorious ___ _50, 51 Shrubs as Ground-Covers ______276 Phlox a111,phfolia ______272, 279 Sidem nthus g1'acilis ______186 P.inus H artwegii ______87, 89 S ile11,e pennsylva1u ca ______144 Plant Hunting in Old Mexico______87 SisY1,inchi~t111 gmndifion t111 _____ ]5, 77 Plani1: Notes from the Northwest 196 S olan dra guttata ______56, 59 Plumbago capensis ______53 South West Arboretum, A Visit P Ole11'bOnium a111, o e 1 1U11~ ______198 to ______185 Polygonu 11lL A u bertii ______54, 55 S pa1'axis t1'icolO1' ______150, 151 Propagation of Some Deciduous S phemlcea ped(])ta ______186 Trees from Soft - Wood Spingarn, J. E.: Cuttings ______103 Clematis B owe-ri ______" 262 Prosopsis glandulosa ______185 S p'iraea H ende1'sonii ______198 Prum£s 11~U11~e ______] 5, 76 Study of Effect of DroughL______222 pY1'ostegia ignea ______56, 57 Symplocos pani c'J,tlata ______268, 271 Raising Seeds without HeaL______204 Synthyris pin1wtifida lanuginosa __ 198 Rant, Norman F.: SY1'inga am u1'ensis japonica __ 155, 156 Plant Notes from the oblata dilatata ______264, 265 Northwest ______196 r efl e;va ______154) 156 284 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936

Thomas, C. c.: lini folia ______159, 170 Propagation of Some De­ mar j oletti ______160, 171 ciduous Trees from Soft- Micheliana ______159, 172 Wood Cuttings ______103 per sica. ______160, 173 Th ~£nbe1'g1·a Gibsoni ______61, 63 polych1'011W ______157, 174 Townend, George H.: p1'aeco % ______158, 175 Raising Seeds without praestans ____ 159, 176, 177, 178 Heat ______. 204 stellata ______.158, 179 sylvestris ______160 Trachelospe1'111u 11'L jas11'lJinoides _62, 64 Tradescantia canaliculatus ____ 150, 153 sylvest1'1's Tabriz ______160, 180 ta1' da ______158, 181 scopulorul11 ______186 violacea ______158, 182 subaspem ______150, 152 violacea pallida ______158, 183 B 159, Tulipa atali1'1!i ______161 W hittallii ______159 , 184 bicolor ______.157, 162 W ils ona e ______159 ch1'ysantha ______158, 163 Tulip Species ______157 Cit£siana ______158, 164 "Columnella" ______165 Vines for California ______1 E i c hlni ______159 Viola F letti i ______197 F oste1'iana ______159, 166 Greigii ______159 Walter, Eric: Plant Hunting in Old H ag e1'i ______.______159, 167 Mexico II ______87 hU111,ili s ______158, 168 Kauf11/.a11niana ______.._. ___ 158, 169 X olis11La mariana ______. ___ .212, 214 Oot., 1936 T H E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE

BROAD· LEAVED EVERGREENS From the Highlands of the Carolinas Gardens of the Blue Ridge are Headquarters for Hardy Native American Plants. OUf supply 1n both nU I"sery-grown and co llected woods-grown is I !Jhe sumcient to supply the demand. Azalas. Leu cothoe, Kalmia, Rhododendr(l'ns, An ­ dromedas. Orchids, Vines, ClImbers, Creepers. Ferns, Lllliums, Trilliums, Dicentras, and hun­ dreds of others of tried and tested merit are grown and carried in large supply, OUf 42 years' practical experience. quality, Qu anti ty, variety, low pri c(> and unequ alled organization are at your ;:om mand. Complete catalogue and Surplus list wi ll be sent on requ est. E. C. ROBBINS Gardens 0/ the Blue Ridge Ashford, North Carolina

Only F ifty Cents for the Seven Styles • of Gorgeous Garden O rchids (Iris) : F rilled, Bicolor, Blend, A moena, Plicata, HE American Iris Society, smce its Self, Vari egata. Plants labeled and post· paid . F older F ree. T organization in 1920, has published 54 Bulletins which cover every phase of A. B. KATKAMIER iris growing and should be useful to all Macedon New York gardeners. The S ociety has copies of all BREEDER AND GROWER OF THE but three of these Bulletins for sale. A circular giving list of contents of each Bul· FINEST DAFFODILS letin, price, etc., may be secured from the Catalog sent on request Secretary, B. Y . Morrison, 821 Washing· ton Loan & Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C. EDWIN C. POWELL In order to dispose of surplus stocks Rockville, R. F. D. No.2 Maryland of some numbers we offer 6 Bulletins (our selection) for $1.00.

Rare Native Plants from the Thoough an endowment given as a me· "Land of the Sky" morial to the late Bertrand H. Farr the American Iris Society is able to offer free Stewartia malacodendroll Pachystima canbyi to all Ga"den Clubs or Ho"ticultural So· Franklinia alatamaha Shortia galacifolia cieties the use of our traveling library. Clinopodium Phlox nivalis carolinianum Gentiana Cuthbertia graminea porphyrio This library contains all books ever pub­ lished on Iris and a complete file of the - Catalog Free bulletins of this society and The English Iris Society, and miscellaneous pamphlets. NIK·NAR NURSERY Biltmore Station Asheville, N. C. The library may be borrowed for one month without charge except the actual express charges. Organizations desiring RARE ENGLISH it should communicate with the neares t of the following ollices :

FLOWER SEEDS Horticultural Society of N ew York, 5 9 8 Madison A venue, New York C ity 1936 illu,sf1'ated cata l ag~£e, the most compre­ hensive ever plllblished, nearly 200 pages, over 4,500 different kinds of fl ower seeds Mrs. Katherine H . Leigh, described, including an up·to·date coll ection Missouri Botanic Ga rden, St. Louis, Mo. of D elph-ini~£111.s and Lupines and a large selection of H el'baceous and Rock P lants. Sydney B. Mitchell, School of Librarian.hip. F ree on applicati on to B ..k . ley, Calif. THOMPSON AND MORGAN IPSWICH, ENGLAND ii THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oot., 1936

Extensive collection ---of rare and beautiful Rock and Alpine Plants -- - YOUR PATRONAGE All tested as to hardiness and desirability for Rock Gardens. OF OUR ADVERTISERS Selections of plants for climatic. conditions in all pa rts 01 the country. MEANS PROSPERITY Free catalog-ue on how to have CONTINUOUS BLOOM in the rock garden. TO THE MAGAZINE CRONAMERE ALPINE NURSERIES, INC.

Shore Road, Greens Farms, Conn. The advertisers herein are dealers with a high reputa· TREE PEON I ES s~~~~etla:ti~,g Japanese Flowering Cherries, Flower. tion fOT quality material ing Crabapples, and other specialties. Ask for Catalog A and square dealing. Give them your orders and do &,jS; ~

NEW AND RARE Species of Rhododendron Many 01 these have beel' grown directly from seeds collected in West China, Thibet and ad­ Write for list. jacent territory. List on request. Colorado Springs Colorado JOS. B. GABLE Stewarts town P e nnsylvania TO MEMBERS: Before the next ma gaz ine ap­ The Glen Road Iris Gardens pea rs, you will ha ve recei ved your OFFER NEW INTRODUCTIONS bi II-letter for 1937 renewal dues. and a critical selection of STANDARD VARIETIES We ha ve many plans for the Your want list w ill receive prompt attention GRACE STURTEVANT magazine for the coming year and WELLESLEY FARMS, MASS. more than eve r need a larger membership to' help us carry them SEEDS OF RAREST FLOWERS out. Gathered Irom the lour corners of the earth A thousand unusual kinds that will make your Vvhen you send you r own check garden different and delightful. Alpines, Wild fl owers, Aquatics, Bulbs. Write Dept. B2 for won't you send us another for most inter esting ca t a~og. your one new member for 1937? REX. D. PEARCE MERCHANTVILLE, N. J. Oot. , 1936 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE III

THE NEW PEONY SUPPLEMENT

DESIRING to bring the peony manual up to date a supplement has been prepared by that eminent authority on the peony, Professor A. P. Saunders. To those who do not have the peony manual, we desire to advise that there will be no advance in price of the book with the supplement bound in. The present price of $3.15 delivered is still in effect and will bring you the greatest amount of peony information possible to secure in one volume. Over 250 new ratings are shown, in addition to other information of value. To those desiring the supplement only, a price of 50 cents will cover a copy. Keep posted on the new ratings as they will be a helpful guide in making your fall purchases.

All orders will be filled promptly upon receipt of remittance sent to,

W. F. Christman, Secretary, AMERICAN PEONY SOCIETY Northbrook, Ill.

THERE are nearly 4,000 Institutions of pure and applied botany. There are between 60,000 and 70,000 botanists, horticultural research work­ ers, etc. There are about 1,000 periodicals con­ cerned with plant science! How can you keep in touch with all this activity? How can you find out what other botanists, horticulturists, agronomists, etc., are doing and what new work they are planning? CHRONICA BOTANICA will help you. Subscribe to it and help with the compilation of the next volume. All directors of institutions and sec­ or Secretaries, who do not receive our retaries of societies will receive a copy Autumn Bulletin, which will reach of our questionnaire at the beginning them annually before Oct. 15th, are of December of each year. Replies kindly requested to acquaint us of the should reach the Editor-in·Chief, Dr. fact at their earliest convenience, which F. Verdoorn, Leiden, Holland, not later will enable us to include them in our than January 30th, as it will generally mailing list, and will ensure their re­ be impossible to make use of informa­ ceiving a copy of the questionnaire in tion received after that date. Directors December.

Prospectus, sample pages and further information may be had from the EDITORIAL AND PUBLISIllNG OFFICE, P. O. Box 8, Leiden. Holland. tv THE 'NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1936 COhe American Daffodil Yearbook +++

The members of the American Horticultural Society are invited to order now from the office of the Secvetary, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C. Please note that this is a special publication and is n.ot included in. your annual subscription. The 1936 edition is even better than that of 1935, of which some copies are still available. PRICE FIFTY CENTS If you don't grow daffodils you need it; if you do, you cannot afford to be without it.

Application for Membership

I desire to he admitted to ...... membership in THE AMERICAN HORTICIiLTURA I.

SOCIETY. Remittance 0; $ ...... is enolosed.

~ame ...... ~ ...... _ ... . Annual membership...... $3.00 Sustaining membership ...... $ 10.00 Address ...... •...... [.ife membership ...... $ 100.00

Special intere.t ...... •...... •......

. Date ...... Recommended by:

Ohocks should be made payable to The American Bo .. tieultural Society, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Rldg .• W .... hington. D. O. The American Horticultural Society

INVITES to membership all persons who are interested in the devel­ opment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common knowledge of the members. There is no requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a share in the development of the organization. For its members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HORTICUL­ TURAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing impor­ tance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to fill an even larger role as the society grows. It is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for members. Under the present organization of the society with special committees appointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance material on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhododendrons. Membership in the society, therefore, brings one the advantages of membership in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects are covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal mem­ berships but affiliations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offers some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calendar year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D. c., and members are invited to attend the special lectures that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual dues are three dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be addressed to the Secretary, Mrs. Eugene Ferry Smith, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.